Dilute bismide III-V semiconductors are attractive for infrared optoelectronics because of their large band gap bowing and suppressed Auger recombination; however, achieving controlled Bi incorporation with uniform optical quality remains challenging. Here, we systematically investigate the relationship between growth mode, Bi incorporation, and carrier dynamics in GaAsBi wires grown by molecular beam epitaxy. By varying the substrate temperature and V/III beam-equivalent pressure ratio, growth transitions from planar deposition to vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) wire growth and subsequently to vapor-solid (VS) growth, defining a process window for homogeneous axial Bi incorporation of up to 2.4%. STEM-EDS analysis confirms uniform axial composition under stable VLS conditions, whereas VS growth results in radial overgrowth and compositional averaging. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence reveals growth-dependent alloy fluctuations and carrier localization, which are quantitatively analyzed using a two-activation Arrhenius model to distinguish carrier delocalization from nonradiative recombination pathways. Homogeneous GaAsBi wires exhibit an internal quantum efficiency of ∼0.2% at 260 K and a temperature-dependent band gap shift slightly larger than those of GaAs nanowires and GaAsBi bulk alloys. Furthermore, droplet-mediated growth enables axial GaAsBi/GaAs heterostructures, demonstrating controlled band-structure engineering in dilute bismide wires. This work establishes a quantitative growth-mode stability window for homogeneous axial Bi incorporation in GaAsBi wires and reveals how VLS-to-VS transitions fundamentally alter carrier localization and thermal quenching behavior.

Wolffia (referred to as "Khai-phum" in Thailand) is a high-biomass-yield resource that offers advantages for energy production and future human food supplies. In this study, Wolffia was evaluated as an alternative sustainable biomass-based carbon precursor for the fabrication of anode materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Compared with the non-activated material, ZnCl2 activation markedly eroded the WDPB surface, exposing micropores, mesopores, and macropores. At 800 degrees C, the specific surface area (SSA) values displayed negligible variation across all WDPBs with different ZnCl2 ratios, owing to pore expansion and structural collapse. Notably, although WDPB1-800 exhibited the lowest Rct due to its prevalence of micropores and absence of macropores, it did not demonstrate superior electrochemical performance. While micropore structures are advantageous as they provide additional active sites for lithium storage, they also impede lithium-ion and electrolyte diffusion compared to mesopores and macropores, consequently impairing overall ion transport and electrochemical performance. Owing to its highly disordered carbon structure and hierarchical pore architecture, WDPB2-800 exhibited the best electrochemical performance as an anode in LIBs, by optimizing kinetic reactions whilst ensuring rapid ion diffusion. It achieved a remarkable specific capacity of 394.4 mAh/g, surpassing the 249.1 mAh/g recorded for WDPB1-800 after 100 cycles at 100 mA/g. This research clearly demonstrates that the integration of a highly disordered structure, elevated SSA, and hierarchical pores, coupled with a low micropore/ mesopore fraction, represents one of the most promising strategies for developing high-capacity, carbon-based LIB anodes derived from sustainable biomass.

Dilute bismide III-V semiconductors are attractive for infrared optoelectronics because of their large band gap bowing and suppressed Auger recombination; however, achieving controlled Bi incorporation with uniform optical quality remains challenging. Here, we systematically investigate the relationship between growth mode, Bi incorporation, and carrier dynamics in GaAsBi wires grown by molecular beam epitaxy. By varying the substrate temperature and V/III beam-equivalent pressure ratio, growth transitions from planar deposition to vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) wire growth and subsequently to vapor-solid (VS) growth, defining a process window for homogeneous axial Bi incorporation of up to 2.4%. STEM-EDS analysis confirms uniform axial composition under stable VLS conditions, whereas VS growth results in radial overgrowth and compositional averaging. Temperature-dependent photoluminescence reveals growth-dependent alloy fluctuations and carrier localization, which are quantitatively analyzed using a two-activation Arrhenius model to distinguish carrier delocalization from nonradiative recombination pathways. Homogeneous GaAsBi wires exhibit an internal quantum efficiency of similar to 0.2% at 260 K and a temperature-dependent band gap shift slightly larger than those of GaAs nanowires and GaAsBi bulk alloys. Furthermore, droplet-mediated growth enables axial GaAsBi/GaAs heterostructures, demonstrating controlled band-structure engineering in dilute bismide wires. This work establishes a quantitative growth-mode stability window for homogeneous axial Bi incorporation in GaAsBi wires and reveals how VLS-to-VS transitions fundamentally alter carrier localization and thermal quenching behavior.

This work investigated the effects of polymer films [chitosan (CS), Nafion (NF), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)] on the performances of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) biosensors for the selectivity of pesticide types and their concentration levels using principal component analysis (PCA). AChE was immobilized on montmorillonite/gold nanoparticles (Mt/AuNPs). The surface charge of the polymer films significantly influenced sensor performance: NF and PVA films, with negative charges, enhanced the preconcentration of positively charged acetylthiocholine chloride (ATCh), resulting in increased electroactive surface area and current response. In contrast, the positively charged CS film impeded mass diffusion of ATCh, reducing electroactive surface area and current response. Sensor/PVA showed the lowest limit of detection (LOD) for chlorpyrifos and pirimiphos-methyl, while Sensor/CS showed the lowest LOD for carbaryl. The unique response from three different biosensors demonstrated the successful discrimination of the pesticide group and their concentration levels by PCA. The total contribution variance was 99.8%. PC1 suggested the concentration levels, while PC2 was explicitly realized for organophosphate pesticides (negative PC2) and carbaryl (positive PC2). These findings demonstrate that the simple application of polymer coatings, combined with PCA, can significantly improve the selectivity and storage stability of AChE-based biosensors.

Water pesticide contamination represents a major threat to ecological systems and public health, particularly in agricultural regions. Although conventional detection methods such as liquid chromatography and electrochemical analysis are highly accurate, they are expensive, require skilled operators, and cannot provide real-time results. This study developed a portable miniaturized electrochemical analysis platform based on cyclic voltammetry (CV) for rapid pesticide detection. The platform was compared with a commercial electrochemical analyzer and yielded similar performance in detecting chlorpyrifos at different concentrations. When ultrapure water was used as the background solution, the total area under the CV curve exhibited a linear correlation (R2 = 0.89) with the pesticide concentration, indicating its potential as a characteristic index. When molecularly imprinted polymers were added, the platform achieved a limit of detection of 50 ppm, with the area under the CV curve maintaining a logarithmic linear relationship (R2 = 0.98) with the pesticide concentration. These findings confirm the total area under the CV curve as the most reliable characteristic index for pesticide quantification. Overall, the proposed platform offers portability, straightforward operation, cost-effectiveness, and expandability, making it promising for on-site environmental monitoring. By incorporating GPS functionality, the platform can provide real-time pesticide concentration mapping, supporting its use in precision agriculture and water quality management.

The synthesis of new molecularly imprinted polyurethane foam (MIPUF) using an herbicide of atrazine (Atz) as a template for selective solid-phase extraction for Atz was proposed for the first time. The MIPUF was simply synthesized under mild conditions, without requiring an oxygen-free environment. Some household apparatuses were adapted for the preparation, such as a plastic cup and bamboo chopstick. The ready-to-use MIPUF minicolumns could be obtained within 4 h with more than 10 minicolumns. The proposed material was characterized using FT-IR and SEM. The MIPUF minicolumn was used in a solid-phase extraction. The eluate of free Atz was determined using the fluorescence technique without further derivatization at 343 nm. The MIPUF offered a good sensitivity and selectivity over non-molecularly imprinted polyurethane foam (NIPUF), enhancing fluorescence intensity by 15.6 times. The linear equation and linear range for Atz detection at y = 87.25x + 311.58, R2 = 0.9887 and 0.2–1.0 µM were obtained. The LOD and LOQ were 35 and 110 nM, respectively. The MIPUF revealed a more selective Atz than some potential pesticides. The ready-to-use minicolumn has been used for sample preparation and Atz assays in surface water in orchards and river water samples with recoveries (%) at 90–110%.

New generation of pesticide sensor aims toward low cost, on-site detection, and user-friendly platform. In the work, the modified screen-printed carbon electrodes were made in-house. Carbon pasted electrode was screened and modified with electrodeposition and anodization of copper to create nanostructures on electrode surface. The evaluation of organophosphate pesticides will be done by cyclic voltammetry via mobile application of near field communication potentiostat. Finally, the CuO nanorods modified on screen-printed carbon electrode present the detection limit as low as 3 ppb with high sensitivity.

This work involves modifying structure of electrically conductive natural rubber sheets with Carbon black, Ketjent black, MWCNTs (CKC/Nr) and Barium Titanate (Bt) nanoparticles (CKC/Nr-Bt). Microstructural investigation of the CKC/Nr showed that appropriate addition of Bt effectively reduced agglomeration of MWCNTs in the CKC/Nr-Bt. Consequently, mechanical properties are significantly improved when Bt was added, e. g., at CKC/Nr-Bt0.75. Additionally, a negative dielectric constant is achieved at around 235 degrees C for CKC/Nr-Bt1 which is crucial to enhance the performance of the material. While electrical resistance indicates the breakdown or degradation of the molecular arrangement when the temperature exceeds 190 degrees C. Output performance for sliding mode of TENG is demonstrated on vertical axis wind turbine nanogenerator. Replacing the traditional conductive natural rubber sheets with flat brush electrically conductive natural rubber (FBCNR) aims to reduce frictional resistance between contact PTFE and PVC surfaces. Configurations of wind turbine nanogenerator with FBCNRPVC8 rotor configuration exhibited Vrms are approximately 789 V and Irms for 27 mu A of rotational speed of 240 rpm. When analyzing the nanoscale structure of the CKC/Nr, it is evident that the installation of FBCNR and PVC polymer sheets on the rotator significantly enhances performance. Their combined use demonstrates excellent durability and superior retention compared to the use of PVC alone. The integration of FBCNR and CKC/Nr-Bt into roof ventilator applications emphasizes a viable pathway towards sustainable energy generation. Through comprehensive experimental testing and analysis, notable improvements observed from brightness of 260 LEDs. Integration of temperature monitoring devices further enhances the functionality and applicability of these systems.

The detection of methyl parathion (MP) is of critical importance due to its high toxicity and widespread use as an organophosphate pesticide. Therefore, the monitoring and the rapid quantification of MP are essential for ensuring food safety and promoting sustainable farming practices, which minimize potential health risks to consumers. Effective detection strategies can aid in reducing exposure and mitigating the impact on human health and ecosystems. In this study, cobalt-modified exfoliated zirconium phosphate (Co-ExZrP) coated on histidine-functionalized graphene quantum dots (His-GQDs) was synthesized and integrated onto screen-printed silver electrode surface to develop an electrochemical biosensor for the electrochemical determination of MP. Moreover, a synergistic electrocatalysis approach integrating Co-ExZrP and His-GQDs was also presented. The Co-ExZrP possessed the greater surface accessibility, the higher loadings of Co electrocatalyst material, and the improved site access for electrocatalysis whereas His-GQDs facilitated outstanding electron transfer efficiency, thereby improving the MP detection performance. Under optimum conditions, the sensor exhibited a linear range of 0.2-50 μM with a high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.9905), low detection limit of 0.01 μM (signal-to-noise ratio = 3), and high sensitivity of 0.85 mA (μM)‾1 demonstrating the superior sensing performance. The applicability of the electrochemical biosensor constructed by Co-ExZrP/His-GQDs for food safety monitoring was investigated in pear and apple samples as well as in various water matrices, including drinking and groundwater samples, through MP analysis, implying the sensitive and efficient electrochemical strategy as well as good application potential in MP monitoring.

With tunable properties and stability, nonenzymatic pesticide sensors have the potential to be a robust sensing platform for pesticide analysis. In this letter, we successfully modified a screen-printed carbon electrode with copper oxide nanorods through electrochemical deposition and anodization. The fabricated sensor is then tested for its performance in repeatability and reproducibility using cyclic voltammetry. Consequently, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is used to evaluate organophosphate pesticide sensing capability. The sensor shows great repeatability and reproducibility with a low relative standard deviation (<5%). From the experiment, the sensor has the ability to detect organophosphate pesticides down to 0.247 parts per billion and shows high sensitivity using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This demonstrates that the CuO nanorods-modified screen-printed carbon electrode electrochemical sensors are a promising system for in-situ residual pesticide testing.

The circular economy can help enhance the value of industrial waste and remediate the environment. This study considers the application of iron scrap from steel production as a free resource to produce magnetic adsorbent beads to remove methylene blue dye and lead (II) ions from wastewater. Composite beads were prepared by incorporating iron scrap and activated carbon into a calcium alginate gel using a simple 'mix and drop' synthesis. The optimized magnetic beads were stable and offered a large specific surface area. The maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent, calculated from the Langmuir isotherm model, was 476.19 mg g-1 for methylene blue and 163.93 mg g-1 for lead (II) ions. This study places emphasis upon the zero-waste principle and employs a scalable synthetic approach for the conversion of waste iron scrap into an adsorbent material capable of delivering significant environmental benefits.

Water pollution is a major ecological and public health problem in predominantly agricultural country by pesticides. Traditional methods for assessing water quality and specific substances such as organic compounds, carbides, pesticides, and metals, rely on composition analyzers or liquid chromatography in specialized laboratories. These methods, though accurate, are often unable to provide results in real time and are not widely used due to their requirement for highly skilled operators and expensive equipment. This study introduces a miniaturized, portable electrochemical analyzer that is capable of rapidly detecting substance concentrations in electrolytes and river on the basis of cyclic voltammetry measurements. The performance of this self-developed electrochemical analyzer matches that of standard commercial instruments, with the added benefit of being able to identify and analyze high-concentration electrolytes, such as 0.03 M and 0.05 M KCN3/4, which commercial instruments may not discern due to their requirement for higher potential voltages. Additionally, electrodes coated with shell-less molecularly imprinted polymers exhibited a 1.5 to 2-fold increase in current variation compared with uncoated electrodes, particularly with chlorpyrifos detection, underscoring the effectiveness of the designed MIPs in identifying organophosphate pesticides in river water. The addition of MIPs to electrodes enhances conductivity and sensitivity. This analyzer's portability, ease of use, low cost, and expandable functionality make it a valuable tool for environmental monitoring. Future integration of a GPS module could enable the analyzer to provide real-time concentration data and location information for pollutants in rivers such as the Mekong; especially for the pesticide detection and conducting distribution map for smart agriculture application.

Pineapple leaf waste, a byproduct of agricultural processes, was used as a novel raw material to synthesize carbon dots (CDs) through a simple hydrothermal method. The CDs were subsequently incorporated into pineapple stem starch (PSS)-based active food packaging films. The characterization of the CDs and PSS-CDs films was conducted using various techniques, including UV-light spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results revealed that the CDs measured 2.36 ± 0.33 nm and exhibited antioxidant and antibacterial activities. The addition of the CDs led to notable enhancements in both mechanical strength and UV-barrier properties. Thus, PSS-CDs packaging film was successfully prepared, with the incorporation of CDs enhancing the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the film, thereby extending the shelf-life of fresh pork.

Amidst the rapid development of the textile industry, wastewater problems also arise. High-performance materials for reactive black 5 (RB5) dye treatment by adsorption and photocatalysis were evolved using Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on carbon media. Herein, the synthesis of spherical carbon via the water-in-oil emulsion method alongside a sol-gel process and the production of TiO2 nanoparticles using the precipitation procedure of Titanium isopropoxide and carbonization at 700-900 degrees C for 2 hare a novel approach in this work. The characterization of these materials indicates that different temperatures result in distinct properties, for instance, raised pores on the surface of the media and changes in the crystal structure of TiO2. The results show that the as-synthesized material carbonized at 900 degrees C had distinguished dye adsorption, up to 430 ppm in 1 h, due to their high surface area and pore volume. On the contrary, the calcined 700 degrees C condition had the prominent photocatalytic efficiency on account of the heterojunction band gap between anatase and rutile crystal structure. A mixed phase minimizes the charge recombination, subsequently increasing the photocatalytic capability.

High early-strength concrete and geopolymer offer advantages of faster construction and require less curing time than traditional concrete. Bagasse ash (BA), an inert pozzolan with low reactivity in alkaline media, was activated with 10M NaOH to enhance its porosity and surface area. It was then incorporated into an 80:20 wt

GaAsBi nanowires (NWs) are promising for optoelectronic applications in the near- and mid-infrared wavelengths due to the optical properties of the Bi-containing compound and the nanowire structure benefits. In general, synthesizing the GaAsBi NWs results in uncontrollable metamorphic structures and spontaneous Bi-containing droplets. Here, we explore the potential of using the droplets as catalysts to form GaAsBi nanowires (hence, the vapor-liquid-solid growth mechanism) on GaAs (111) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. The GaAsBi NWs experience a two-step growth: Bi droplet deposition and GaAsBi nanowire growth. The optimal droplet deposition temperature (250 °C) is defined based on the droplet morphologies. The gradation of growth temperatures of GaAsBi NWs to 250 °C, 300 °C, and 350 °C results in high-aspect-ratio NWs, tilted NWs, and low-aspect-ratio NWs, respectively. Structural investigation shows that the optimal (low-aspect-ratio) NW has the composition of GaAs0.99Bi0.01 with the catalytic droplet of Ga0.99Bi0.01 decorated on its tip. Detailed structural analyses show that the Bi content progressively increases from the NW stem to the wire-substrate interface. The satisfying GaAsBi NW morphology does not warrant the expected superior optical results. Photoluminescence study suggests that the NW has a strong carrier thermalization from the NW stem to the wire-substrate interface influenced by the graded NW growth temperature profile.

In this work, the low-temperature phase MnBi prepared by a low-temperature vacuum sintering process at 325 degrees C was studied. We found a significant increase in the energy product from 2.63 MGOe in the 12-h sintered sample to 3.64 MGOe in the 48-h sintered sample. This improvement is attributed to the solid-liquid diffusion process. Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that MnBi forms at the external surface of Mn particles and along interior surfaces, notably within cracks. Transmission electron microscopy further demonstrates that the Mn ratio increases and Bi decreases with distance from the crack. The selected area diffraction showed variations in the Mn ratio with distance from cracks and identified both Bi and MnBi phases in the MnBi layer. Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) analysis exhibited large phase shifts indicating repulsive or attractive forces in single ferromagnetic domains. This provides valuable insight into magnetic domains in the MnBi regions near Mn cracks. The MnBi formation model, developed for the vicinity of single cracks with uniform MnBi content, partly explains the magnetic interactions and phase shifts observed near these cracks. These findings provide significant insights into the MnBi microstructural and magnetic properties, potentially useful in tailoring and engineering magnetic structures.

The temperature-dependent electrical transport, Hall effect, and Seebeck properties of bulk-reduced graphene oxide (rGO) prepared by a chemical reduction process were investigated in a temperature range of 310–475 K. The bulk rGO contained bipolar charge carriers with p-type to n-type switching at a temperature of 420 K. The materials illustrated a p-type characteristic in the temperature range of 310–420 K and n-type characteristic in the temperature range of 420–475 K. The charge transport mechanism was that of the graphene-derived 2D material in the p-type regime and governed by polaronic charge carriers.

Due to the widespread production of maize, the waste created by this crop has become a serious concern. This study applied the concept of waste circulation to the production of magnetic biochar from corn husk waste to remediate paraquat-contaminated water. Magnetic biochar (MB) was produced by impregnating maize husks with iron and carbonizing the residue in a nitrogen environment. Carbonized MB at the temperature of 850°C (MB-01-850) exhibited a combination of microporous and mesoporous structures ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]), while biochar created only a microporous structure ([Formula: see text]). According to the findings, Fe(NO 3 ) 3 significantly affected the increase in mesopore formation after carbonization. In addition, biochar exhibits excellent magnetic responsiveness. MB-01-850 reached equilibrium within approximately 20 min in synthetic water. Batch adsorption studies showed that MB-01-850 had maximum adsorption capacities ([Formula: see text]) of 34.97 mg/g and 31.63 mg/g for synthetic and natural water, respectively. The unmodified biochar (without mesopores) had a [Formula: see text] of 4.08 mg/g. This indicates that the presence of mesopores improves the effectiveness of paraquat adsorption. Additionally, the adsorption performance of magnetic biochar exhibited no statistically significant variance when tested under natural water conditions. Furthermore, magnetic biochar demonstrates impressive regeneration capacity, allowing it to be regenerated almost entirely for a minimum of four cycles using a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution with a concentration equal to or greater than 0.5 M.