R. Abgrall,1 M. H. Achard, J. Adam, G. Agarici, E. Agostini, M. Airaj, F. Albajar-Vinas, L. Allegretti, J. P. Allibert, J. C. Alliez, A. Allouche,2 J. Andreoletti, J. M. Ane, P. Angelino, T. Aniel, G. Antar, N. Arcis, A. Argouarch, C. Arnas,2 G. Arnoux, R. Arslanbekov, J. F. Artaud, E. Asp, S. Assas, G.Attuel, R.Aymar,A.Azeroual, S. Balme, O. Barana, B. Bareyt, V. Basiuk, M. Basko, P. Bayetti, L. Baylor,3 B. Beaumont, R. Becherer, A. Becoulet, M. Becoulet, L. Begrambekov,4 S. Benkadda,2 F. Benoit, V. Bergeaud, G. Berger-By, S. Berio, P. Bernascolle, N. Bernier, M. Berroukeche, B. Bertrand, D. Bessette, P. Beyer,2 P. Bibet, J. Bizzaro, P. Blanchard,5 J. Blum,6 S. Boddeker, D. Boilson,7 G. Bon Mardion, P. Bonnel, X. Bonnin, J. Boscary, G. Bosia, J. M. Bottereau, F. Bottiglioni, H. Bottollier-Curtet, C. Bouchand, G. Bouligand, F. Bouquey, C. Bourdelle, R. Bregeon, F. Bremond,8 S. Bremond, C. Breton, M. Breton, C. Brosset, R. Brugnetti, J. L. Bruneau, J. Bucalossi, R. V. Budny,9 Y. Buravand, C. Bush,3 M. N. Bussac,10 A. Cambe, H. Capes, J. J. Capitain, P. Cara, J. L. Carbonnier, S. Carpentier, J. Carrasco, A. Casati, O. Chaibi, C. Chamouard, M. Chantant, P. Chappuis, D. Chatain, E. Chatelier, M. Chatelier, J. H. Chatenet,10 X. P. Chen, L. Cherigier, G. Chevet, L. Chiarazzo, D. Ciazynski, G. Ciraolo, F. Cismondi, F. Clairet, J. Clary, C. Clement, L. Colas, N. Commaux, E. Corbel, J. J. Cordier, Y. Corre, L. Costanzo, A. Cote, J. P. Coulon, L. Courtois, X. Courtois, B. Couturier, J. P. Crenn, P. Cristofani, N. Crouseilles,11 O. Czarny, P. Da Silva Rosa, C. Darbos, G. Darmet, M. Davi, R. Daviot, H. De Esch, B. De Gentile, J. C. De Haas, E. De La Cal, C. De Michelis, C. Deck, J. Decker, P. Decool, P. Degond, R. Dejarnac, E. Delchambre, E. Delmas, L. Delpech, H. Demarthe, M. Dentan, G. Depret, P. Deschamps, C. Desgranges, P. Devynck, L. Doceul, N. Dolgetta, C. Doloc, Y. Dong,12 P. Dore, D. Douai, H. Dougnac, H. W. Drawin, J. Druaux, M. Druetta,13 F. Dubois, M. Dubois, N. Dubuit, J. L. Duchateau, T. Dudok de Wit, E. Dufour, R. Dumont, G. Dunand, L. Dupas, Y. Duran,14 A. Durocher, D. Edery, A. Ekedahl, D. Elbeze, L. G. Eriksson, D. Escande,2 A. Escarguel, F. Escourbiac, T. Evans,15, F. Faisse, G. Falchetto, T. Fall, M. Farge,16 J. L. Farjon, E. Faudot,17 P. Fazilleau, N. Fedorczak, C. Fenzi-Bonizec, J. R. Ferron,15 I. Fidone, C. Figarella, E. Fleurence, I. Fleury, M. Fois, C. Forrest,15 C. A. Foster,3 S. Fouquet, C. Fourment, D. Fraboulet, P. Francois, B. Franel, D. Frigione,18 P. Froissard, G. Fubiani, V. Fuchs,14 M. Fumelli, B. Gagey, V. Galindo, D. Gambier, L. Garampon, X. Garbet, R. Garbil, J. Garcia, J. L. Gardarein, L. Gargiulo, P. Garibaldi, P. Garin, E. Gauthier, A. Geraud, T. Gerbaud, F. Gervais,19 M. Geynet, P. Ghendrih, T. Gianakon, R. Giannella, C. Gil, J. P. Girard, G. Giruzzi, L. Godbert-Mouret,2 P. Gomez, M. Goniche, A. Gordeev,4 G. Granata, V. Grandgirard, R. Gravier, B. Gravil, M. Gregoire, S. Gregoire, P. Grelot, D. Gresillon,19 C. Grisolia, G. Gros, *Other affiliations are those at the time the collaborations began. 1INRIA-CNRS, Université Sciences et Technologies, Bordeaux, France 2Physique des Interactions Ioniques et Moléculaires ~PIIM !, Université de Provence, Centre Universitaire St Jérôme, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France 3Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Fusion Energy Division, P.O. Box 2009, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-8070, USA 4Moscow Physics and Engineering Institute ~MEPhI!, 31 Karhirskoe Sh, 115409 Moscow, Russian Federation 5Centre de Recherche en Physique des Plasmas, Association EURATOM-Confédération Suisse, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale, PPB-Ecublens, 1015 Lausanne, Suisse 6Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble I, B.P. 53, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France 7School of Physical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, EI-Dublin 9, Ireland 8INRIA Sophia-Antipolis, 2004 Route des Lucioles, B.P. 93, 06902 Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, France 9Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, James Forrestal Campus, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA 10Centre de Physique Théorique, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France 11IRMA, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France 12Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China 13Laboratoire TSI, Université Jean Monnet, 42023 St-Etienne, France 14Association EURATOM-IPP.CR, Institute of Plasma Physics AS CR, Za Slovankou 3, 182 21 Praha 8, Czech Republic 15General Atomics, P.O. Box 85608, San Diego, California 921865608, USA 16LMD, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75 Paris, France 17LPMIA, Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy 1, B.P. 239, 54506 Vandœuvre Cedex, France 18Associazione EURATOM-ENEAsulla Fusione, C.R. Frascati, Roma, Italy 19Laboratoire de Physique et Technologie des Plasmas ~LPTP!, Ecole Polytechnique, 91128 Palaiseau, France

This paper presents a short overview of current trends and progress in integrated ELM modelling. First, the concept of integrated ELM modelling is introduced, various interpretations of it are given and the need for it is discussed. Then follows an overview of different techniques and methods used in integrated ELM modelling presented roughly according to physics approached in use and in order of increasing complexity. The paper concludes with a short discussion of open issues and future modelling requirements within the field of integrated ELM modelling. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

The intermittent transport in the SOL is analysed in terms of the interaction between the average profile and the population of large transport events, the fronts. This provides the basis for the statistical analysis presented in this paper. Data from 2D numerical simulations is analysed here. The mean density e-folding length for the fronts is observed to be the same as that of the time average profile. The mean ballistic velocity of the fronts has a radial Mach number of 0.03. A symmetric distribution of poloidal Mach numbers is found, its width is comparable to that of the radial Mach number, ΔM ∼ 0.02. The small fronts are found to be isotropic, the larger fronts are elongated radially (aspect ratio ∼ 6). A characteristic poloidal scale is found, typically 7 Larmor radii.

The mechanisms leading to the onset and sustainment of an Internal Transport Barrier are overviewed. It is shown that both magnetic shear and shear flow are important at different stages of a barrier evolution. The role of turbulent structures is also assessed. Large scale transport events are found to be impeded by the shear flow that takes place within a transport barrier. Zonal Flows appear to be quenched in most cases due to the cancellation of the Reynolds stress.

This paper discusses predictive transport simulations of the type I ELMy high confinement mode (H-mode) with a theory-motivated edge localized mode (ELM) model based on linear ballooning and peeling mode stability theory. In the model, a total mode amplitude is calculated as a sum of the individual mode amplitudes given by two separate linear differential equations for the ballooning and peeling mode amplitudes. The ballooning and peeling mode growth rates are represented by mutually analogous terms, which differ from zero upon the violation of a critical pressure gradient and an analytical peeling mode stability criterion, respectively. The damping of the modes due to non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic effects is controlled by a term driving the mode amplitude towards the level of background fluctuations. Coupled to simulations with the JETTO transport code, the model qualitatively reproduces the experimental dynamics of type I ELMy H-mode, including an ELM frequency that increases with the external heating power. The dynamics of individual ELM cycles is studied. Each ELM is usually triggered by a ballooning mode instability. The ballooning phase of the ELM reduces the pressure gradient enough to make the plasma peeling unstable, whereby the ELM continues driven by the peeling mode instability, until the edge current density has been depleted to a stable level. Simulations with current ramp-up and ramp-down are studied as examples of situations in which pure peeling and pure ballooning mode ELMs, respectively, can be obtained. The sensitivity with respect to the ballooning and peeling mode growth rates is investigated. Some consideration is also given to an alternative formulation of the model as well as to a pure peeling model.

A new model for the type I ELMy H-mode based on linear ballooning stability theory is presented. The model can be written as a linear differential equation for the amplitude of an unstable ballooning mode and is coupled to a system of transport equations. The differential equation for the ballooning mode amplitude has two terms—one representing the growth rate of the perturbation and one controlling the decay rate of the mode and driving the mode amplitude towards the level of background fluctuations. A critical pressure gradient limit is used to control whether the growth rate differs from zero. When coupled to a JETTO transport simulation, the model qualitatively reproduces the experimental dynamics of a type I ELMy H-mode, including an edge localized mode (ELM) frequency that increases with the external heating power. This paper also discusses why the linear ballooning model, in the first place, produces discrete oscillations when coupled to a transport simulation rather than a stationary state with a slightly enhanced ballooning mode amplitude.

Using the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase (PAP) technique with a specific rabbit anti-swine intestinal-phospholipase-A2 serum, the immunoreactivity of this phospholipase A2 was localized in rat-intestinal Paneth cells. The specific rabbit anti-swine intestinal-phospholipase-A2 serum did not stain the rat-pancreatic acinar cells which were stained by a specific rabbit anti-swine pancreatic-phospholipase-A2 serum. Specific rabbit anti-swine pancreatic-phospholipase-A2 serum did not stain rat-intestinal Paneth cells. Therefore, there is no cross-immunoreactivity between pancreatic and intestinal phospholipases.

Turbulence in the scrape-off layer (SOL) is investigated using a 2D fluid model for the interchange instability as a paradigm. A constant driving flux governs the dynamics of both the equilibrium and fluctuating parts of the density and electric potential. The turbulent flux exhibits intermittent bursts, called avalanches. These events account for a significant part of the total transport, and are manifested as poloidally localized density fingers, extending towards the far SOL. The time averaged density profile looks exponential, and the SOL width increases weakly with the driving source (scaling exponent 2/9). Viscosity is found to govern the characteristic radial size of convective cells, which in turn control the transport magnitude. The larger ν, the larger the turbulent transport. Finally, the impact on turbulence of local biasing is investigated, possibly modeling Langmuir probe measurements. For a too large extent of the theoretical probe, the density drops by factors at the probe, due to the local build up of a screening vortex. The ambient density is recovered for a sufficiently small probe. In this case, fluctuations exhibit a similar Fourier spectrum at and next to the probe, though the probe still misses a significant number of large bursts. Finally, the experimental probe characteristics are recovered qualitatively when varying the biasing potential.

Two-dimensional fluid simulations of scrape-off layer (SOL) turbulence with non-constrained energy content (flux driven) are characterized by profile relaxation and strong outward bursts of density. The ballistic propagation extends well beyond the e-folding length of the SOL with a Mach number of M-perpendicular to similar to 0.04. Turbulence stabilization is achieved by biasing part of the limiter surface. The critical radial extent to achieve this stabilization is derived. This effect governs the size of the biased ring required to insulate the wall from long range bursts of matter. The same characteristic scale also governs the critical size of Langmuir probe tips. For probe tips in excess of this size, the flux tube to the probe is found to be decoupled from the background plasma.

The respective impact on turbulent transport of zonal flows (ZF) and poloidally localized flows is investigated. A 2D model for interchange instability in the Scrape-off Layer of tokamaks is used. The turbulent transport features intermittent large scale transport events, called avalanches. ZF are driven by Reynolds stress. Our results suggest that ZF alone participate only weakly in the self-regulation of turbulence, as compared to non-zonal components of the flow.

The physics of internal transport barrier (ITB) formation in JET has been investigated using micro-stability analysis, profile modelling and turbulence simulations. The calculation of linear growth rates shows that magnetic shear plays a crucial role in the formation of the ITB. Shafranov shift, ratio of the ion to electron temperature, and impurity content further improve the stability. This picture is consistent with profile modelling and global fluid simulations of electrostatic drift waves. Turbulence simulations also show that rational q values may play a special role in triggering an ITB. The same physics also explains how double internal barriers can be formed.

Numerical analysis of the images in visible light from the JET tangential camera show that the edge localised mode (ELM) events are characterised by impacts on the low-field side components. The increase of emission is not restricted to the components closest to the plasma. One finds also that the deposition on the low-field side components does not exhibit any poloidal or toroidal symmetry and varies from ELM to ELM. Conversely the increase of emission on the divertor baffles, or the top protection tiles, is close to axisymmetric.

The effect of a sheared toroidal velocity on a transport barrier is studied. This analysis is done by using three-dimensional global fluid simulations of electrostatic ion temperature gradient driven turbulence in tokamaks. The barrier is produced with a reversed magnetic shear. For a flat density profile, and at low collisionality, co-rotation leads to an outward motion of the barrier, whereas counter rotation leads to an inward displacement. However, the barrier displacement saturates when increasing the torque at fixed heat source. This saturation is attributed to the onset of Kelvin–Helmholtz modes. Also the central temperature is larger without external torque because the width of the transport barrier is wider. The consequence is that better confinement is obtained in absence of external torque.

Large scale transport events are studied using two different 3-D simulation codes related to resistive ballooning and ion temperature gradient turbulence. The turbulence is driven by a constant incoming flux. In the case of resistive ballooning simulations, the underlying structures are found to be radially elongated on the low field side and distorted by magnetic shear in the parallel direction (streamers). The non-linear character of these structures is emphasized. Bursty transport is investigated in the presence of zonal flows and internal transport barriers generated either by a strong shear flow or with a magnetic shear reversal. In deriving a low dimensional model that captures the main features of bursty transport dynamics, it is found that E × B shear flow is necessary to trigger the bursts.