This study focuses on an improvement of the clear zone method using agar plates, a widely used method for screening polymer degraders. The improvement consists in performing simple complementary analyses directly on the inoculated agar plates (isolated from Petri dishes) containing the polymer to be degraded in order to i) give the biodegradation kinetics of the entrapped water insoluble polymer; ii) assess the nature of the water soluble oligomeric/monomeric components after hydrolyze by the microorganisms. The technique was applied to poly (lactic acid), PLA. PLA oligomers (2000 g/mol) were chosen to model aged PLA, in order to accelerate the biodegradation kinetics, and Bacillus licheniformis (spores and vegetative cells) was used to validate the method. Therefore, complementary analyses focused on the chemical hydrolysis of ester bonds to convert residual polymeric/oligomeric components into monomers, which were then determined using a kit for assaying lactic acid. Thus, agar plates opacified with emulsified PLA oligomers were made (without organic solvent) and inoculated with either spores or vegetative cells (three loads 10(3), 10(5), 10(7) CFU/plate, at 23 and 37 degrees C). A remarkable result was the absence of free lactic acid (LA) monomers in all the clarified plates, due to their almost total consumption by the microorganisms. Moreover, the PLA oligomers biodegradation rate reached a remarkable 70 % by weight in 30 days, after direct analysis of the agar plates. These results demonstrated that the method is informative and quantitative, to select suitable strains able to degrade polyesters.

Fresh fish is a perishable food in which chemical (namely oxidation) and microbiological degradation result in undesirable odor. Non-processed fish (i.e., raw fish) is increasingly commercialized in packaging systems which are convenient for its retailing and/or which can promote an extension of its shelf-life. Compared to fish sent to its retail unpackaged, fish packaging results in a modification of the gaseous composition of the atmosphere surrounding it. These modifications of atmosphere composition may affect both chemical and microbiological degradation pathways of fish constituents and thereby the volatile organic compounds produced. In addition to monitoring Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen (TVB-N), which is a common indicator to estimate non-processed fish freshness, analytical techniques such as gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry or techniques referred to as "electronic nose" allow either the identification of the entire set of these volatile compounds (the volatilome) and/or to selectively monitor some of them, respectively. Interestingly, monitoring these volatile organic compounds along fish storage might allow the identification of early-stage markers of fish alteration. In this context, to provide relevant information for the identification of volatile markers of non-processed packaged fish quality evolution during its storage, the following items have been successively reviewed: (1) inner atmosphere gaseous composition and evolution as a function of fish packaging systems; (2) fish constituents degradation pathways and analytical methods to monitor fish degradation with a focus on volatilome analysis; and (3) the effect of different factors affecting fish preservation (temperature, inner atmosphere composition, application of hurdle technology) on volatilome composition.

A novel method for the determination of lipid oxidation using Raman microscopy was developed. A home-made surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrate based on silver nanoparticles deposited on a glass Petri dish was used. The degradation of ground pork stored at 5 °C was monitored for 16 days. Two packages were considered: an active packaging containing an oregano extract with antioxidant properties and a conventional one consisting of a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film. The lipid fraction of the ground pork was extracted with a mixture of diethyl ether/n-hexane (1:1). A remarkable maximum signal enhancement factor of 1.64 × 107 at 1439 cm−1 shift (and up to 8.58 × 106 at 1655 cm−1, chosen for fat oxidation assessment) was obtained with SERS compared to conventional Raman. In addition, SERS provided better discrimination among samples than the results obtained by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) method. The experimental conditions for SERS were optimized and discussed.

Les réponses complètes à l'immunothérapie (IO) dans les cancers du rein métastatiques entraînent un regain d'intérêt pour la chirurgie du primitif. La survie prolongée de ces patients fait envisager une chirurgie d'épargne néphronique lorsqu'elle est techniquement possible. Devant les difficultés chirurgicales rapportées dans la littérature, il est nécessaire d'évaluer la faisabilité, les résultats fonctionnels et oncologiques de la néphrectomie partielle (NP) de clôture après IO. À partir de la base de données UroCCR (CNIL DR 2013-206 ; NCT03293563), nous avons conduit une étude rétrospective multicentrique incluant tous les patients métastatiques opérés d'une NP après bonne réponse à l'IO. Nous avons évalué les difficultés peropératoires, la morbidité, l'évolution de la fonction rénale, le taux de marges positives et l'évolution carcinologique. Entre 2019 et 2023, 10 patients ont été opérés d'une NP de clôture après IO. Les caractéristiques de la population ainsi que les résultats des chirurgies sont décrits dans le Tableau 1. Après la chirurgie, l'IO a été arrêtée chez huit patients (80 %), un patient a poursuivi le traitement 2 mois et un patient était toujours sous traitement au dernier suivi (sans récidive). Le DFG médian à 3 mois était de 88,5 [76,5–95,8] mL/min/1,73 m2 sans différence significative par rapport au DFG préopératoire. Le suivi médian était de 16 [13,25–28] mois, la survie médiane sans traitement général était de 15,7 [11,2–30,7] mois, la survie sans récidive à 12 mois de 90 % et la survie globale au dernier suivi de 90 %. Cette première série de NP de clôture après IO confirme la faisabilité de la procédure avec de bons résultats fonctionnels et carcinologiques.

Telehealth improves the quality of life and overall survival of cancer patients. Social deprivation might lead to unequal access to telehealth. The aim of this study was to evaluate how socially deprived outpatients treated for a solid cancer get a grip on a dedicated telemonitoring program. Between February 2021 and June 2022, eligible outpatients with a solid cancer undergoing chemotherapy at the Mondor Teaching Hospital, France, were provided with the ONCO'NECT® telemonitoring tool. It includes a chat system and standardized 24 items questionnaires before/after each treatment administration based on the NCCI Patient-Reported Outcomes of the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (PRO-CTCAE®), triggering alerts when the threshold of clinical significance was reached. Patients with social deprivation were identified based on the EPICES (evaluation of precariousness and health inequalities in health examination centres) score and were enrolled in the Re’Connect program (lending of a tablet, caregivers, technical and peer-to-peer support). We collected the data on patients’ healthcare pathways retrospectively, and we performed semi-structured interviews to assess patients’ challenges related to ONCO'NECT®. We enrolled 22 patients: 15 females, 50% were aged > 70 years (interquartile range (IQR), 64-74), 14 had digestive cancer, 15 patients had metastases, 14 lived alone. Five and three patients completed > 75% and < 25% of questionnaires respectively, during a median treatment duration of 7,5 months (IQR, 4-14). The median number of triggered alerts was 5 per patient (IQR, 1-9,25). The underuse of ONCO'NECT® went beyond patients’ understanding of its interest and their technical competence and was related to borderline health literacy. The related patients’ emotional negative experience might explain such an underuse. Socially deprived cancer outpatients perceived the relevance of a telehealth tool. Beyond technical issues, patients’ borderline health literacy and their negative emotional experience should be addressed to ensure equal access to telehealth.

The effect of enzymatic crosslinking by microbial transglutaminase on the physico-chemical properties of gelatin-based films incorporated with lysozyme were investigated. Increase in the crosslinking degree of gelatin with microbial transglutaminase concentration in film-forming suspensions was correlated with a decrease of films thickness. Moreover, the enhancement in crosslinking resulted in a decrease of the solubility in water, as well as of the extent of swelling degree, and of the water vapor permeability of films and in an increase of films tensile strength. The kinetics of release at 4°C of lysozyme from control non-reticulated films and reticulated films to either sodium acetate buffer, or 2% (w/v) agar gels in direct contact were compared. Interestingly, the kinetics of release of lysozyme were always slower from crosslinked films than from control films. This difference was higher for lysozyme release to agar gels, which was dominated by Fickian diffusion. Enzymatic crosslinking by microbial transglutaminase of gelatin-based films incorporated with lysozyme can thus effectively control the release of this food preservative.

The membrane-damaging activities of four phenolics chosen for their bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus CNRZ3 were investigated: 5,7-dihydroxy-4-phenylcoumarin (DHPC), 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (DHNQ), epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and isobutyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (IBHB). Staphylococcus aureus CNRZ3 cells, as well as model liposomes mimicking its membrane phospholipids composition, were treated with each phenolic at its minimal bactericidal concentration. Membrane integrity, intracellular pH and intracellular esterase activity were examined by flow cytometric analysis of S. aureus cells stained with propidium iodide and SYTO (R) 9, 2,7 '-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester, and 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein diacetate, respectively. While intracellular pH was affected by the foyr phenolics, only DHNQ and to a lesser extent EGCG, caused a loss of membrane integrity. Flow cytometric analysis of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and DPPC/POPG (2-oleoyl-1-palmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol) liposomes stained with Coumarin 6 (which penetrates the lipid bilayer) or 5-N(octadecanoyl)-amino-fluorescein (which binds to the liposome shell) suggested that only EGCG and DHNQ penetrated the bilayer of phospholipids of liposomes. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that EGCG and DHNQ bactericidal activity results from their accumulation in the phospholipid bilayer of S. aureus cells membrane causing its disruption.

Renal medullary carcinoma (RMC) and collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) account for < 3% of kidney cancers. They share clinico-pathologic features and have a poor prognosis. First-line metastatic treatment is based on a gemcitabine + platinum (GC) regimen. Retrospective data suggest progression-free survival (PFS) increased with the addition of bevacizumab (bev). We prospectively assessed the safety and efficacy of GC + bev in metastatic RMC/CDC. UNICANCER designed a national phase 2 open-label trial in 18 centres in France. Patients (pts) with metastatic RMC/CDC and no prior systemic treatment were eligible. A central pathological review was performed before starting treatment. Pts received bev 15 mg/kg on day 1 (D1) + gemcitabine 1.250 mg/m2 on D1, D8 + cisplatin 70 mg/m2 or carboplatin AUC5 on D1 every 3 weeks up to 6 cycles. Pts with no progressive disease after 6 cycles continued bev alone until progression or toxicity. The co-primary endpoints were: objective response rate (ORR) and PFS at 6 months (ORR-6; PFS-6). The rule to declare the treatment effective was at least 15 pts with a positive ORR-6 or 25 pts with positive PFS-6. From Feb 2015 to Jan 2019, 34 pts were enrolled (3 with RMC and 26 with CDC, 5 unknown). At interim analysis, the IDMC closed the trial for toxicity. After a 25-month median follow-up, the ORR-6 was 29% (10/34) and the PFS-6 was 41% (14/34). The overall ORR was 39% (1 complete response, 12 partial responses). The median overall survival was 11 months (7-15). Overall, 25 pts (73%) completed the 6 cycles. Seven pts discontinued bev because of hypertension (3), proteinuria (3), or colonic perforation (1). Five pts stopped chemotherapy due to haematological (3 with carboplatin) or renal toxicity (2 with cisplatin). Grade 3–4 toxicities were reported in 28/34 pts (82%); the most common toxicities were haematological (20/34) and hypertension (5/34). Two pts had grade 5 toxicity: a subdural hematoma after C1 and encephalopathy after 5 months of treatment. The study did not meet its co-primary endpoints. Based on the observed toxicity of the combination, a GC regimen without the addition of bev remains the standard treatment for patients with RMC/CDC.

Depuis décembre 2019, nous devons faire face à la pandémie mondiale du COVID-19. Cela a entraîné une adaptation des soins, notamment pour les patients atteints d'un cancer urologique. L'étude PRATICOVID vise à décrire la modification de la prise en charge médicale et chirurgicale des patients pour cette population, selon les recommandations dans ce contexte de pandémie, au sein de nos hôpitaux fortement mobilisés. Nous avons analysé les données de 9 institutions différentes : 3 hôpitaux militaires, 4 hôpitaux universitaires, 2 hôpitaux privés. Nous avons considéré les patients suivis par les oncologues, chirurgiens et radiothérapeutes. Au total, 435 patients ont été inclus entre le 9 mars et le 30 avril 2020 dans l'étude PRATICOVID. Parmi eux 178 patients présentaient un cancer urologique. Le critère d'évaluation principal était d'évaluer la prévalence des soins adaptés aux patients pendant la pandémie. Les critères d'évaluation secondaires étaient de décrire le point de vue des cliniciens et des patients pendant et après la pandémie. Cent quarante-cinq patients avec un cancer urologique ont été retenus pour l'analyse finale. L'âge médian était de 71 ans (24–97), dont 90,3 % étaient des hommes. Parmi les patients, 62 (42,8 %) étaient nouvellement diagnostiqués et seuls 10 étaient inclus dans un essai clinique. En raison de la pandémie de COVID19, 46,2 % des patients ambulatoires avaient modifié les soins aux patients. Le cancer de la prostate représentait 50,7 % des cancers urologiques avec une modification de prise en charge. La chirurgie ne concernait que 11 % des patients inclus contre 56,6 % pour les traitements systémiques. Parmi les patients, 31,7 % ont bénéficiés exclusivement d'une téléconsultation. Parmi les médecins, 67 % étaient détendus et 57 % des patients se sont dits détendus ou peu inquiets par rapport à la pandémie. Parmi les patients, 71 % sont inquiets pour l'évolution de leur maladie. L'étude PRATICOVID est la première à évaluer la modification des soins lors d'une épidémie des patients cancéreux. Le suivi à long terme de ces patients est nécessaire pour mesurer l'impact en termes de survie globale, spécifique et sans progression.

The cancer population seems to be more susceptible to COVID-19 infection and have worse outcomes. Front of this pandemic, we had to adapt our patient care to protect our patients without compromising their prognosis related to their cancer. The national PRATICOVID study aims to describe the modification of the medical and surgical patient care for this population, according to the recommendations in this context of pandemic, within our hospitals which are strongly mobilized. We analyzed data from 9 different institutions, 3 Military Hospitals, 4 Academics Hospital, 2 Private Hospital, from oncologists, surgeons, radiotherapists. The primary endpoint was to assess the prevalence of adapted patient care during pandemic. The secondary endpoints were to describe the point of view of clinicians and patients during and after the pandemic. We analyzed 435 medical care between 9th of March and 30th of April. The median age was 69 years (range, 24-99), 54% was male. 167 patients (38.4%) were newly diagnosed and only 4% were included in a clinical trial. Because of COVID-19 pandemic, 47.6% of the outpatients had modified patient care. The main primary tumor site was breast cancer (22.7%) at a metastatic stage. 24.6% have postponed surgery, or not receive perioperative chemotherapy, 18.4% received hypofractioned schedule and 57% had an adaptive systemic protocol (stopped, oral protocol, spacing between cures). 70% of physicians are used telemedicine. During this period, 67% of the physicians were relaxed to taking care of their patients. 57% of the patients have seen to be relaxed or low worried about the pandemic. However, 71% are worried after the lockdown, because of future patient care, stage at diagnosis, access to clinical trial, our abilities to receive in the same time all the patients. PRATICOVID study is the first to assess modification of patients cares during an epidemic in cancer outpatients. Faces with this unprecedented crisis, physicians were able to adapt their practice in order to protect their patients against the virus and while ensuring the course of patient care. But physicians are worried after de lockdown because of the care pathway's issues.

There is an increasing interest for active food packaging incorporated with natural antimicrobial agents rather than synthetic preservatives. However, most of plastics for direct contact with food are made of polyolefins, usually processed by extrusion, injection, or blow-molding methods while most of natural antimicrobial molecules are thermolabile compounds (e.g., essential oils). Therefore, addition of plant phenolics (with low volatility) to different polyolefins might be promising to design active controlled release packaging processed by usual plastic compounding and used for direct contact with food products. Therefore, up to 2% (wt/wt) of isobutyl-4-hydroxybenzoate (IBHB) was mixed with 3 polyolefins: EVA poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), LLDPE (Linear Low Density Polyethylene), and PP (PolyPropylene) by melt-blending from 75 to 170°C and then pelletized in order to prepare heat-pressed films. IBHB was chosen as an antibacterial phenolic active model molecule against Staphylococcus aureus to challenge the entire processing. Antibacterial activity of films against S. aureus (procedure adapted from ISO 22196 standard) were 4, 6, and 1 decimal reductions in 24 h for EVA, LLDPE, and PP films, respectively, demonstrating the preservation of the antibacterial activity after melt processing. For food contact materials, the efficacy of antimicrobial packaging depends on the release of the antimicrobial molecules. Therefore, the three types of films were placed at 23°C in 95% (v/v) ethanol and the release rates of IBHB were monitored: 101 ± 1%, 32 ± 7%, and 72 ± 9% at apparent equilibrium for EVA, LLDPE, and PP films, respectively. The apparent diffusion coefficients of IBHB in EVA and PP films were 2.8 ± 0.3 × 10−12 and 4.0 ± 1.0 × 10−16 m2s−1. For LLDPE films, IBHB crystals were observed on the surface of films by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy): this blooming effect was due the partial incompatibility of IBHB in LLDPE and its fast diffusion out of the polymer matrix onto the film surface. In conclusion, none of these three materials was suitable for a relevant controlled release packaging targeting the preservation of fresh food, but a combination of two of them is promising by the design of a multilayer packaging: the release could result from permeation through an inner PE layer combined with an EVA one acting as a reservoir.

In this study, we report a simple, non-degrading and efficient homogeneous acylation of cellulose diacetate (CDA) by using a large panel of commercially available acylating aliphatic moieties, differing in their structure (fatty, ramified, bulky, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, more or less spaced from the cellulose backbone), in view of generating a library of well-defined cellulose mixed esters with enhanced thermoplasticity. As reflected by a lowering of the glass temperature (Tg), the covalent grafting confers an improved mobility to the cellulose chains, by disrupting the initial H-bonds. In particular, it appears that the gain in free volume is tailored by the substituent structure and that acylating reagents consisting in a terminal bulky moieties spaced from CDA chains by a linear chain efficiently separate macromolecular chains without generating detrimental stiffening inter-actions (low Tg around 125 degrees C). Moreover, free-standing films easily prepared by solvent casting exhibit relevant water transport properties, which are closely dictated and tuned by the water solubility of the cellulose mixed ester.

Background: Monitoring adverse effects (AEs) induced by antitumor therapies remain a clinical challenge for outpatients with cancer. Their delayed management might impair patient quality of life and lead to dose-lowering or discontinuation of treatment. The use of e-health may improve the communication between caregivers and patients, as well as the continuity of care. We assessed if Onco'nect®, a new digital follow-up tool, could be used easily by cancer outpatients undergoing active antitumor treatment in a routine clinical practice setting. Methods: Outpatients diagnosed with any type of cancer and undergoing intravenous or oral anticancer in the department of Medical Oncology of Creteil Teaching Hospital were eligible. No informatics knowledge was required for patients to be included in the study. At different times of each chemotherapy cycle, patients were sent a standardized 12-question survey assessing AEs. A chat was available for patients and caregivers to improve their communication. Grade ≥2 AEs, and deliberate requests of patients raised an alert system. Caregivers were notified of such events by emails and "red alerts" on the web-based interface. Results: Our study enrolled 51 patients, with distinct types of anticancer treatment (chemotherapy, oral therapy, immunotherapy and clinical trial therapy): 5 (9.8%) patients were over 75-year-old. Four patients could not use a computer or a smartphone but had a relative able to help. We called 21 (41.2%) patients at least once because they reported ≥ grade 2 AEs. We modified symptomatic treatments, or diet and lifestyle in 11 (21.6%) cases. Four patients deliberately raised the alert system, resulting in one hospitalization. The chat was used to: manage daily AEs, answer patients' questions, send prescriptions, receive medical imaging and blood test results. After a 2-month use, all the patients asked reported that Onco'nect® was easy to use and clinically-efficient. Conclusions: Onco'nect® is a user-friendly web-based tool to monitor outpatients undergoing anticancer treatment. It can be integrated in a current practice in oncology, even with elderly patients. Onco'nect® might help to anticipate chemotherapy prescriptions and reduce the admission in emergency rooms. Legal entity responsible for the study: Service d'Oncologie Médicale, Hôpital Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil. Funding: Has not received any funding. Disclosure: All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

The capacity of gelatin-based active films to extend the shelf-life of minced pork meat was investigated. In vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activity of films resulted from nisin and catechin incorporation, respectively. Cross-linking of gelatin macromolecules by microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) added in film-forming suspensions resulted in a marked decrease of the films solubility in water. Gelatin films reticulated by MTGase with or without (control) nisin and catechin were thus used to overwrap minced pork meat stored in trays at 5 degrees C for 7 days. Their gas barrier properties were high enough for the self-development by the respiratory activity of meat microflora of a modified atmosphere with a decreased oxygen and an increased carbon dioxide concentration over 7 days. Interestingly, gelatin films with nisin and catechin retarded lipid oxidation and microbial growth: the time to reach a total viable count of 107 CFU. g(-1) of meat was extended from 1 to 4 days.

Les differentes etapes pour la preparation de films a base de biopolymeres contenant des biomolecules antimicrobiennes et/ou antioxydantes applicables pour la conservation d’aliments perissables sont illustrees par les etudes realisees par 4 equipes de recherche associees a un programme de cooperation Franco-Thailandaise. Ces grandes etapes sont : (i) le choix de la formulation des ingredients entrant dans la composition du film, (ii) les parametres associes aux procedes d’elaboration des films, (iii) la caracterisation des proprietes physico-chimiques des films et l’evaluation in vitro de leur activite antimicrobienne ou antioxydante et (iv) leur application in situ a des aliments perissables pour en evaluer l’effet sur la duree de vie de ces produits. Les biopolymeres filmogenes et les biomolecules actives consideres comprennent des co-produits de l’agriculture Thailandaise comme la gelatine preparee a partir de peau de poisson-chat geant ou un extrait de graines de longane ayant un pouvoir antioxydant avere.

High oxygen modified atmosphere packaging of raw ground beef patties favors bright red oxymyoglobin color but also lipid oxidation. Therefore, the effect of the addition of phenolic-rich plant extracts selected for their in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities on microbiological (total viable count, psychrotrophic aerobic bacteria, and coliforms), physico-chemical [pH, exudate mass, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS)], and organoleptic (instrumental color and sensory analysis of cooked patties) quality attributes of beef patties was monitored for 12 days at 4 °C in a high oxygen atmosphere. Prune flesh, pomegranate peel, green tea leaves, grape seed extracts, and Gaillac red wine powder were added at 10 g kg−1 in beef patties. All extracts except prune flesh extract, which had the lowest total phenolic content (3.4 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) g−1 against from 81.2 to 570.0 mg GAE g−1 in other extracts), reduced the increase in TBARS in beef patties over 12 days by more than 93% (P < 0.05). While all plant extracts significantly inhibited the in vitro growth of at least 1 from the 6 unwanted bacterial strains which were tested, their effect on total viable and psychrotrophic bacterial counts in beef patties was not significant (P > 0.05). In vitro and in situ antioxidant activities of plant extracts were correlated with their total phenolic content (R 2 = 0.99) unlike in vitro (R 2 = 0.18) and in situ (R 2 = 0.17) antibacterial activities. Interestingly, pomegranate peel extract and Gaillac red wine powder retarded lipid oxidation and color variation, and maintained the redness index of meat.

The reported work aimed at the modeling of the supercritical CO2 (SCCO2) extraction of contaminants covering a wide range of molecular weights from post-consumer polypropylene. A theoretical model taking into account the combined effects of the two essential phenomena involved in the extraction process (diffusion through the matrix and solubility in SCCO2) is applied to experimental results in order to analyze extraction and disclose relevant kinetics limitations affecting extraction process. From fitting the model to the experimental data obtained at varying pressure and temperature conditions, information on diffusion coefficients of contaminants through polypropylene swollen by SCCO2, activation energies for diffusion and solubilities in the supercritical fluid at temperatures of 50, 70 and 90 °C, and pressures of 100, 200 and 300 bar were obtained. Good agreement between the theoretical model and our experimental measurements was observed. Diffusion coefficients of contaminants through swollen polypropylene have an order of magnitude of 10−11–10−10 m2/s, which are much more important than those through virgin polypropylene due to the swelling effects. Finally, the effects of pressure and temperature on diffusion coefficients and solubilities were examined and discussed in order to understand the effects of these two chief parameters on the SCCO2 extraction rate.