Journal Article Excretion of Endrin in the Milk of Cows Fed Endrin-Sprayed Alfalfa and Technical Endrin Get access R. E. Ely, R. E. Ely 2 2Present address: State Experiment Stations Division, U. S. Dept of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar L. A. Moore, L. A. Moore Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. H. Carter, R. H. Carter Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar B. A. App B. A. App Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 50, Issue 3, 1 June 1957, Pages 348–349, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/50.3.348 Published: 01 June 1957

Journal Article Residues on Forage, in the Soil, and in Milk Following Pasture Treatment with Granulated Dieldrin Get access B. A. App, B. A. App Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. H. Carter, R. H. Carter Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. E. Ely R. E. Ely Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 49, Issue 1, 1 February 1956, Pages 136–137, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/49.1.136 Published: 01 February 1956

The lignin, protein, ash, and carbohydrate contents of crude holocellulose samples prepared from ten common forages and from the feces of dairy cows fed these forages were determined.Editor.The composition of holocellulose prepared from corn silage (9), alfalfa silage (9), timothy hay (4), mixed hay (5), oat hay, (5), bluegrass (4), orchard grass (9), cornstalks (4,5,6), straw (1,2,4,9,10) and corn cobs (4, 11) has been reported.Holocellulose samples prepared from the above materials contained residual lignin and protein.Comparing the composition of holocellulose from these materials is difficult since different methods of preparation and varying lengths of treatment were used.Wise et al. ( 13) found that holocellulose from wood was very low in nitrogen when prepared by the acid chlorite method.Most wood, however, contains very small amounts of nitrogen before delignification.Reports of the lignin content of holocellulose prepared from wood are too numerous to review here and are adequately discussed by Wise and Jahn (t2).Coldwell and DeLong (7) found that two or three acid chlorite treatments removed from 74.4 to 84.0% of the protein and from 77.2 to 87.1% of the lignin from extracted leaves of beech, birch, maple, and poplar trees.The authors are not aware of any reports on the composition of holoeellulose prepared from ruminant feces.The object of this investigation was to study the lignin, protein (N × 6.25), ash, and carbohydrate contents of crude holocellulose samples prepared from a variety of common forages and from the feces of dairy cows fed these forages. EXPERIMENTAL I'ROCEI)URETen forages were chosen that varied greatly in the amounts of lignin and the constituents of the proximate analysis.Silage, hay, and straw were included in the forages studied.Five grasses and five legume species were represented.Each of these forages was fed to one dairy cow as the entire ration.After a preliminary feeding period of 15 days, fecal samples were collected four times daily for three consecutive days from each animal.The collections were dried in enamel trays placed in a circulating' air sample dryer operating'

In a previous publication, Huffman and Duncan (1) showed that corn silage was superior to hay for milk production on a total digestible nutrient (TDN) basis.The superiority of the TDN in the corn silage was attributed to the presence of an unidentified lactation factor(s) in the corn which is needed to balance the hay for efficient milk production (2,3,4).The cows were maintained on an all-hay ration until they dropped markedly in milk production and then part of the hay was replaced with either grain or corn silage on an equal TDN basis.This depletion method makes it possible to test for the presence of the unidentified milk-stimulating factor(s) found in grains and some hays.The results of the work with corn silage (1) suggested the possibility that the corn in corn silage may be just as valuable as the corn grain harvested from the field, stored in bins, ground into a meal, and then fed in the manger.The purpose of this paper was to compare the value of the corn in corn silage prepared in the usual way with corn and cob meal fed in conjunction with graintess corn silage.The term "grainless corn silage" is construed to mean the silage made from the stalks and leaves after the ears had been removed.The ears that were removed were dried with supplemental heat and then ground to give corn and cob meal.The term "recombined corn silage" is construed to mean that a proportionate amount of the corn and cob meal was added to the grainless corn silage at the time of feeding. EXPERIMENTALJust before the corn was harvested for silage, random samples of the green corn plant were collected from the field.The weights per acre of the green corn, corn stalks, and ears were calculated.All of the samples were dried.From the dry weights, the amount of corn silage required to yield 1 lb. of U. S. No. 2 corn and the yield per acre of corn and cob meal were calculated.King's Cross and Ohio M15 varieties were grown in 1946 and 1948, respectively, and used in this experiment.The corn crop was unfavorable in 1946 because of drought.The yield of green corn was 5.25 tons per acre, which was equivalent to 24.9 bu. of U. S. No. 2 shelled corn.Each 7.5 lb. of green corn contained I lb. of U. S. No. 2 shelled corn.

Holocellulose and lignin determinations account for a large part of the constituents included in the crude fiber and N.F.E. fractions of forages. Summation of the ash, protein, lignin, holocellulose, hot water extractable material and alcohol-benzene extractable material accounts for approximately all of the dry matter of various forages.

No heptachlor or heptachlor epoxide was detected in the milk of cows fed hay made from forage sprayed with 3.8 to 8.0oz. of heptachlor per acre and harvested 7 days after spraying. Heptachlor epoxide was detected in the milk of a cow fed 1.3mg. of heptachlor per kilogram of body weight. Cows fed increasing amounts of heptachlor (up to 3.78mg. per kilogram of body weight) had concentrations of heptachlor epoxide in the FCM as high as 5.7 p.p.m.

Holocellulose was prepared from the feces of cows fed ten different forages as their entire ration. A procedure was used that was satisfactory for the preparation of holocellulose from the ten forages fed. Five of the feces samples gave satisfactory recoveries of the calculated theoretical holocellulose contents and five gave higher than the calculated content. Repeated acid chlorite treatments caused a loss of carbohydrate from the holocellulose fraction with certain samples. Reducing properties of the holocellulose hydrolyzates indicate that a noncarbohydrate and nonreducing carbohydrate constituent is present in the holocellulose preparations which gave high yields. A uniform number of acid chlorite treatments with the conditions studied will not prepare holocellulose in theoretical yields with all samples from a variety of feces.

Dieldrin was detected in the milk of four cows when fed liay made from forage that had been sprayed with 3.5 and 7.0oz. of dieldrin per acre. The average daily dieldrin intakes were 0.10 and 0.75mg. per kilogram of body weight when the cows were fed the hays sprayed with 3.5 and 7.0oz. of dieldrin per acre, respectively.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTForage Constituents, Yields of Holocellulose Prepared from Various Forages by Acid Chlorite TreatmentR. E. Ely and L. A. MooreCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1954, 2, 16, 826–829Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1954https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf60036a004https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60036a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views60Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Available data on the excretion of the methoxy analog of DDT [1, 1, 1 -triehloro -2, 2 bis (p-methoxyphenyl) ethane] in the milk of dairy cows is extremely limited.An increase in the use of methoxych]or on forage crops intended for dairy cattle feeding makes it desirable to study the residues of mcthoxyehlor on forages after" treatment with various formulations and to ascertain the extent of methoxyehlor excretion in the milk of animals fed these forages.Biddulph et al.(3) dusted alfalfa hay with 1, 2, and 2.8 lb. of methoxychlor per acre and harvested forage having 7, 9.5, and 14 p.p.m., respectively, of methoxychlor residue on the hay.Methoxychlor was not detected in the blood, milk, or selected tissues of the cows fed these hays.These data indicate that methoxychlor is not excreted in the milk at levels of feeding which would result in the excretion of DDT in the milk when feeding comparable DDT intakes (1,2,5,6,9,10,11,13,16,17,19,21).Methoxyehlor has a much lower order of toxicity than DDT (14,18,20).Lehman (15) reported that methoxychlor was "one of the safest of insecticides because of (a) little or no effects at high levels of chronic feeding, (b) little or no storage in fat."Methoxychlor has been shown to be less persistent in soil than toxaphene or parathion (4).The object of this study was to determine if methoxychlor could be detected in the milk of cows fed alfalfa hay that had previously been sprayed in the field with methoxyehlor.Additional studies were made to ascertain the approximate daily intake of crystalline methoxychlor dissolved in soybean oil that would be necessary to detect methoxychlor excretion in the milk of dairy cows. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDUREApproximately 4 acres of alfalfa hay were sprayed on July 18, 1950, with 0.5 lb. of methoxychlor per acre and a comparable plot was sprayed with 1.0 lb. of methoxychlor per acre on July 17, 1950.The hay on both plots was cut on July 18, 1950, field-baled, and stored until fed to four milking cows during the winter of 1950-1951.Similar plots of alfalfa were sprayed on May 16, 1951, with 0.48 lb. and 1.94 lb. of methoxychlor per acre.These hays were cut 8 days after spraying, fieldbaled, and stored until fed to four milking cows during the winter of 1951-1952.

While intravenously administered methionine prevented the physiological symptoms observed when high doses of cobalt were administered intravenously, it did not alter the distribution of cobalt in the tissues investigated. Toxic doses of cobalt administered intravenously are rapidly removed from the blood. The concentrations in the liver, kidney and lymph system remains relatively high for at least 12 hours following the intravenous administration of cobalt. The principle excretory pathways are apparently the kidney, liver and lymph system.

No Aldrin was detected in the milk of cows fed hay made from forage sprayed with 3.9 oz. of Aldrin per acre and harvested 7 days after spraying.

Feeding tests were conducted in which toxaphene and chlordane as residues on alfalfa hay and in soybean oil solutions were included in the daily ration of milk cows. The toxaphene residues on the baled alfalfa as fed averaged 81.8 and 31.8 p.p.m, for the 1948 and 1949 crops, respectively, which had been sprayed with 1.5 lb. per acre. The chlordane residues on the baled alfalfa averaged 20.4and 20.8 p.p.m, for the 1948 and 1949 crops which had been treated with 1.0 lb. and 2.0 lb. per acre, respectively. The 1948 crop was fed from December 6, 1948, to May 4, 1949; the 1949 crop from September 2 to December 8, 1949.A daily intake of toxaphene for 150 days as a residue on alfalfa hay of 586 to 762 mg. (1.70 to 1.63 mg. per kilogram of body weight) resulted in an apparent toxaphene content in the milk of approximately 0.5 p.p.m. A daily intake for 100 days of 163 to 243 mg. (0.45 to 0.51 mg. per kilogram of body weight) resulted in an apparent toxaphene content of 0.1 p.p.m, in the milk.A daily intake of chlordane for 150 days as a residue on alfalfa hay of 118 to 201 mg. (0.36 to 0.42 mg. per kilogram of body weight) resulted in an apparent chlordane content of 0.1 to 0.2 p.p.m, in the milk. A daily intake for 100 days of 137 to 162 mg. (0.34 to 0.43 mg. per kilogram of body weight) did not result in a measurable amount of chlordane being eliminated in the milk.An intake up to 2,000 mg. daily of toxaphene in oil solution (2.7 to 4.4 mg.per kilogram of body weight) resulted in an apparent toxaphene content of less than 1.0 p.p.m, in the milk. A maximum apparent toxaphene content of 3.4 p.p.m, resulted from a daily intake of 5,000 mg. (9.3 mg. per kilogram).An intake up to 2,000 mg. daily of chlordane in oil solution (3.6 mg. per kilogram body weight in two cases) resulted in an apparent chlordane content of approximately 1.0 p.p.m, in the milk. An apparent chlordane content of 8 p.p.m.resulted from a daily intake of 4,000 mg. (9.8 mg. per kilogram of body weight) and of 7.0 p.p.m, from 5,000 mg. (9.0 mg. per kilogram of body weight).

Lignin has been reported by a number of workers to be indigestible (7,9,13,14,16,17,20,39).Other reports indicate that varying amounts of lignin may be digested or broken down in the ruminant digestive tract (4,8,10,11,18,22,23,28).Since the chemical structure of lignin has not been established, it is not feasible to isolate or determine a product of uniform composition from different materials.Certain characteristics of crude lignin preparations vary considerably, depending upon the material from which it is isolated and the method used for its isolation.Extensive studies have been made of the characteristics of lignin isolated from various woods, but only limited studies have been reported on lignin prepared from forage plants important in animal feeding.Phillips et al. (34) found 4.34 per cent nitrogen in the lignin obtained from oat plants 7 days old, which decreased to 1.26 per cent nitrogen in the lignin from plants 84 days old.Bondi and Meyer (4) reported from 1.18 to 1.63 per cent nitrogen in the lignin from four grass species and from 2.92 to 3.36 per cent nitrogen in the lignin from four legumes.The lignin isolated from the corresponding feces had slightly higher nitrogen contents.They also showed that the lignin nitrogen was resistant to hydrolysis by strong acid (5 h r H2S04), by weak acid (0.5 N HC1), and by pepsin added to the weak acid.These results led these investigators to conclude that the nitrogen in crude lignin preparations was not present as protein nitrogen.Furthermore, the digestive enzymes of the ruminant did not reduce the nitrogen content of the lignin.Norman and Jenkins (26) believed that protein degradation products following the treatment of plant material with strong acid resulted in high lignin yields rather than protein per se.Paloheimo (27), Waksman and Stevens (41), Phillips (29), and DeMan and DeHeus (12) have corrected crude lignin values by deducting the nitrogen content multiplied by the factor 6.25.Phillips (30) later felt that, because there was not a constant relation between the amount of protein added to samples for the determination of lignin and the size of the error involved, the apparent lignin values should not be corrected but the per cent of nitrogen in the lignin should be reported.Thomas and Armstrong (40) found amino acids in the hydrolysates from crude lignin and proposed that the factor 6.25 for converting lignin nitrogen to protein was valid.DeMan and DcHeus (12) found the tyz'osine and the tryptophane nitrogen in the lignin isolated from Lolium perenne was in agree-