Castration and tail-docking using rubber rings (RR) are legally permitted in GB without use of anaesthesia or analgesia in lambs aged less than 7 days, despite causing significant pain. A novel device, ClipFitter, applies a disposable plastic clip to the scrotum or tail whilst clamping the tissue to crush the nerves. This study tested the efficacy of ClipFitter in mitigating lamb pain at castration or tail-docking in twin Scottish Blackface lambs (<7 days old) compared to castration with RR only, castration/tail-docking using RR with local anaesthetic and analgesia, or handling (Handled). The effect of treatment was assessed by quantitative behavioural measurements, Qualitative Behaviour Assessment (QBA), lesion and palpation scores, and time taken to shed necrotic tissues. RR castration, with or without pain relief, caused a significantly greater active pain response and more time spent in abnormal postures than either Handled or ClipFitter castration. Behavioural responses of Handled and ClipFitter-castrated lambs did not differ. QBA data showed significant separation of ClipFitter and Handled lambs from those castrated with RR with or without pain relief. Tail-docking with ClipFitter caused similar behavioural responses to RR tail-docking with pain relief. QBA data from tail-docked lambs did not differ between treatments. Use of ClipFitter caused the necrotic tissue to be shed more quickly than when RR were used. These data support ClipFitter as an alternative method of castration and tail-docking with lower pain responses than RR alone and was equivalent to pharmaceutical pain relief for tail-docking.

Uptake of cage-free egg production in China remains limited, and many food companies have yet to meet their 2025 cage-free commitments. As the fulfilment of cage-free commitments potentially stimulates the growth of cage-free production, it is important to understand the factors influencing corporates’ implementation. Drawing on seven semi-structured interviews with representatives from international food businesses and certification bodies operating in China, this study explores the enablers and challenges to implementing 2025 cage-free egg commitments and the role of certification schemes in supporting supply chain transitions. The findings show that access to cage-free certification schemes has supported the development of cage-free egg production and procurement. However, limited traceability and the absence of government regulation on animal welfare and product labelling remain challenges. Key enablers identified include the establishment of cage-free commitments, internal alignment and organisational buy-in, and phased implementation strategies. Despite this, major constraints persist, including high procurement costs, the complexity of transitioning multi-tier supply chains, and concerns about supply stability and continuity. While long-term interventions, such as policy development, producer capacity building, and consumer education, are essential, short-term market-based mechanisms, particularly the cage-free egg credits scheme, may offer a practical interim solution. These schemes can help companies fulfil their commitments and provide financial incentives for producers, thereby accelerating the transition to cage-free production and advancing animal welfare in China.

The World Organisation for Animal Health describes animal welfare as a “complex and multi-faceted subject with scientific, ethical, economic, cultural, social, religious and political dimensions.” In this study, an online survey in English and Japanese was developed based on the Five Freedoms, with the aim of investigating attitudes of veterinarians and behaviour/welfare scientists in the United Kingdom (UK) and Japan toward management of companion, farmed, experimental, zoo and wildlife animals. Respondents from the UK (n = 212) were more familiar with the Five Freedoms than those from Japan (n = 321) but both countries tended to prioritise ‘survival-related’ attributes (health and nutrition) over ‘situation-related’ attributes (behaviour) and the environmental impacts (discomfort). In Japan, however, fewer respondents recognised the ‘Freedom to express normal behaviour’ as important for domesticated animals compared to UK respondents. When considering vignettes with practical situations of cat management and dog euthanasia, UK respondents considered the provision of outdoor access to represent better management for cat welfare while most Japanese respondents thought cats should be managed entirely indoors, although the benefits and risks of going outdoors were similarly recognised in both countries. For the vignette of dog pain relating to an incurable tumour, severe pain and the dog’s mental stress motivated respondents from both countries to consider euthanasia. However, for Japanese respondents, the data suggested a perception that mental stress did not have an association with the dog’s inabilities to express normal behaviour. These data highlighted the importance of understanding the manner in which people perceive animals in different contexts and the value of considering different cultural approaches.

Improving ewe reproductive success and lamb survivability is essential for enhancing flock productivity, farm profitability, and the self-sufficiency of sheep meat and milk production. This study aimed to identify the perceived challenges to improving ewe productivity, through efficient reproduction, gestation, and reducing lamb mortality and determine if these challenges differ between countries. A 22-question survey (14 closed, 8 open-ended) was conducted in 2017 across seven countries participating in the SheepNet project (France, Ireland, Italy, Romania, Spain, UK, and Turkey). A number of press releases were circulated in each of the seven SheepNet countries making stakeholders aware of the survey and asking them to identify their challenges to improving ewe productivity through efficient reproduction, gestation and reduced lamb mortality. The surveys were completed by stakeholders either on the website, by e-mail or written mail or during sheep stakeholder events. Key challenges to improving ewe fertility included ewe body condition, nutrition and grassland management, flock health, and ewe lamb management. Reducing lamb mortality was primarily hindered by challenges related to lambing preparation, shed management, nutrition, labour, and hygiene. The findings suggest that despite diverse production systems, common challenges exist across Europe and Turkey. Addressing these challenges through the dissemination of best management practices can significantly enhance flock productivity. This study provides valuable insights into shared farmer experiences and underscores the importance of knowledge exchange across regions.

Despite enthusiastic industry and policy developments around Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) technology, it is unclear how often the development of new tools is centred around farmers' needs and means. This study aimed to identify the perceived benefits and disadvantages of PLF technology on Norwegian sheep farms. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 Norwegian sheep farmers who use one or more PLF tool. Participants were between 35 and 70 years old, were from three Norwegian regions and farmed between 20 and 400 ewes. The most used technologies were GPS collars monitoring sheep location and registration software. Interview transcripts were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis and six themes were identified: Resources and Savings, Gaining Control, The User Experience, The Human-Animal Relationship, Trust in Technology and Stewards of the Land. The identified advantages of technology use were time, energy and economic savings that lightened farmers' cognitive burden, offered an increased sense of control gained through access to new data, an improved relationship between the farmers and their sheep, and an increased ability to preserve their farming lifestyle and the land they farm on. However, these benefits were not unanimously agreed upon, with many participants suggesting that the economic costs outweighed the time and energy savings, that farmers’ cognitive burden actually increased, that sellers and digital information could be untrustworthy and that technology posed a risk to the quality of the human-animal relationship. These findings could inform the future development and applications of user-centric PLF products to support the resilience of farming communities.

This study focuses on recreational horse owners in the UK and Ireland to explore the relationship between horse characteristics and welfare issues. An online questionnaire was distributed to 1501 horse owners to collect data on the owners, horses, and health/behavioural issues. Most respondents were female (98%), lived in England (56%), and did not insure their horses for veterinary costs (51%). Horses were typically over 5 years of age (96%), taller than 154 cm (55%), and mostly geldings (65%). Common welfare issues reported included lameness (26%), handling problems (11%), antisocial behaviours (9%), and abnormal oral behaviours (9%). Older horses were 4.23 times more likely to have lameness issues than younger horses (95% CI [2.17, 9.27], p < 0.001), while sport horse breeds were 3.12 times more likely to exhibit abnormal oral behaviours (95% CI [2.10, 4.73], p < 0.001) compared to other breed types. Whilst the study found a relatively low rate of welfare issues, the main problems reported were consistent with those seen in other studies. Age and breed appeared to influence the prevalence of these issues, although the relationships were weak. The study suggests that factors such as the owner’s attitudes, knowledge, and management practices may play a significant role in the incidence of welfare problems. Further research is needed to explore the impact of management on horse welfare.

The transition from conventional cage systems to cage-free egg production in China remains limited despite apparently increasing consumer demand for cage-free eggs. This study interviewed 15 large-scale Chinese egg producers using cages and/or cage-free systems (i.e. single-, multi-tier and free-range) to investigate the perceived challenges and opportunities during the transition. The cage farms’ scales range from 110,000 to 30 million, while the cage-free farms keep between 12,000 and 300,000 laying hens. Drawing upon the COM-B model of the Behaviour Change Wheel, this study explored how producers’ Capabilities, Opportunities, and Motivations impact decision-making processes. Key findings reveal that cage and cage-free producers considered consumer demand and profitability as primary drivers for adopting cage-free systems. While free-range producers were more confident in the market, barn system producers faced greater uncertainty due to limited engagement from corporate buyers. Moreover, these cage-free producers believed reliable certification and labelling schemes to be critical for building consumer trust and ensuring the success of cage-free operations. All the participants perceived access to sufficient land and financial resources to be essential for a successful transition. While most studies propose education as a long-term strategy to promote the growth of the cage-free egg sector, our findings are the first to highlight that engaging corporate buyers and establishing trustworthy certification schemes are the most crucial short-term interventions required to drive the development of large-scale cage-free farms and support sustained improvements in animal welfare in China.

Humans can decode emotional information from vocalizations of animals. However, little is known if these interpretations relate to the ability of humans to identify if calls were made in a rewarded or non-rewarded context. We tested whether humans could identify calls made by chickens (Gallus gallus) in these contexts, and whether demographic factors or experience with chickens affected their correct identification context and the ratings of perceived positive and negative emotions (valence) and excitement (arousal) of chickens. Participants (n = 194) listened to eight calls when chickens were anticipating a reward, and eight calls in non-rewarded contexts, and indicated whether the vocalizing chicken was experiencing pleasure/displeasure, and high/low excitement, using visual analogue scales. Sixty-nine per cent of participants correctly assigned reward and non-reward calls to their respective categories. Participants performed better at categorizing reward-related calls, with 71% of reward calls classified correctly, compared with 67% of non-reward calls. Older people were less accurate in context identification. Older people's ratings of the excitement or arousal levels of reward-related calls were higher than younger people's ratings, while older people rated non-reward calls as representing higher positive emotions or pleasure (higher valence) compared to ratings made by younger people. Our study strengthens evidence that humans perceive emotions across different taxa, and that specific acoustic cues may embody a homologous signalling system among vertebrates. Importantly, humans could identify reward-related calls, and this ability could enhance the management of farmed chickens to improve their welfare.

IntroductionProlificacy has become an important breeding goal in sheep farming to increase farm profitability. With the adoption of improved genetics and management practices leading to increased lambing percentages, the proportion of triplet-born lambs has also increased on farms. However, mortality rates of triplet lambs are higher than for single- and twin-born lambs, and additional management inputs may be needed to support survival. The aim of this study was to identify factors that affect management practices that are considered important for triplet lamb survival by commercial farmers from the United Kingdom (UK), the Ireland (IRE), and New Zealand (NZ).MethodsAn online survey was developed and disseminated to farmers in each country, focusing on farmer demographics, flock characteristics, management practices and production outcomes. A total of 448 farmers completed the survey, from the UK (n = 168), IRE (n = 218), and NZ (n = 62).ResultsRespondents had larger flocks, higher scanning and lambing percentages than the country average for the UK and IRE. The mean percentage of triplet litters born within flocks was 9%, and lambs lost between scanning and lambing were 14% for UK, 15% for IRE, and 25% for NZ respondents (P = 0.063). Overall, 60% of all respondents reported to lamb indoors and 40% lambed outdoors, however NZ farmers almost exclusively lambed outdoors, whereas UK and IRE farmers lambed in both systems (P < 0.001). NZ farmers were more likely to rear all triplet lambs with the ewe, whereas UK and IRE farmers were more likely to remove a lamb to rear by another ewe or artificially (P < 0.001). Factors that influenced triplet lamb management practices of respondents in this study were respondent country of origin, flock size, age, and gender. In general, younger respondents (P < 0.001), and female respondents (P < 0.05), were more likely to engage in management activities that were considered to promote better triplet lamb survival, compared to older and male respondents respectively. These practices were associated with better lamb survival reported by respondents but were less likely to be carried out when flock size increased (P < 0.001).DiscussionThe results of this survey highlight future priorities or communication strategies needed to improve triplet lamb survival.

Small ruminant (sheep and goat) production of meat and milk is undertaken in diverse topographical and climatic environments and the systems range from extensive to intensive. This could lead to different types of welfare compromise, which need to be managed. Implementing Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) and other new or innovative technologies could help to manage or monitor animal welfare. This paper explores such opportunities, seeking to identify promising aspects of PLF that may allow improved management of welfare for small ruminants using literature search (two reviews), workshops in nine countries (France, Greece, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Norway, Romania, Spain, and the United Kingdom) with 254 stakeholders, and panels with 52 experts. An investigation of the main welfare challenges that may affect sheep and goats across the different management systems in Europe was undertaken, followed by a prioritisation of animal welfare issues obtained in the nine countries. This suggested that disease and health issues, feed access and undernutrition/malnutrition, maternal behaviour/offspring losses, environmental stressors and issues with agonistic behavioural interactions were important welfare concerns. These welfare issues and their indicators (37 for sheep, 25 for goats) were categorised into four broad welfare indicator categories: weight loss or change in body state (BWC), behavioural change (BC), milk yield and quality (MY), and environmental indicators (Evt). In parallel, 24 potential PLF and innovative technologies (8 for BWC; 10 for BC; 4 for MY; 6 for Evt) that could be relevant to monitor these broad welfare indicator categories and provide novel approaches to manage and monitor welfare have been identified. Some technologies had the capacity to monitor more than one broad indicator. Out of the 24 technologies, only 12 were animal-based sensors, or that could monitor the animal individually. One alternative could be to incorporate a risk management approach to welfare, using aspects of environmental stress. This could provide an early warning system for the potential risks of animal welfare compromise and alert farmers to the need to implement mitigation actions.

Maternal behaviour is important for lamb survival, as ewes perform many behaviours that affect the chances of a lamb surviving. Collecting maternal behaviour data directly at lambing is time-consuming and not considered suitable for acquiring the large volumes of data that would be required for using as selection criteria within commercial breeding flocks. The aim of this study was to investigate if a simple scoring system is heritable and assesses the expression of behaviours that reduce the probability of lamb mortality. Ewe behaviour was scored on a 3-point Maternal Assistance Score (MAS): (1) the ewe shows a high level of maternal interest (assumed if no intervention required); (2) the ewe shows limited interest in her lamb; and (3) the ewe shows no interest in her lamb. A total of 19 453 MAS were collected over 12 years, across 24 farms (including both indoor and outdoor lambing systems) and 12 different breed lines that make up the Innovis breeding programme. Ewe parity, breed, number of lambs carried, flock, lambing batch, lambing day within flock and pre-mating weight all had a significant effect on MAS (P < 0.05). The maternal assistance score was shown to be heritable (h(2) = 0.05) and repeatable (0.10), positively genetically correlated to lambing difficulty (rg = 0.29) and amount of assistance the lamb required to suckle from the ewe (rg = 0.88), and negatively genetically correlated with the number of lambs successfully reared (rg = 0.49). This study shows that an easy-to-measure score can be used by shepherds with large breeding flocks, based on whether the ewe requires further assistance to support her lamb rearing. The score could be used in breeding programmes to select for lamb rearing ability in the future and potentially lead to an improvement in lamb welfare through a reduction in mortality. (c) 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Animal Consortium. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Placental nutrient transport capacity influences fetal growth and development; however, it is affected by environmental factors, which are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to understand the impact of the ovine placentome morphological subtype, tissue type, and maternal parenteral supplementation of arginine mono-hydrochloride (Arg) on nutrient transport capacity using a gene expression approach. Placentomal tissues of types A, B, and C morphologic placentome subtypes were derived from 20 twin-bearing ewes, which were infused thrice daily with Arg (n = 9) or saline (Ctrl, n = 11) from 100 to 140 days of gestation. Samples were collected at day 140 of gestation. Expression of 31 genes involved in placental nutrient transport and function was investigated. Differential expression of specific amino acid transporter genes was found in the subtypes, suggesting a potential adaptive response to increase the transport capacity. Placentomal tissues differed in gene expression, highlighting differential transport capacity. Supplementation with Arg was associated with differential expressions of genes involved in amino acid transport and angiogenesis, suggesting a greater nutrient transport capacity. Collectively, these results indicate that the morphological subtype, tissue type, and maternal Arg supplementation can influence placental gene expression, which may be an adaptive response to alter the transport capacity to support fetal growth in sheep.

China’s poultry industry faces challenges in adopting and sustaining cage-free systems for poultry production. Effective interventions are crucial to support producers transitioning from cages to alternative systems or maintaining cage-free systems to improve animal welfare. However, little is known about how Chinese poultry producers perceive animal welfare in relation to cage-free systems and the importance of animal welfare in poultry production. Through a qualitative interview study with 30 Chinese farm owners, managers and senior managers from large-scale egg and broiler farms using cages and non-cage systems (collectively referred to as “producers”), this paper explores Chinese poultry producers’ attitudes and perceptions regarding animal welfare and welfare in different poultry housing systems. Template analysis was used to analyse the data from semi-structured interviews, which generated themes related to the participants’ awareness and understanding of the concept of animal welfare, the factors that impacted their choices of different housing systems, and the perceived priorities in poultry production. The responses revealed that the participating producers had a strong awareness and knowledge of animal welfare. However, the participants’ understanding of the term is heterogeneous: generally, egg producers emphasised natural behaviours, whereas broiler producers prioritised health and productivity. Nevertheless, profitability, leadership, and organisational policies primarily influenced housing system choices rather than animal welfare values. Economic motives drove egg producers towards cage-free systems, prompted by consumers’ and companies’ demand for cage-free eggs committed to transitioning away from cages by 2025. In conclusion, tailored interventions for different poultry sectors within China are necessary. While animal welfare values matter, economic incentives seem more promising for steering the shift towards and maintaining cage-free poultry production.

Gastrointestinal (GI) parasitism is a health and production concern in sheep, yet its impact on animal welfare remains unclear. The impact of subclinical infections is especially ambiguous as GI parasitism often remains undiagnosed until clinical signs such as diarrhoea are evident. This study applied quantitative and qualitative methods to examine the effects of subclinical Teladorsagia circumcincta infection on the behaviour and welfare of 96 Suffolk-cross lambs (24 pens of 4 lambs) weaned at 10 weeks old. The hypothesis that parasitism causes negative affective states was tested. Lambs were divided into three groups at the pen level: ad-lib fed control (AC), restricted-fed control (RC), and ad-lib fed parasitised (AP). Parasitised lambs (AP) were dosed three times weekly with 7000 third stage T. circumcincta larvae (L3) from 16 weeks of age. Lambs in the RC group were pair fed to match AP feed intake to separate the effects of infection-induced anorexia from the potential direct impacts of infection. From 7 days pre-infection to 23 days post-infection, scan and behaviour samples were taken from video recordings to quantitatively monitor behaviour, and animal-based measures such as faecal soiling score (FSS) were recorded as welfare indicators. Lying, standing, eating, play and social behaviour were monitored. Qualitative behaviour assessment (QBA) was conducted weekly using the AWIN (2015) protocol to gain insight into the lambs’ affective states over the onset of infection. Parasitised lambs were more likely to stand inactive than AC lambs as the infection progressed (P=0.006). They were also less likely to display eating behaviour in the third daily scan sample than RC lambs (P<0.001). Principal Component Analysis of the QBA data revealed that the first dimension (PC1) described arousal levels, the second (PC2) described the valence of the animals’ affective states, and the third (PC3) described fearfulness and aggression levels. Parasitised lambs (est=10.64,SE=0.33) scored higher than RC lambs (est=9.42, SE=0.33) on PC3, the fearfulness dimension (P=0.030). There were no differences between fearfulness scores of AC and AP lambs or RC lambs and treatment group had no significant impact on the distribution of scores on PC1 or PC2. These findings demonstrate that subclinical GI parasitism negatively impacts lamb welfare not only in the health domain but in the behaviour and mental domains as well. This has implications for welfare assessments and early disease detection in lambs. Future research could explore remote monitoring of the indicators of parasitism identified in this study.

Chapter 34 Sheep and goats Colin L. Gilbert, Colin L. GilbertSearch for more papers by this authorCathy M. Dwyer, Cathy M. DwyerSearch for more papers by this author Colin L. Gilbert, Colin L. GilbertSearch for more papers by this authorCathy M. Dwyer, Cathy M. DwyerSearch for more papers by this author Book Editor(s):Huw Golledge, Huw Golledge Universities Federation Animal Welfare, UKSearch for more papers by this authorClaire Richardson, Claire Richardson Universities Federation Animal Welfare, UKSearch for more papers by this author First published: 14 March 2024 https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119555278.ch34 AboutPDFPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShareShare a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Summary Sheep and goats, often referred to as small ruminants, are highly adaptable and social ungulate species which originally evolved to occupy upland and mountain areas. The social group is an important part of anti-predator behaviour in both species. Sheep and goats show a pronounced diurnal rhythm in their feeding behaviour in an unconstrained setting. Behavioural and neurobiological studies of the perceptual and cognitive abilities of sheep and goats have revealed that they make sophisticated use of both visual and olfactory cues from their environment to enable them to rapidly learn to recognise individual offspring, flock members. Goats have a tendency to eat their shade, which may constitute an enrichment in the short term but can then contribute to both overheating and poisoning, so should be monitored carefully. The key to catching and handling sheep and goats in a confined space is to move calmly and confidently. References Aitken , I.D. ( 2007 ) Diseases of Sheep . Blackwell Publishing , Oxford . 10.1002/9780470753316 Google Scholar Baldwin , B.A. ( 1979 ) Operant studies on shape discrimination in goats . Physiology and Behaviour , 23 , 455 – 459 . 10.1016/0031-9384(79)90043-X CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Baldwin , B.A. ( 1981 ) Shape discrimination in sheep and calves . Animal Behaviour , 29 , 830 – 834 . 10.1016/S0003-3472(81)80017-6 Web of Science®Google Scholar Baldwin , B.A. and Meese , G.B. ( 1977 ) The ability of sheep to distinguish between conspecifics by means of olfaction . Physiology and Behaviour , 18 , 803 – 808 . 10.1016/0031-9384(77)90187-1 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Bellegarde , L. , Haskell , M.J. , Duvaux-Ponter , C. , Weiss , A. , Boissy , A. and Erhard , H. ( 2017 ) Face-based perception of emotions in dairy goats . Applied Animal Behaviour Science 193 , 51 – 59 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2017.03.014 10.1016/j.applanim.2017.03.014 Web of Science®Google Scholar Briefer , E.F. , de la Torre , M.P. and McElligott , A.G. ( 2012 ) Mother goats do not forget their kids' calls . Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences , 279 , 3749 – 3755 . 10.1098/rspb.2012.0986 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Council of Europe ( 2006 ) Multilateral Consultation of Parties to the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes (ETS 123) Appendix A . Cons 123 ( 2006 ) 3 . https://www.coe.int/t/e/legal_affairs/legal_co-operation/biological_safety_and_use_of_animals/Laboratory_animals/Revision%20of%20Appendix%20A.asp (accessed 19 June 2019). Google Scholar Da Costa , A.P. , Leigh , A.E. , Man , M-S. et al . ( 2004 ) Face pictures reduce behavioural, autonomic, endocrine and neural indices of stress and fear in sheep . Proceedings of the Royal Society Biology B , 271 , 2077 – 2084 . 10.1098/rspb.2004.2831 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Dwyer , C.M. ( 2004 ) How has the risk of predation shaped the behavioural responses of sheep to fear and distress? Animal Welfare , 13 , 269 – 281 . 10.1017/S0962728600028384 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Dwyer , C.M. and Lawrence , A.B. ( 1998 ) Variability in the in expression of maternal behaviour in primiparous sheep: effects of genotype and litter size . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 58 , 311 – 330 . 10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00148-2 Web of Science®Google Scholar Dwyer , C.M. and Lawrence , A.B. ( 1999 ) Ewe–ewe and ewe–lamb behaviour in a hill and a lowland breed of sheep: A study using embryo transfer . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 61 , 319 – 334 . 10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00203-2 Web of Science®Google Scholar Dwyer , C.M. and Lawrence , A.B. ( 2000 ) Effects of maternal genotype and behaviour on the behavioural development of their offspring in sheep . Behaviour , 137 , 1629 – 1654 . 10.1163/156853900502754 Web of Science®Google Scholar Dwyer , C.M. and Lawrence , A.B. ( 2005 ) A review of the behavioural and physiological adaptations of extensively managed breeds of sheep that favour lamb survival . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 92 , 235 – 260 . 10.1016/j.applanim.2005.05.010 Web of Science®Google Scholar Eales , A. and Small , J. ( 2004 ) Practical Lambing – A Guide to Veterinary Care at Lambing . Blackwell Publishing , Oxford . 10.1002/9780470698853 Google Scholar Elliker , K. ( 2006 ) Recognition of Emotion in Sheep . PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge . Google Scholar Evans , G. and Maxwell , W.M.C. ( 1988 ) Salamon's Artificial Insemination of Sheep and Goats . Butterworth , Sydney . Google Scholar Fabre-Nys , C. , Blache , D. and Lavenet , C. ( 1991 ) A method for accurate implantation in the sheep brain . In: Neuroendocrine Research Methods: Implantation and Transfection Procedures . Ed. B. Greenstein , pp. 295 – 314 . Harwood , Chur . Google Scholar Fabre-Nys , C. and Venier , G. ( 1987 ) Development and use of a method for quantifying female sexual behaviour through the breeding season in two breeds of sheep . Animal Reproduction Science , 21 , 37 – 51 . 10.1016/0378-4320(89)90130-9 Web of Science®Google Scholar Færevik , G. , Andersen , I.L. and Bøe , K.E. ( 2005 ) Preferences of sheep for different types of pen flooring . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 90 , 265 – 276 . 10.1016/j.applanim.2004.08.010 Web of Science®Google Scholar Flecknell , P.A. ( 2009 ) Laboratory Animal Anaesthesia , 3rd edn. Academic Press , London . Google Scholar Fthenakis , G.C. , Arsenos , G. , Brozos , C. et al . ( 2012 ) Health management of ewes during pregnancy . Animal Reproduction Science , 130 , 198 – 212 . 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.01.016 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Gascoigne , E. , Morgan , E.R. , Lovatt , F. and Vineer , H.R. ( 2018 ) Controlling nematode infections in sheep: application of HACCP . In Practice 40 , 334 – 347 . 10.1136/inp.k3858 Web of Science®Google Scholar Goddard , P.J. , Gaskin , G.J. and Macdonald , A.J. , ( 1988 ) Automatic blood sampling equipment for use in studies of animal physiology . Animal Science , 66 , 769 – 775 . 10.1017/S135772980000936X Google Scholar Green , L. and Clifton , R. ( 2018 ) Diagnosing and managing footrot in sheep: an update . In Practice 40 , 17 – 26 . 10.1136/inp.j4575 Web of Science®Google Scholar Harrison , F. ( 1995 ) Surgical Techniques in Experimental Farm Animals . Oxford University Press , Oxford . Google Scholar Henderson , D.C. ( 1990 ) The Veterinary Book for Sheep Farmers . Old Pond Publishing , Ipswich . Google Scholar Heffner , H.E. and Heffner , R.S. ( 1992 ) Auditory perception . In: Farm Animals and the Environment . Eds C. Phillips and D. Piggins , pp. 159 – 184 . CAB International , Wallingford . Web of Science®Google Scholar Hindson , J. ( 1989 ) Examinations of the sheep flock before tupping . In Practice , 11 , 149 – 155 . 10.1136/inpract.11.4.149 Google Scholar Holmes , R.J. ( 1991 ) Sheep . In: Practical Animal Handling . Eds R.S. Anderson and A.T.B. Edney , pp. 39 – 49 . Pergamon Press , Oxford . Google Scholar Humane Slaughter Association ( 2006 ) Captive-bolt Stunning of Livestock , 4th edn. Humane Slaughter Association , Wheathampstead . Google Scholar Joint Working Group on Refinement ( 1993 ) Removal of blood from laboratory mammals and birds. First Report of the BVA/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW Joint Working Group on Refinement . Laboratory Animals , 27 , 1 – 22 . 10.1258/002367793781082412 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Kendrick , K.M. ( 1991 ) Microdialysis in large unrestrained animals: neuroendocrine and behavioural studies of acetylcholine, amino acid, monoamine and neuropeptide release in the sheep . In: Microdialysis in the Neurosciences . Eds T.E. Robinson and J.B. Justice , pp. 327 – 348 . Elsevier , Amsterdam . 10.1016/B978-0-444-81194-3.50019-8 Google Scholar Kendrick , K.M. ( 1992 ) Cognition . In: Farm Animals and the Environment . Eds C. Phillips and D. Piggins , pp. 209 – 234 . CAB International , Wallingford . Web of Science®Google Scholar Kendrick , K.M. ( 1994 ) Neurobiological correlates of visual and olfactory recognition in sheep . Behavioural Processes , 33 , 89 – 112 . 10.1016/0376-6357(94)90061-2 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Kendrick , K.M. ( 2004 ) Faces in the flock: implications for understanding animal minds . New Scientist , 182 , 48 – 49 . Web of Science®Google Scholar Kendrick , K.M. , Atkins , K. , Hinton , M.R. et al . ( 1995 ) Facial and vocal discrimination in sheep . Animal Behaviour , 49 , 1665 – 1676 . 10.1016/0003-3472(95)90088-8 Web of Science®Google Scholar Kendrick , K.M. , Atkins , K. , Hinton , M.R. et al . ( 1996 ) Are faces special for sheep? Evidence from facial and object discrimination learning tests showing effects of inversion and social familiarity . Behavioural Processes , 38 , 19 – 35 . 10.1016/0376-6357(96)00006-X CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Kendrick , K.M. and Baldwin , B.A. ( 1991 ) Single-unit recording in conscious sheep . In: Methods in Neurosciences: Electrophysiology and Microinjection , Vol 4 . Ed. P.M. Conn , pp. 3 – 14 . Academic Press , San Diego . 10.1016/B978-0-12-185257-3.50006-9 Google Scholar Kendrick , K.M. , Da Costa , A.P. , Hinton , M.R. et al . ( 2001 ) Sheep don't forget a face . Nature , 414 , 165 – 166 . 10.1038/35102669 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Kendrick , K.M. , Hinton , M.R. , Atkins , K. et al . ( 1998 ) Mothers make sexual preferences . Nature , 395 , 229 – 230 . 10.1038/26129 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Lickliter , R.E. ( 1984 ) Mother-infant spatial relationships in goats . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 13 , 93 – 100 . 10.1016/0168-1591(84)90055-8 Web of Science®Google Scholar Lynch , J.J. , Hinch , G.N. and Adams , D.B. ( 1992 ) The Behaviour of Sheep: Biological Principles and Implications for Production . Melbourne : CSIRO . Google Scholar Mews , A.R. and Mowlem , A. ( 1991 ) Goats . In: Practical Animal Handling . Eds R.S. Anderson and A.T.B. Edney , pp. 51 – 55 . Pergamon Press , Oxford . Google Scholar Morand-Fehr , P. ( 2005 ) Recent developments in goat nutrition and application: a review . Small Ruminant Research , 60 , 25 – 43 . 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.06.004 Web of Science®Google Scholar Nawroth , C. , von Borell , E. and Langbein , J. ( 2014 ) Exclusion Performance in Dwarf Goats ( Capra aegagrus hircus ) and Sheep ( Ovis orientalis aries ) . PLoS One , 9 , e93534 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0093534 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Nawroth , C. , von Borell , E. and Langbein , J. ( 2015 ) Object permanence in the dwarf goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus ): Perseveration errors and the tracking of complex movements of hidden objects . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 167 , 20 – 26 . 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.03.010 Web of Science®Google Scholar Nawroth , C. , Albuquerque , N. , Savalli , C. et al . ( 2018 ) Goats prefer positive human emotional facial expressions . Royal Society Open Science , 5 , article 180491 . 10.1098/rsos.180491 Web of Science®Google Scholar Nowak , R. , Poindron , P. and Putu , I.G. ( 1989 ) Development of mother discrimination by single and multiple newborn lambs . Developmental Psychobiology , 22 , 833 – 845 . 10.1002/dev.420220807 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Nowak , R. and Boivin , X. ( 2015 ) Filial attachment in sheep: similarities and differences between ewe–lamb and human–lamb relationships . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 164 , 12 – 28 . 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.09.013 Web of Science®Google Scholar Peirce , J.W. , Leigh , A.E. and Kendrick , K.M. ( 2000 ) Configurational coding, familiarity and the right hemisphere advantage for face recognition in sheep . Neuropsychologia , 38 , 475 – 483 . 10.1016/S0028-3932(99)00088-3 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Penning , P.D. , Parsons , A.J. , Newman , J.A. et al . ( 1993 ) The effects of group size on grazing time in sheep . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 37 , 101 – 109 . 10.1016/0168-1591(93)90103-V Web of Science®Google Scholar Perentos , N. , Martins , A.Q. , Watson , T.C. et al . ( 2015 ) Translational neurophysiology in sheep: measuring sleep and neurological dysfunction in CLN% Batten disease affected sheep . Brain , 138 , 862 – 874 . 10.1093/brain/awv026 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Piggins , D. ( 1992 ) Visual perception . In: Farm Animals and the Environment . Eds C. Phillips and D. Piggins , pp. 131 – 158 . CAB International , Wallingford . Web of Science®Google Scholar Pitcher , B.J. , Briefer , E.F. , Baciadonna , L. and McElligott , A.G. ( 2017 ) Cross-modal recognition of familiar conspecifics in goats . Royal Society Open Science 4 , article 160346. 10.1098/rsos.160346 Web of Science®Google Scholar Seldinger , S.I. ( 1953 ) Catheter replacement of the needle in percutaneous arteriography . Acta Radiologica , 39 , 368 – 376 . 10.3109/00016925309136722 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Sheep Veterinary Society ( 1994 ) The Casualty Sheep . British Veterinary Association Animal Welfare Foundation, Swindon Press , Swindon . Google Scholar Shillito , E. and Alexander , G. ( 1975 ) Mutual recognition amongst ewes and lambs of four breeds of sheep ( Ovis aries ) . Applied Animal Ethology , 1 , 151 – 165 . 10.1016/0304-3762(75)90084-X Google Scholar Sinclair , K.D. , Rutherford , K.M.D. , Wallace , J.M. et al . ( 2016 ) Epigenetics and developmental programming of welfare and production traits in farm animals . Reproduction, Fertility and Development , 28 , 1443 – 1478 . 10.1071/RD16102 CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar Tate , A.J. , Fischer , H. , Leigh , A.E. et al . ( 2006 ) Behavioural and neurophysiological evidence for face identity and face emotion processing in animals . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London B-Biological Sciences , 361 , 2155 – 2172 . 10.1098/rstb.2006.1937 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Vandenheede , M. and Bouissou , M.F. ( 1993 ) Sex differences in fear reactions in sheep . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 37 , 39 – 55 . 10.1016/0168-1591(93)90069-2 Web of Science®Google Scholar Wolfensohn , S. and Lloyd , M. ( 2013 ) Handbook of Laboratory Animal Management and Welfare . 4 th Edition , Blackwell Publishing , Oxford . Google Scholar Winter , A.C. ( 2004 ) Lameness in Sheep . The Crowood Press , Marlborough . Google Scholar Winter , A.C. and Hill , C.W. ( 2003 ) A Manual of Lambing Techniques . The Crowood Press , Marlborough . Google Scholar Wyse , C.A. , Zhang , X. , McLaughlin , M. et al . ( 2018 ) Circadian rhythms of melatonin and behaviour in juvenile sheep in field conditions: Effects of photoperiod, environment and weaning . Physiology & Behavior , 194 , 362 – 370 . 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.001 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar The UFAW Handbook on the Care and Management of Laboratory and Other Research Animals, Ninth Edition ReferencesRelatedInformation

This chapter focuses on the welfare, anesthesia, and pain management of small ruminants used in biomedical research. It provides practical advice on the assessment of pain, the administration of anesthetics and analgesics in calves, sheep, and goats in a research setting. It is not meant to be an exhaustive review of all anesthetic and analgesic protocols used in these species. More detailed information is available in general veterinary texts (e.g., Lumb and Jones Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, 2015), and specialized veterinary anesthesia texts (e.g., Farm Animal Anesthesia, 2014).

Education to improve knowledge of animal welfare is not a universal component of training for zoo staff, and little is reported about the perspectives of zoo staff on the need for such education. This paper reports results from structured telephone interviews of a diverse sample of eight Chinese and eight European zoo staff about aspects of zoological animal welfare, education and zoological practices. These qualitative data were thematically analyzed and key themes generated. Similar themes emerged across regions: Zoo staff consider professional attributes including motivation and enthusiasm to be important alongside formal training, zoo staff value learning opportunities but don’t always feel supported, and contextual information including wild animal ecology was considered important content in zoo animal welfare education.