Mastitis represents a significant global challenge in dairy farming, affecting animal health, milk production, and economic viability. It is estimated that mastitis leads to substantial financial losses due to decreased milk yield, increased veterinary costs, and the disposal of contaminated milk, necessitating innovative prevention strategies to address this multifactorial disease effectively. The current study demonstrates the development of a nanoformulation for its use as an external teat sealant to prevent the microbial entry in to the teat orifice during dry cow period to prevent the mastitis. The developed nanoformulation exhibited excellent antibacterial activity and strong adherence to teat surfaces, making it an ideal sealant. The assessment of cytotoxic effects of the nanoformulation on the L929 fibroblast cell line revealed negligible toxicity at the diverse concentrations evaluated, with an LC50 value calculated at 349.8398 µg/mL. However, the cellular perturbations induced by the nanoformulation targeting the bacterial cell indicate its potential to be explored as a promising agent for mitigating the udder infections caused by diverse microorganisms. Detailed characterization of the nanoformulation using fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) confirmed the presence of components like zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and lemongrass essential oil (LGEO) in the nanoformulations. Here, the combinational antimicrobial effectiveness of both ZnONPs and LGEO has demonstrated to augment the bioactivity of the nanoformulation. The results of the study thus underscore the necessity for developing appropriate prophylactic strategies among the dairy cattle herds and also the responsible use of antimicrobial agents in cows to prevent the concerns with mastitis caused by multidrug resistant pathogens.

BACKGROUND:Coronary artery disease (CAD) has been linked to single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD 2) gene. Additionally, several modifiable risk factors are also known to influence the CAD risk. AIM:To investigate the association between selected modifiable risk factors and oxidative stress markers with the SOD2 rs4880 SNP in CAD patients. METHODS:A cohort of 150 angiographically confirmed CAD patients, and 100 control subjects in the same geographic area were enrolled. SOD levels and lipid peroxidation were assessed in the blood samples using standard protocols. The genotyping of the SOD2 gene was conducted through the PCR-sequencing method. RESULTS:This study indicated that CAD patients with the rs4880 SNP having heterozygous AG and mutated homozygous GG genotypes have increased oxidative stress, decreased SOD activity, and a positive association with CAD risk (OR 2.85) in comparison with control individuals. The investigation among CAD patients was then carried out based on modifiable risk factors. The risk factors selected were clinical characteristics, physical habits, nutritional status, and body mass index. In all the cases, MDA levels showed a positive association, and SOD activity showed a negative association with the selected polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS:The study suggests that the selected modifiable risk factors have an important role in the higher oxidative stress found in patients, which may lead to SOD2 polymorphism. It also suggests that the SOD2 locus can be identified as a marker gene for CAD susceptibility.

In this study, the occurrence of tetracycline resistance genes among bacteria present on the raw egg surface was analysed. Metagenomic method was used in this study for the rapid detection and better surveillance on antibiotic resistance transfer. From the study, meta DNA extracted from the raw egg surface wash was found to be positive for tetB gene. Whereas the meta DNA from the poultry slaughter house cutting surface, was found to have both tetA and tetB genes. The antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from the raw egg samples further showed 76% of them to be resistant to more than 3 different categories of antibiotics. As the antibiotics used in the poultry feed are known to contribute to the fast emergence of resistance in bacteria associated with poultry derived food, it is important to rigorously monitor the feed in poultry farms in order to minimise the rapid spread of antibiotic resistance.

Poultry products remain as one of the most popular and extensively consumed foods in the world and the introduction of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) producing antibiotic resistant bacterial species into it is an emerging challenge. The current study has been designed to analyze the distribution of antibiotic resistance among the H 2 S producing bacteria isolated from the fecal samples of chickens from different poultry farms. Here, twenty bacterial isolates were selected based on their ability to produce H 2 S on XLD agar, and the16S rDNA sequencing was carried out for their molecular identification. The results showed the isolates as belong to Salmonella spp. and Citrobacter spp. and in the antibiotic susceptibility test (AST), three of the Salmonella strains were found to be resistant to antibiotics such as tetracycline, doxycycline, nalidixic acid, and amikacin. Also, fourteen Citrobacter strains showed resistance towards azithromycin, and furthermore, eleven of them were also resistant to streptomycin. Resistance towards tetracycline was observed among five of the Citrobacter strains, and seven were resistant to doxycycline. Further molecular screening by the PCR has showed three of the Salmonella strains along with eight Citrobacter isolates to have tet A gene along with four of the Citrobacter strains to have co-harbored bla TEM gene. The results on biofilm formation have also demonstrated three Salmonella strains along with nine Citrobacter strains to have the ability to form moderate biofilm. The study thus describes the occurrence of H 2 S producing multidrug-resistant bacteria in poultry feces, which might contribute towards the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes to other microorganisms including human pathogens with likely risk to treat disease conditions.

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is found to be associated with a wide range of modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Aim of the Study: To evaluate the relationship of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status to selected modifiable risk factors in angiographically proven CAD patients. Methods: 150 angiographically proven CAD patients were categorized into three, based on selected risk factors. Data was collected using proforma and from hospital records. Peroxidation and antioxidant levels in blood samples were assessed using standard procedures. Results: In category, I, significantly higher level of lipid peroxidation and the lower enzymatic antioxidant level were observed in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and with both diabetes and hypertension, when compared with patients without these clinical characteristics (p < 0.01). Similar results obtained for patients following a non-vegetarian diet when compared with patients following a vegetarian diet (category II). In BMI based group (category III), patients with BMI>25kg/m2 showed a significant increase in peroxidation and low enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels than those with normal BMI. Conclusion: The study confirmed a strong association between selected modifiable risk factors, higher lipid peroxidation, and lower antioxidant levels in angiographically proven CAD patients. This provides leads in the management of cardiovascular events in CAD patients.