Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as structurally designable materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their tunable coordination architecture and functionality. Herein, we report a couple of isostructural MOFs of divalent cobalt (1) and zinc (2), [MII2(bdc)2(DABCO)]n, [bdcH2 = terephthalic acid, DABCO = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane], and evaluate their lithium storage performance. Electrochemical properties and performance show that Co-MOF 1 has higher efficiency than the Zn congener, with an excellent specific capacity of 750 mAh g-1 after 10 cycles and last at 322 mAh g-1 after 200 cycles, which is a high electrochemical performance in specific capacity and rate cycle performance over the previous MOF-based materials. The ligand substitution at the metal centers of the MOFs triggered the single-crystal to single-crystal transformation toward corresponding [MII(H2O)(bdc)(DABCO)]n (1a and 2a) MOFs, which were investigated. First-principles computations revealed that the identity of the metal center critically governs the lithiation behavior of these MOFs.

The sustainable utilization of agricultural waste is essential for mitigating environmental pollution and advancing energy technologies. In this research, corn leaves were selected as raw material due to their abundance and common disposal by open burning, which significantly contributes to PM2.5 emissions. This research reported the successful upcycling of corn leaves into Si-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) via magnesiothermic reduction, which offered dual benefits of waste management and air pollution mitigation. Despite the high theoretical capacity of Si, its severe volume expansion during lithiation and delithiation leads to rapid capacity decay and poor cycling stability. To address this issue, dual protective architecture was rationally designed by integrating an introduced carbon confinement with intrinsically formed native SiO2 in Si nanostructures. Glucose was used as a low-cost carbon precursor to form carbon confinement. The engineered structure enabled native SiO2 to react with lithium ions (Li+) during the initial cycle, forming lithium oxide and lithium silicates that buffer mechanical stress. Simultaneously, the carbon confinement enhanced electrical contact, maintained structural integrity, and stabilized the electrode/electrolyte interface. As a result, the optimized anode delivered a high reversible capacity of 845 mAh g- 1 at 500 mA g- 1 after 1001 cycles, which was 14 times higher than that of the Si/SiO2 without carbon confinement (60 mAh g- 1) and 11 times greater than that of commercial Si (80 mAh g- 1). This research demonstrated an effective strategy to mitigate Si degradation and highlighted a sustainable route for converting agricultural waste into high-performance anode materials for advanced LIBs.

Wolffia (referred to as "Khai-phum" in Thailand) is a high-biomass-yield resource that offers advantages for energy production and future human food supplies. In this study, Wolffia was evaluated as an alternative sustainable biomass-based carbon precursor for the fabrication of anode materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Compared with the non-activated material, ZnCl2 activation markedly eroded the WDPB surface, exposing micropores, mesopores, and macropores. At 800 degrees C, the specific surface area (SSA) values displayed negligible variation across all WDPBs with different ZnCl2 ratios, owing to pore expansion and structural collapse. Notably, although WDPB1-800 exhibited the lowest Rct due to its prevalence of micropores and absence of macropores, it did not demonstrate superior electrochemical performance. While micropore structures are advantageous as they provide additional active sites for lithium storage, they also impede lithium-ion and electrolyte diffusion compared to mesopores and macropores, consequently impairing overall ion transport and electrochemical performance. Owing to its highly disordered carbon structure and hierarchical pore architecture, WDPB2-800 exhibited the best electrochemical performance as an anode in LIBs, by optimizing kinetic reactions whilst ensuring rapid ion diffusion. It achieved a remarkable specific capacity of 394.4 mAh/g, surpassing the 249.1 mAh/g recorded for WDPB1-800 after 100 cycles at 100 mA/g. This research clearly demonstrates that the integration of a highly disordered structure, elevated SSA, and hierarchical pores, coupled with a low micropore/ mesopore fraction, represents one of the most promising strategies for developing high-capacity, carbon-based LIB anodes derived from sustainable biomass.

The sustainable utilization of the world’s abundant resources, such as biomass, without harming the environment is a very important approach and challenge currently. Interestingly, abundant biomass can be extracted to yield silicon (Si). To develop bioresource waste for higher value, this research focused on the transformation of four different biomass sources (dry mahogany leaf-based biomass (MB), dry palm leaf-based biomass (PB), dry teak leaves (TL), and napier grass (NG)) to Si-based nanocomposite anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). These nanocomposites can be prepared by calcination and then magnesiothermic reduction. All prepared products can be mainly indexed as crystalline Si. The microstructure investigation of all samples showed a different morphological structure. The products had a surface area of 300–710 m2 g–1. Furthermore, the pore sizes of all samples possessed pores with an average size between 9 and 12 nm. For the electrochemical measurement, it can be suggested that the Si-MB nanocomposite delivered the highest specific capacity of 588.03 mAh g–1 at a current density of 100 mA g–1 for long-term cycling of 300 cycles. This result indicated that Si-based materials derived from biomass had the potential to serve as sustainable anode materials in LIBs, due to their long-term cycling stability. Besides, these nanocomposites can be synthesized without the use of hydrofluoric acid (HF), enhancing the environmental friendliness of the process. Moreover, this study also promoted a circular economy by transforming biomass waste into high-value resources. For these reasons, it represented a key alternative in the development of next-generation batteries.

Redox-active anthraquinone porous organic polymers (AQ-POPs) have emerged as sustainable electrode materials for lithium-organic batteries. Despite significant progress in synthetic methodologies, challenges such as limited redox-active sites, sluggish charge transport, and complex synthesis routes continue to hinder battery performance. Here, we report the use of AQ-POPs synthesized via a straightforward azo coupling reaction between diaminoanthraquinone (DAAQ) isomers with 2,6-, 1,4-, and 1,5-linkage positions and phloroglucinol to address these challenges. The resulting crosslinked polymers exhibit tailored porosity, abundant C 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 11111111 00000000 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 O and CN functional groups, and robust electrochemical performance. Among them, AQ-POP-1 (synthesized from 2,6-DAAQ) delivered the highest reversible capacity of 971 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1, with excellent rate capability and long-term cycling stability. Cyclic voltammetry revealed that the isomeric structure of the DAAQ unit significantly influences redox behavior, capacitive contribution, and charge transport kinetics, shedding light on the structure-property relationships in which the steric hindrance of the DAAQ precursor plays an important role. Furthermore, ex situ Fourier-transform infrared, Raman, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses provide insights into reversible transformations between CN/C-N and CO/C-O redox pairs associated with alpha-hydrazoketone and anthraquinone units, accounting for its superior performance. This work demonstrates the ease of azo coupling polymerization and provides guidelines for designing high-capacity, long-cycle-life organic electrodes for next-generation lithium-organic batteries.

The new anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), nanocomposites of carbon-coated SnS and SnO2 riveted on rGO sheets (denoted as C@(SnS-SnO2/rGO)), were constructed by effective, facile, and low-cost techniques. Benefiting from the dual-carbon modification (rGO and carbon coating layer), the C@(SnS-SnO2/rGO) nanocomposites exhibited significantly improved rate capability and cycle stability as compared to uncoated SnS-SnO2/rGO materials. At a current density of 100 mA g(-1) after 300 cycles, especially, the C@(60SnS-SnO2/rGO) nanocomposite delivered a higher reversible capacity of similar to 637 mAh g(-1) as compared to the uncoated 60SnS-SnO2/rGO composite (similar to 359 mAh g(-1)). Even at a high current density of 1000 mA g(-1), the C@(60SnS-SnO2/rGO) nanocomposite anode still provided a high reversible capacity of similar to 574 mAh g(-1) after 300 cycles and the capacity continuously increased to similar to 674 mAh g(-1) after 500 cycles. The outstanding electrochemical performances of the new nanocomposites made them good candidates for use as high-performance anode materials. Moreover, the present research provides insights for the structural design of Sn compound-based composite electrodes which will be important for the future development of high-performance LIB anode materials.

Sustainable anode materials, including natural silica and biomass-derived carbon materials, are gaining increasing attention in emerging energy storage applications. In this research, we highlighted a silica/carbon (SiO2/C) derived from Streblus asper leaf wastes using a simple method. Dried Streblus asper leaves, which have plenty of biomass in Thailand, have a unique leaf texture due to their high SiO2 content. We can convert these worthless leaves into SiO2/C nanocomposites in one step, producing eco-materials with distinctive microstructures that influence electrochemical energy storage performance. Through nanostructured design, SiO2/C is thoroughly covered by a well-connected framework of conductive hybrid polymers based on the sodium alginate–polypyrrole (SA-PPy) network, exhibiting impressive morphology and performance. In addition, an excellent electrically conductive SA-PPy network binds to the SiO2/C particle surface through crosslinker bonding, creating a flexible porous space that effectively facilitates the SiO2 large volume expansion. At a current density of 0.3 C, this synthesized SA-PPy@Nano-SiO2/C anode provides a high specific capacity of 756 mAh g−1 over 350 cycles, accounting for 99.7% of the theoretical specific capacity. At the high current of 1 C (758 mA g−1), a superior sustained cycle life of over 500 cycles was evidenced, with over 93% capacity retention. The research also highlighted the potential for this approach to be scaled up for commercial production, which could have a significant impact on the sustainability of the lithium-ion battery industry. Overall, the development of green nanocomposites along with polymers having a distinctive structure is an exciting area of research that has the potential to address some of the key challenges associated with lithium-ion batteries, such as capacity degradation and safety concerns, while also promoting sustainability and reducing environmental impact.

The formation of a solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer and Li2O species at an anode driven by thermodynamic spontaneity not only consumes the active Li-ions (Li+), but also generates battery capacity loss. The unstable SEI layer growth directly degrades both battery efficiency and cycling stability. Thereby, prelithiated materials were prepared to militate against the enlargement of Li consumption for Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Here, we demonstrated the hydrothermal synthesis of lithium metasilicate (Li2SiO3), a prelithiated material, with physical characterizations exposing the microflower-like clusters evolved from the attachment of their high-purity primary plates. The electrochemical performance of the pristine Li2SiO3 provided a poor cycling capability in a half coin-cell test with a final discharge capacity of 17 mAh g−1 over 200 cycles, while the silica on reduced graphene oxide (SiO2/rGO) composite represented only 290 mAh g−1. Conversely, the Li2SiO3–SiO2/rGO composite exhibited excellent cyclability over the pristine and SiO2/rGO with final discharge specific capacity up to 470 mAh g−1 at the 200th cycle. Despite the revealed similar electrochemical patterns of the obtained cyclic voltammograms (CVs) for these materials, the curiosity of continuously increased capacity for the Li2SiO3–SiO2/rGO composite and Li+ compensation mechanisms upon cycling of Li2SiO3 were still clearly unsolved. The cycling capacities of the composite were distinctly observed as a great improvement after composite formation between Li2SiO3 and SiO2/rGO.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are chemically reactive rechargeable energy storages. Silica (SiO2) is one of the most popular alternative materials to replace graphite as an anode material in LIBs due to its higher specific capacity, non-toxicity, and natural resources. Streblus asper Lour. (Khoi) is widely grown in Southeast Asia and contains high SiO2 and SiO2/C levels in its leaves. In order to overcome the volume change issue of Si-based materials and enhance cycle stability, carbon (C) and polypyrrole (PPy) were utilized to reinforce the SiO2 structure during the lithiation/delithiation process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was utilized to investigate the SiO2, C, and PPy amorphous phases of the synthesized products. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), which confirmed the formation of PPy in composites. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed different morphologies of SiO2 aggregates, SiO2/C with plate layers, the network structure of PPy and in the composites with PPy. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the aggregation of nano-sized SiO2, SAED phase confirmation, and demonstrated the coating of PPy on SiO2/C (KSCPy composites), indicating the presence of C and PPy as supporters. In addition, the performance of synthesized composites as anodes was investigated by assembling them into half-coin cells and performing electrochemical tests. Khoi-SiO2/C/PPy (KSCPy) obtained a specific capacity of 497.9 mA g(-1) for 400 cycles at 0.1 A g(-1) and the lowest charge transfer resistance. Furthermore, these materials have the potential to be used as sustainable anode materials in LIBs due to their use of natural materials, a non-toxic synthesis method, and C and PPy as both support materials and conductive polymers, which can enhance electrical performance as anode materials.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have become one of the most promising active materials in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their designable molecular architecture and tunable functionality. Herein, we report a series of isostructural three-dimensional MOFs of divalent Mn (1), Co (2), and Zn (3), [MII2(H2O)2(4,4 '-bipy)(mal)2]n as anode materials for LIBs. The MOFs can be prepared within a few minutes using a facile microwave-heating technique. Investigations on electrochemical properties and performance as active materials for LIBs anodes showed that Co-MOF 2 has higher efficiency than the Mn and Zn congeners, with an excellent specific capacity of 732 mA h g-1 after 200 cycles, which is distinguished electrochemical performance in specific capacity and rate cycle performance over the previous MOF-based materials. First-principles computations revealed the importance of the metal center of MOFs on the Li-ion batteries performance since it is involved in the Li diffusion mechanism.

This research focused on the synthesis of binary and ternary alloys based on Pd as cathode catalysts on nitrogen- doped reduced graphene oxide (NrGO) for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFCs). The catalyst alloys of PdNi, PdCo, PdCu and PdNiCo on NrGO supporter, which were prepared by modified from Hummers' process, were generated using the polyols method to increase the oxygen reduction reaction's (ORR) activity in PEMFCs. NrGO was synthesized from graphite oxide (GO) powder. The obtained NrGO exhibits a good activity of ORR in acidic media and a high amount of pyridinic-N type by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and specific areas by Brumauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques, respectively. The XRD patterns confirm the formation of PdNi, PdCo, PdCu and PdNiCo alloy phases. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of preparative catalysts showed that all catalysts in alloys are evenly distributed on the NrGO sheet. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the particle sizes measured were in the range of 5-25 nm. These small particles imparted ORR with a large active surface area. The electrochemical characteristic was investigated by single cell testing. It indicated that all of the catalysts provided higher performance than the standard catalyst. However, the tiny particles of PdNiCo on NrGO showed the smallest particle size and the best dispersion, which gave ORR a substantial active surface area. The electrochemical properties of PdNiCo on NrGO provide a high power density of about 3217.1 mW/cm2.mol. 2 .mol. Therefore, this PdNiCo on NrGO could work well as a catalyst for next-generation cathode materials in PEMFCs.

Sterculia foetida (SF), often known as Samrong, is a fruiting plant in Thailand. Its fruit shell as raw material contains a high level of fiber, which was converted into porous carbon (SF-PC) via facile KOH activation. This product was subsequently composited with SnO2 to enhance its specific capacity. Microstructure observations reveal that the SF-PC, which has a high surface area (1942 m2 g−1), contains primarily micropores and mesopores. On the porous carbon surface of the synthesized nanocomposite, SnO2 nanoparticles were distributed uniformly. In electrochemical tests, the SnO2/SF-PC electrode could maintain a specific capacity of 510.71 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 300 cycles, which was higher than bare SF-PC (336.51 mAh g−1). Also, this electrode performed with excellent cyclic stability over 500 cycles at high current stage. The lithiation–delithiation and side reactions of the electrode were demonstrated, whereas this electrode possessed a low internal resistance and great diffusion kinetics. Their attractive anode characteristics of having a distinct structure, high storage capability, being low cost and environmentally friendly, and having good cycling stability indicate that they can serve as highly efficient and effective anode materials in sustainable lithium-ion batteries.

Bronze phase titanium dioxide (TiO2(B)) nanorods were successfully prepared via a hydrothermal method together with an ion exchange process and calcination by using anatase titanium dioxide precursors in the alkali hydrothermal system. TiO2 precursors promoted the elongation of nanorod morphology. The different hydrothermal temperatures and reaction times demonstrated that the synthesis parameters had a significant influence on phase formation and physical morphologies during the fabrication process. The effects of the synthesis conditions on the tailoring of the crystal morphology were discussed. The growth direction of the TiO2(B) nanorods was investigated by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The as-synthesized TiO2(B) nanorods obtained after calcination were used as anode materials and tested the efficiency of Li-ion batteries. This research will study the effects of particle morphologies and crystallinity of TiO2(B) derived from a modified hydrothermal method on the capacity and charging rate of the Li-ion battery. The TiO2(B) nanorods, which were synthesized by using a hydrothermal temperature of 220 °C for 12 h, presented excellent electrochemical performance with the highest Li storage capacity (348.8 mAh/g for 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA/g) and excellent high-rate cycling capability (a specific capacity of 207.3 mAh/g for 1000 cycles at a rate of 5000 mA/g).

The development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has become an important aspect of advanced technologies. Although LIBS have already outperformed other secondary batteries, they still require improvement in various aspects. Most crucially, graphite, the commercial anode, has a lower capacity than emerging materials. The goal of this research is to develop carbon-based materials from sustainable sources. Banana stem waste was employed as a precursor because of its xylem structure and large surface area. In addition, catalytic graphitization of biomass yields both graphitic carbon and metal oxides, which can be converted into higher-capacity Fe3O4/C nanocomposites. The nanocomposites consist of nanoparticles distributed on the surface of the carbon sheet. It was found that Fe3O4/C nanocomposites not only achieved a superior specific capacity (405.6 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g), but also had good stability in long-term cycling (1000 cycles). Interestingly, they had a significantly greater capacity than graphite at a high current density (2 A/g), 172.8 mAh/g compared to 63.9 mAh/g. For these reasons, the simple preparation approach, with its environmental friendliness and low cost, can be employed to produce Fe3O4/C nanocomposites with good electrochemical properties. Thus, this approach may be applicable to varied biomasses. These newly developed Fe3O4/C nanocomposites derived from banana waste recycling were found to be suitable to be used as anodes for sustainable LIBs.

In this work, water hyacinth stem waste was used as a cost-effective and sustainable precursor to synthesize carbon/iron oxide (C/FeOx) nanocomposite anode materials, which were simultaneously produced in one step of catalytic graphitization. The synthesis process was superior in terms of simplicity, scalability, simplicity of required conditions, and environmental friendliness. Intensive physical characterization revealed that the synthesized materials consisted of FeOx nanoparticles and salt contents scattered across the surface of partially graphitized carbon. This was greatly advantageous since carbon would be able to suppress the volume change effect of FeOx. As a result, electrochemical studies discovered that the C/FeOx nanocomposite with the best performance delivered a high reversible capacity of 268.5 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 0.1 A g−1 and 171.1 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 2 A g−1. Even after cycling through 5000 cycles at a fast charge stage of 10 A g−1, this material could still function as a great anode. Also, the coulombic efficiency was found to be greater than 90

Sn-based anodes are well known for experiencing severe fracture during electrochemical cycling, due to the large-volume expansions that occur upon lithiation. This study, however, presents a new type of morphological instability for anodes composed of Sn nanoparticles attached on 2D graphene, as transmission and scanning electron microscopy reveal that after long-term cycling the Sn particles agglomerate to form clusters of up to 1 μm. Such clustering of Sn is quite the opposite of the fragmentation that is typically observed upon lithiation. This new microstructural instability mechanism can interpret the inability of Sn-2D graphene nanocomposites to retain their initial high capacity, since micro-scale particles do not allow for deep lithiation. For the present anodes, the initial capacity was ∼ 600 mAh/g (10

Porous organic polymers (POPs) are promising sustainable electrodes for energy storage applications. Although a handful of POPs with facile synthesis and structural tunability have been developed, they are limited to specific classes of precursors and transition metal-based catalysts. In this work, three tunable porous organic polymers were successfully synthesized and characterized using the simple azo coupling reaction of readily available precursors, phloroglucinol, and diarylamines. The alpha-hydrazoketone was unambiguously assigned based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The POPs with a redox-active functional group deliver impressive reversible capacity. The effects of POP precursors, surface area, and pore size on the electrochemical properties and battery performances were systematically investigated. According to the results, a high content of alpha-hydrazoketone and a large surface area are critical factors in designing efficient organic electrodes for high-performance energy storage. Interestingly, POP-1 derived from o-tolidine precursor exhibited a high specific capacity with greater rate capability as well as superior cycling stability over 1,000 cycles due to the importance of the magic methyl effect, optimal surface area (294 m(2) g(-1)), and porosity. Furthermore, ex-situ FT-IR, Raman, and XPS studies also implicate the reversible redox reaction of alpha-hydrazoketone. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed kinetic behavior influencing the lithium-ion storage mechanism. This research provides empirical evidence that this tunable family of porous organic polymers is the first to exhibit promising organic electrode characteristics for the next generation of sustainable lithium-organic batteries.

Polypyrrole (PPy) is a type of conducting polymer that has garnered attention as a potential electrode material for sustainable energy storage devices. This is mostly attributed to its mechanical flexibility, ease of processing, and ecologically friendly nature. Here, a polypyrrole-coated rice husk-derived nanosilica-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite (SiO2-rGO@PPy) as an anode material was developed by a simple composite technique followed by an in situ polymerization process. The architecture of reduced graphene oxide offers a larger electrode/electrolyte interface to promote charge-transfer reactions and provides sufficient space to buffer a large volume expansion of SiO2, maintaining the mechanical integrity of the overall electrode during the lithiation/delithiation process. Moreover, the conducting polymer coating not only improves the capacity of SiO2, but also suppresses the volume expansion and rapid capacity fading caused by serious pulverization. The present anode material shows a remarkable specific reversible capacity of 523 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 current density and exhibits exceptional discharge rate capability. The cycling stability at a current density of 100 mA g−1 shows 81.6% capacity retention and high Coulombic efficiency after 250 charge–discharge cycles. The study also pointed out that this method might be able to be used on a large scale in the lithium-ion battery industry, which could have a big effect on its long-term viability. Creating sustainable nanocomposites is an exciting area of research that could help solve some of the biggest problems with lithium-ion batteries, like how easy they are to make and how big they can be used in industry. This is because they are sustainable and have less of an impact on the environment.