In contemporary agriculture, sustainability challenges like climate change, declining productivity, and nutrient deficiencies threaten food production. Judicious use of methodologies, dosages, and timing is crucial for sustainable practices. Nano-fertilizers gain importance due to their nutrient-release properties and increased use efficiencies. Chili is a commercial crop that requires high nutrients, the present field trial was carried out at AHRS, Bavikere, Shivmogga (India) during 2020 and 2021, to investigate its growth and yield responses to foliar applications of nano nitrogen (nN) and zinc (nZn) alongside conventional urea and ZnSO4. The experiment comprised combinations of recommended doses of nitrogen (RDN) (75, 100 & 125%) along with two foliar sources, nano (nN & nZn @ 0.4%) and conventional (urea @ 2% & ZnSO4@ 0.2%) against control. Foliar application of nN and nZn @0.4%+125% RDN (T-3) improved growth and yield attributes & green chili yield (33.07 t ha(-1)), compared to RDF (T-1, 23.8 t ha(-1)) and conventional sources (T6, 30.9 t ha(-1)). The utilization of nano-fertilizers in T-3 resulted in a substantial enhancement of 39.0% in yield. Increments of 57.2% and 49.3% in net returns compared to conventional N and zinc sources respectively were also noted. Further, the land productivity reached $13.5 per day in T-3, indicating economic viability. Application of 75% RDN with nN and nZn saved 25-50% of RDN compared to conventional sources. The results propose cutting nitrogen fertilizer by up to 50%, showcasing the eco-friendly aspect of nano-fertilizers. They boost productivity and profitability while supporting sustainable farming by reducing nitrogen usage.

Invasion of fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugi-perda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has been implicated in reducing the incidence of native stem borers in India. The present study aimed to verify the reasons for the displacement of native stem borers using S. frugiperda and pink stem borer, Sesamia inferens (Walker) (Lepi-doptera: Noctuidae). Field incidence of FAW and S. infe-rens was recorded during the 2020 and 2021 wet seasons, indicating negligible field incidence of S. inferens compared to FAW. In controlled greenhouse experiments, the competition was measured by releasing larvae at different densities into the maize whorl and also by varying their release at two-day intervals among the two species tested. In competition assays, the frequency of cannibalism increased with increasing density. The study documents that cannibalistic nature and early habitat occupancy in the whorls by FAW are the key factors involved in reducing the incidence of native stem borer, S. inferens .

The faulty and imbalanced application of fertilizers to chilli threatens the environment and affects the country's sustainable food and nutritional security. Variation in the method and quantity of N and Zn fertilizer application has a higher impact on the chilli production and quality. An experiment was carried out at AHRS, Bavikere, KSNUAHS, Shivamogga, to study the effect of foliar nano nitrogen and zinc application on green chilli's growth, yield and quality. There were eight treatments which replicated three times using the RCBD design. Treatment combinations of foliar nano nitrogen and zinc and foliar urea and ZnSO4 with different levels of RDN (75%, 100%, 125%) were tested against control (100% RDF). The results revealed that chilli quality parameters significantly varied with applying nano N and Zn compared to the control. Among the treatments, application of RDN (125%) and foliar nano N (0.4%) and Zn (0.4%) at 30 and 45 DAT registered significantly higher chlorophyll, oleoresin, ascorbic acid and TSS. T3 reported significantly superior ascorbic acid and oleoresin content to 14.94 per cent and 22.10 per cent over control.

An eight month-old intact male Pitbull dog weighing 22 kg was presented with the history of ingetion of shuttle cock yesterday night accidentally.Clinically, animal was dull and depressed.On abdominal palpation, no palpable foreign material noticed.Plain radiograph of abdomen in lateral view revealed radio-opaque structure almost in the shape of shuttle cock noticed at the pyloric region of the stomach.On explorative gastrotomy, shuttle cock and tablet wrapper cover were recovered.Post operatively, pet recovered uneventfully.

Surgical management of various orthopaedic conditions in dogs and cats like luxation of coxo-femoral joint due to trauma (n=3), delayed femoral head fracture (n=1), legg-Calve-Perthes disease (n=2), osteoarthritis (n=1) and hip dysplasia (n=15) was done by femoral head neck ostectomy.All the cases had clinical signs like varying degree of lameness in hindlimbs and the conditions were diagnosed by radiological examination of pelvis.All the cases showed recovery and improvement in lameness post-operatively and no major complications was observed in the present study

Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) is an invasive insect pest recently reported from India and foliar sprays of insecticides is the usual management strategy. In the present investigation, a slight modification was made in the application methodology, i.e., insecticides mixed with soil and applied to the whorl region. Results of two seasons conducted during kharif 2020 and 2021 indicated that chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC @ 0.4 ml/kg soil was found to be effective in lowering the larval population of 97.44% with the least plant damage score (0.98) with the highest grain yield (60.3 q/ha) and C: B ratio (2.91). It was superior to the same chemical applied through a foliar spray. Due to soil in the whorl, the number of adult moths hiding in the whorl region and egg mass per plant has decreased. The study demonstrated that whorl application requires half the quantity of insecticide compared to spray application. The advantages of insecticides mixed with soil over foliar spray of insecticides in Maize are discussed.

The fall army worm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda is now spread all over India and at present, spraying insecticides is the primary method of control. Considering its presence in whorl and negative impact of insecticidal spray on the natural enemies, there is a need of evolving alternate techniques. In the present study, whorl application of insecticides mixed in river sand was evaluated for its efficacy. Sand mixed with chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC @0.4 ml/ kg, emamectin benzoate 5SG@ 0.4 g/ kg and spinosad 45SC @ 0.4 ml/ kg sand were found to be effective, with significant reduction in leaf damage. The quantity of insecticide required/ unit area was 50% less than the spray while maximum grain yield/ cost benefit ratio was obtained.

A 3-year-old male Rottweiler dog with the compliant of not passed urine for 5 days was presented to the Department of Surgery and Radiology, Veterinary College, Bangalore. On physical examination, distended abdomen and fluid thrill was noticed on succession. Pet was dull, dehydrated, and free passage of urinary catheter was noticed. On skiagram of the lateral abdomen, lack of bladder silhouette with absence of retroperitoneal details. Ultrasonography demonstrates fluid in the abdominal cavity with a defect in the dome of urinary bladder. Blood evaluation revealed increase in the total leucocyte count, with values of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase and serum creatinine values at higher margin. The case was suspected of urinary bladder rupture. An emergency exploratory laparotomy was performed and confirmed the case as cystorrhexis. Cystorrhexis was corrected by Cystorrhaphy. Postoperatively fluid therapy, antibiotic, analgesics were given and with the regular wound dressing, the pet showed uneventful recovery.

The present study was carried out to evaluate efficacy of zap strap method of treatment for malignant tumours of skin and subcutaneous tissue in dogs. There were no significance variations observed in physiological (rectal temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate), haematological (haemoglobin, total erythrocyte count, total leucocyte count and differential leucocyte count) and biochemical parameters (serum creatinine, serum alanine aminotransferase and serum alkaline phosphatase). There was non-significant increase in haemoglobin and total erythrocyte count in dogs subjected to zap strap method of treatment. There was a non-significant increase in total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count which later came to the normal range post-operatively. There were no significant changes in serum alkaline phosphatase and serum alanine aminotransferase. There were no statistically significant changes in serum creatinine in dogs subjected to zap strap method of treatment, but pathological significant change was noticed in case 3, succumbed on 31st post-operative day. On the basis of observation and the evaluation during the present study it was concluded that the zap strap method of treatment is effective for skin and subcutaneous malignant tumours in dogs in terms of avoiding the risk of general anaesthesia, minimally invasive, owner’s satisfaction and without any complications in dogs.

Mature and large isolated trees act as keystone structures in various ecosystems by supporting the populations of dependent organisms. Terminalia arjuna is one such species that is dominant in the riparian landscapes along the River Cauvery in Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary. We tested the hypothesis that T. arjuna influences plant community composition in riparian landscapes and supports a distinct local riparian community. We showed plant species richness, diversity, similarity in community composition, and soil quality varied between riparian landscapes under canopy of T. arjuna and areas devoid of T. arjuna. Higher species richness, diversity, dominance, and evenness were noted in areas under canopy of T. arjuna. The non-metric multi-dimensional scaling ordination space analysis identifies the native riparian species assemblages in areas under canopy of T. arjuna with improved soil nutrient conditions. Overall, the study concludes T. arjuna has potential positive effects on riparian landscapes by showing the remarkable differences in biological diversity and it can be considered as keystone species in riparian ecosystems of South India.

A recumbent HF cow aged 6.5 years weighing about 400 kg presented to the Veterinary College Hospital, Hebbal, Bangalore with a history of huge swelling in the right ventro-caudal lower flank region after falling on a peg 3 days back and it was recently parturited 15 days back. The animal was sedated with Xylazine hydrochloride and the area was desensitized by infiltrating 2% lignocaine hydrochloride. The hernial ring was closed by polyglactin 910 No.2 with simple interrupted suture pattern. Animal was recovered uneventfully and was discharged on 10th post-operative day after removal of skin sutures.

consumption needs and ecosystem health have become important policy goals in the worldwide. Management of riparian vegetation is one strategy to achieve these goals. Terminalia arjuna is one of the key species in the Cauvery river to fulfill the strategy to maintain the river quality healthier. The widespread rootmat of this species protect the waterway from erosion and pollutants entering the river. It acts has a natural wall along the river bank resists soil erosion during flooding thereby avoiding the water loss due to the bank widening. Keeping increasing water scarcity and flood disaster in the lower reaches during monsoon, conservation and management of Terminalia arjuna in the upper reaches helps to reduce flood velocities and increase the further flow towards lower reaches, thereby maintaining the river water healthier.

Decades of commercial planting and other anthropogenic processes are posing a threat to the riparian landscapes of the Cauvery river basin, which supports a high floral diversity. Despite this, the habitats in the upstream sections of the River Cauvery are still intact, as they are located in sacred groves. To understand the dynamism of riparian forests exposed to anthropogenic pressures, the upstream stretch of Cauvery extending from Kushalanagara to Talacauvery (∼102 km) was categorized into two landscapes: agro ecosystem and sacred (i.e. preserved). The tree species were sampled using belt transects at 5 km intervals and the regeneration status of endemic species assessed using quadrats. A total of 128 species belonging to 47 families, and representing 1,590 individuals, was observed. Amongst them, 65% of unique species were exclusive to sacred landscapes. A rarefaction plot confirmed higher species richness for the sacred compared to the agro ecosystem landscapes, and diversity indices with more evenness in distribution were evident in sacred landscapes. A significant loss of endemic tree species in the agro ecosystem landscapes was found. Overall, this study demonstrates that an intense biotic pressure in terms of plantations and other anthropogenic activities have altered the species composition of the riparian zone in non-sacred areas. A permanent policy implication is required for the conservation of riparian buffers to avoid further ecosystem degradation and loss of biodiversity.

This article highlights the impact of anthropogenic disturbance on forest structure and plant diversity in the riparian forest in the Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka, Southern India. We clustered 11 transects into groups with low and high anthropogenic disturbances. In total, 73 tree species were recorded on 11 transects, of which 57 species were found in less-disturbed sites and 39 species in high-disturbed sites. Shannon–Wiener diversity confirmed higher values for less-disturbed sites (3.2 ± 0.7) compared with high-disturbed sites (2.7 ± 0.5). Evenness index suggested no complete evenness in the two sites. Mean species richness and number of individuals in the majority girth classes were found to be higher in less-disturbed sites than in high-disturbed sites. Non-native plants dominated the high-disturbed sites. The occurrence of native and non-native species was correlated with the level of disturbance. Current disturbance intensities may have led to loss of native species such as Ixora bracheata, Madhuca latifolia, Syzygium cumini and Terminalia arjuna in riparian forests. This study concludes that species-rich areas in the riparian forests are under threat. Protection of these areas should be prioritized in policy, because anthropogenic disturbance has led to decreasing riparian forest species diversity and structure.

The Cauvery river basin of South India has a large phyto-floristic wealth, rightfully enough to constitute a separate phyto-geographic unit. Increase in the anthropogenic pressures within the river basin and surrounding landscapes have persistently stressed the riparian ecosystem structure adversely, besides altering its composition. The objective of this study was to examine the present status of riparian vegetation along the Cauvery river basin, in response to anthropogenic pressures. For vegetation analysis, the riparian forest coming in the middle stretch of Cauvery river was categorized into two zones, viz., forest zone covering ~54 km stretch and agroecosystem zone covering ~80 km stretch. In each zone, tree species were quantified using transects at 8-km interval. Overall tree species accounting for both forest and agroecosystem were recorded and compared. The results indicate that the mean density and basal area of trees per plot were higher in the forest zone than agroecosystem zone. The Shannon–Weiner diversity of forest zone is 4.6, which is higher than agroecosystem. In addition, species composition indicated a relatively low or poor similarity between the two zones. The vegetation density and site disturbance scores for all the study sites reveals that sand mining and grazing areas have exerted negative impact on riparian forest. The results of the present study clearly brought out the need for preparing and implementing site-specific conservation plans for riparian ecosystem.