C. E. MILLAR \vbo bas practically every kind of soil ill Micbigan and understaucls all of thclI1. specific procedure or to give any specific advice but rather to call to your attention some fundamental facts which may be of assistance to you in outlining your management program. In the beginning let us examine the soil situa tion on a green. No condition could be more artificial than that existing in greens soil. It is watered copiously at frequent intervals, yet it must not get soggy. Above all, it must not dry out. It must hold ample water but not too much. The green is submitted to constant tramping, yet it must not get packed or hard. Neither must it be too springy. The soil must supply ample nutrilnent to support a luxuriant growth of grass, yet the diet must be balanced so as not to result in weakened vegetation, subject to disease attack and breakdown under unfavorable climatic conditions.

We have successfully determined the kinetic temperature of the electron gas as a function of position in the circumstellar envelopes of Be stars. Our method yields a self-consistent solution of the equation for energy conservation, thus eliminating the necessity to assume arbitrarily a temperature for the gas. Our technique has been applied to Be stars of differing spectral classes, and we have also used several models for the distribution of the circumstellar material. The observed shape and relative line strength of the H alpha line for several Be stars were matched successfully with these models. Recently we have begun to investigate the role of the diffuse radiation field in the Lyman continuum using the on-the-spot approximation. As a preliminary step to including metallic line cooling by the circumstellar gas, we have determined iron ionization fractions throughout the disks of both an early-type and a late-type Be star.

We have calculated the total flux emitted in H alpha, P alpha and Br alpha by the circumstellar envelope of both an early Be star, gamma Cas, and a late Be star, 1 Delphini, assuming the central star is the only source of energy input into the circumstellar envelope. These estimates are based on the Be-star models of Millar & Marlborough which have self-consistent temperature distributions determined by equating the local rates of energy gain and energy loss in the envelopes. We find that an additional source of ionizing photons, as argued by Apparao, is not necessary to account for the observed emission.

. We discuss the infrared spectral energy distribution of Be stars, focusing on new results obtained with the Infrared Space Observa tory. The 60-160 fira flux of some Be stars is higher than expected, which may be due to cold dust or an outer disk component with enhanced den sities. The infrared spectrum of Be stars is dominated by numerous HI recombination lines, whose line strengths show a complex behaviour. The electron temperature in the disk of 7 Cas was found to be about 9500 K, and evidence for an elevated temperature near the upper part of the disk is presented. Be stars may be recognized from their infrared spectrum on the basis of HI line flux ratios.

We present the 2.4-45 micrometer ISO-SWS spectrum of the Be star gamma Cas (B0.5 IVe). The spectrum is characterised by a thermal continuum which can be well fit by a power-law S_nu ~ nu^0.99 over the entire SWS wavelength range. For an isothermal disc of ionized gas with constant opening angle, this correponds to a density gradient rho(r) ~ r^(-2.8). We report the detection of the Humphreys bound-free jump in emission at 3.4 micrometer. The size of the jump is sensitive to the electron temperature of the gas in the disc, and we find T~9000 K, i.e. much lower than the stellar effective temperature (25000-30000 K). The spectrum is dominated by numerous emission lines, mostly from HI, but also some HeI lines are detected. Several spectral features cannot be identified. The line strengths of the HI{\sc i} emission lines do not follow case B recombination line theory. The line strengths and widths suggest that many lines are optically thick and come from an inner, high density region with radius 3-5 R_star and temperature above that of the bulk of the disc material. Only the alpha, beta and gamma transitions of the series lines contain a contribution from the outer regions. The level populations deviate significantly from LTE and are highly influenced by the optically thick, local (disc) continuum radiation field. The inner disk may be rotating more rapidly than the stellar photosphere.

We have determined an upper limit to the kinetic temperature of the gas in the circumstellar envelopes of two Be stars, a hot star (γ Cas) and a cooler star (1 Del), by including in an approximate manner the diffuse radiation produced in the envelope. We computed the temperature as a function of position by balancing at each position the rates of energy gain and energy loss. Photoionization, collisional de-excitation of bound levels, and free-free absorption were assumed to contribute to the rate of energy gain; radiative recombination, collisional excitation, and free-free emission contribute to the rate of energy loss. The kinetic temperature at a particular location is obtained from the requirement that the rates of energy gain and energy loss there be equal. These results, combined with previous investigations, establish the range of temperatures expected in the circumstellar envelopes of Be stars if the primary source of energy input is the radiation field of the star.

Agronomy JournalVolume 40, Issue 3 p. 260-266 Article Objectives, Content, and Teaching Procedures in the Beginning Courses in Soils1 L. M. Turk, L. M. TurkSearch for more papers by this authorC. E. Millar, C. E. MillarSearch for more papers by this authorA. H. Mick, A. H. Mick Professor, Head of Department, and Assistant Professor of Soil Science, respectively.Search for more papers by this author L. M. Turk, L. M. TurkSearch for more papers by this authorC. E. Millar, C. E. MillarSearch for more papers by this authorA. H. Mick, A. H. Mick Professor, Head of Department, and Assistant Professor of Soil Science, respectively.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 March 1948 https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1948.00021962004000030007xCitations: 1 1 Contribution from Department of Soil Science, Michigan State College, East Lansing, Mich. Also presented at the annual meeting of the Society held in Cincinatti, Ohio, November 17, 1947. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume40, Issue3March 1948Pages 260-266 RelatedInformation

Soil Science Society of America JournalVolume 11, Issue C p. 298-304 Article Some Techniques which Help to Make Greenhouse Investigations Comparable With Field Plot Experiments† R. L. Cook, R. L. CookSearch for more papers by this authorC. E. Millar, C. E. Millar Associate and Head of Department, respectively.Search for more papers by this author R. L. Cook, R. L. CookSearch for more papers by this authorC. E. Millar, C. E. Millar Associate and Head of Department, respectively.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1947 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1947.036159950011000C0056xCitations: 14 ‡ Contribution from the Soil Science Section, Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing, Mich. Authorized for Publication by the Director as Journal Article No. 846 n.s. of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume11, IssueC1947Pages 298-304 RelatedInformation

Soil Science Society of America JournalVolume 10, Issue C p. 213-218 Miscellaneous Paper A Crop Rotation Field Layout with an Illustration of the Statistics Involved in Combining Several Years' Data† R. L. Cook, R. L. CookSearch for more papers by this authorC. E. Millar, C. E. MillarSearch for more papers by this authorL. S. Robertson, L. S. Robertson Research Associate, Head of Department, and Research Assistant, respectively. The authors express their thanks to the Farmers and Manufacturers Beet Sugar Association for making this study possible through financial assistance, and to the Farm Crops Section of the Michigan Experiment Station for advice and assistance during the course of this work. Appreciation is also expressed to Dr. W. D. Baten for assistance with the statistics involved in the analysis of the data.Search for more papers by this author R. L. Cook, R. L. CookSearch for more papers by this authorC. E. Millar, C. E. MillarSearch for more papers by this authorL. S. Robertson, L. S. Robertson Research Associate, Head of Department, and Research Assistant, respectively. The authors express their thanks to the Farmers and Manufacturers Beet Sugar Association for making this study possible through financial assistance, and to the Farm Crops Section of the Michigan Experiment Station for advice and assistance during the course of this work. Appreciation is also expressed to Dr. W. D. Baten for assistance with the statistics involved in the analysis of the data.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1946 https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1946.03615995001000C00035x ‡ Contribution from the Soil Science Section, Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, East Lansing, Mich. Authorized for publication by the Director as a Journal Article No. 800 n. s., of the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume10, IssueC1946Pages 213-218 RelatedInformation