The fabrication of sputtered indium tin oxide (ITO) nanorod arrays offers a promising and economical approach to improving light management in photovoltaic devices. In this study, we introduce a novel light-trapping approach using a sputtered ITO nanorod array as a substitute for traditional surface texturing. We successfully fabricated a hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) p-i-n solar cell on the ITO nanorod substrate and compared its performance to a standard reference device. The ITO nanorods, grown at 320 °C, exhibited excellent optical properties, with a diffused-to-total transmitted light ratio exceeding 50

Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) transform façades and rooftops into active power plants, delivering on-site renewable electricity without sacrificing architectural aesthetics. While most existing BIPV studies rely on software simulations and lab-scale validation, this study presents a comprehensive PV*SOL® modelling-based performance evaluation of a cadmium-telluride (CdTe) BIPV array under India’s composite climate, compared with field data from a pilot structure at the National Institute of Solar Energy.,Electrical monitoring revealed strong agreement between measured and simulated outputs, with east and west-facing modules contributing 36 % of annual generation, demonstrating CdTe’s diffuse-light response can reduce dependence on conventional south-facing orientations. The study suggests east, west, top, and south walls as the most suitable orientations for BIPV installation.,Spectro-radiometric analysis confirmed high visible-light transmittance and effective UV and IR rejection, enhancing daylight autonomy. Thermal analysis, using infrared thermography and RTD sensors, recorded module surface temperatures up to 62 °C and indoor temperature increases of 5 °C. While passive cooling is advised in warm regions, the heat gain may benefit space heating in colder or high-altitude areas.,A levelized cost comparison shows a longer payback for CdTe BIPV than c-Si; however, offset cladding costs and higher specific yield improve economic viability. This multi-domain analysis supports scalable BIPV deployment.

Cloud computing involves using internet-based remote servers for data storage, management, and processing. This on-demand service allows users to make payments for simply that which they utilize. Since users of cloud computing are widespread globally, managing this vast amount of data presents a significant challenge. Load balancing efficiently allocates workloads across multiple computing resources, such as online servers. The load balancer's resources can be changed or added based on user requirements. The primary goals of load balancing are to optimize resource usage, costs, to enhance throughput, and to prevent VMs from being overloaded. This research work introduces a migration of jobs in virtual machines using the priority of tasks, remaining execution time as well as migration time for the cloud dynamic load balancing. The proposed method shows better result in comparison with some existing cloud load-balancing algorithms in respect of average makespan time, average response time.

Long-term performance and degradation analysis of photovoltaic modules is critical for defining testing criteria, as well as for evaluating recycling and reuse potential. This study presents the performance and degradation assessment of monocrystalline silicon PV modules that have been field-exposed for 21 years in the composite climatic zones of India. The observed annual power degradation rate ranges from 0.8% to 4.0%, surpassing typical warranty limits. Despite this degradation, the analysis indicates considerable potential for reusing PV modules that have experienced up to 25% performance loss, particularly in secondary use for low voltage applications. Additionally, area requirement analysis at a latitude of 30 degrees shows that accommodating modules with 25% degradation would require approximately 36% more land compared to non-degraded modules, an important consideration for project economics and land use planning.

The need for agricultural and community water sources to be pumped is impacted by the high cost of diesel and the absence of electricity, particularly in rural areas. Thus, one alternative to conventional electricity and diesel- based pumping systems might be the use of solar energy for water pumpin

The application of variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE) to the characterization of thin films is very important because it facilitates the understanding of their physical and optical properties. To prepare a series of film samples consisting of TiO2:ZrO2 on a TiN/Si substrate, we employed the SYBILLA P200 equipment (manufactured by ABCD Technology) through the process of Chemical Beam Vapor Deposition (CBVD). TiO2:ZrO2 on TiN/Si thin films is a composite material that has gained significant attention in various technological applications, particularly in the field of thin film coatings on semiconductor substrates like TiN/Si. TiO2:ZrO2 thin films exhibit excellent dielectric properties and good thermal stability, making them suitable for various electronic and semiconductor applications. From FESEM and EDX analysis, it is found that with increase of Ti/Zr atomic ratio, grain size increases. Ellipsometric analysis reveals increase in film thickness and refractive index with increase in Ti/Zr atomic ratio. As the film continues to grow, changes in its microstructural phase led to a transition from a monolayer physical ellipsometry model to a bilayer physical model. This transition is due to the appearance of inhomogeneity in the TiO2:ZrO2 thin film. Dynamic fits obtained using a two-layer physical model and a Cauchy-Lorentz optical model show three distinct phases in the film growth phase: a nucleation phase, a fusion phase, and a continuous layer phase. Although our proposed model shows satisfactory performance in most cases, the determination of the refractive index can be problematic for very thin thicknesses. The developed VASE modeling process should be able to generate TiO2:ZrO(2)characterization on TiN/Si substrate films using comparable physical and optical modeling considerations.

Three-dimensional (3D) nano-structured electrode by transparent conducting oxide (TCO) is a considerable approach for increasing efficiency of optoelectronic devices. Indium tin oxide (ITO) is a potential candidate for anode applications due to its high conductivity and a high work function. Nanorods of indium tin oxide (ITONR) were grown on catalyst-free substrates at relatively low temperature by magnetron sputtering, which is free of any carrier gases and catalyst. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscope and a transmittance electron microscope with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer were used to investigate the elemental binding states and compositions of the as-synthesized nanorods. The reported ITONR shows photo-luminance property, making it effective for photovoltaic applications. The morphology and sheet resistance of nanorod had a significant effect on the solar cell performance. Sheet resistance of 10 ohm/square and transparency of 83.6% of ITONR on SCHOTT glass was achieved. The higher surface to volume ratio, superior optical and electrical properties over flat ITO layer, makes the nanorods a potential candidate for photovoltaic application.

An experimental investigation was performed in the solar dryer integrated with the thermal energy storage system for drying tomato slices and Calotropis gigantea leaves. The experiment was conducted for the drying of tomato slices and C. gigantea leaves based on field performance data under the climatic conditions of Gurugram regions of India. It was observed that the average specific energy consumption, collector efficiency and drying efficiency of the evacuated tube collector-based solar dryer with thermal energy storage during drying of tomato slices and C. gigantea leaves are 2.321 kWh/kg, 61.70%, 36.33%, and 2.882 kWh/kg, 57.70%, 33.08% respectively. The efficiency of the system is enhanced by 30% with the use of thermal energy storage. The benefit-cost ratio of the system is 3.4 with an attractive payback period of 2.8 years.Highlights: Development of solar dryer with thermal energy storage system is carried out.Drying of tomato slices and Calotropis gigantea leaves is investigated.Performance evaluation of thermal energy storage is carried out.Performance evaluation of solar dryer with thermal energy storage is analysed.

As Bifacial Module technology is growing very rapidly, therefore per- formance analysis of bifacial PV modules in different climatic zones of India is an important topic of study. In this work, the optimum fixed tilt for South-Facing Bifacial module has been estimated for 100 cities of different climatic zones. The optimum tilt varies from 23° in Alleppey (Kerala) to 43° in Gilgit Baltistan (Jammu and Kashmir). Also, the annual energy output of the bifacial Module at Optimal tilt is studied for 100 Cities of India using System Advisor Model (SAM) software from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). Pasighat has a minimum annual energy output of 1427.8 kWh/kWp while Aksai Chin has a maximum annual Energy output of 2325.7 kWh/kWp. It has been observed that optimal tilt is increasing with Increasing latitude. The Highest bifaciality gain of 11.73

Cloud computing is the use of remote servers on the internet to store, manage, and process data. It is a demand-based service where users need to pay only for what they use. Cloud computing users are extensively distributed throughout the globe, so it is a big challenge to keep track of this huge data. Load balancing is the distribution of workloads in a smart way among multiple compute resources, like virtual servers. Compute resources can be added or removed from the load balancer according to the needs of the user. A load balancer is primarily used to optimize the use of resources, costs, and VMs, as well as to maximize throughput, reduce response time, and prevent overloading in various VMs. In this paper, multi-agent-based virtual machine migration has been proposed for dynamic load balancing in a cloud computing environment. The proposed algorithm shows better results in terms of makespan time, average response time, and data center processing time than other conventional cloud load balancing algorithms.

One of the significant environmental stress factors for degradation in the PV module is UV irradiation exposure in the field during its operational lifespan. In this work, degradation analysis of 20-years field-operated PV modules have been performed. The defects that occurred in those modules are due to the combined effect of environmental conditions like temperature, humidity, soiling, etc., along with UV irradiation. Based on the literature resources, efforts have been made to analyze the role of UV irradiation on the degradations that happened during 20 years of field operation of the PV modules. Average Pmax, Isc and Voc degradation are found to be 1.49 %/ year, 0.59 %/year and 0.29 %/year after 20 years of exposure, respectively. The effect of UV irradiation and temperature in indoor conditions has been analyzed for the 20 years of field-exposed PV modules. The effect of browning in the module is also studied in this research work at the cell level. Since the UV irradiation doses mentioned in IEC 61215 are not sufficient as compared to the amount of UV irradiation faced by the PV modules throughout their lifetime, therefore, a procedure is proposed to estimate the UV irradiation doses for different climatic conditions. The UV radiation data for India's climatic zones have been estimated and analyzed, to design accelerated UV stress test conditions using the procedure reported in this paper. The accelerated testing time equivalent for five years of UV irradiations on PV modules in the field is proposed to be around 40 days.

paper proposes a universal mathematical model to compute the number of annual hours that a particular location receives of at least a certain level of Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) and Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI). The proposed mathematical model was statistically validated based on actual measured data of various locations in India. A mathematical model is developed using measured solar irradiance data from fifteen different locations in India, and detailed analysis on the quality of the hours of specific solar irradiance using ground measured data, is rarely attempted by researchers in the past, which makes this study a unique one. Statistical analysis is carried out to validate the proposed model using measured data from ten locations in India as well as from five locations globally. The statistical tools used include the Root mean square error (RMSE), Mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), Mean bias error (MBE) and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSME). The proposed model gives a best fit to the prediction of over 90% accuracy. It serves as input to designers and policy makers for sizing and feasibility studies in the field solar energy. A statistical analysis was carried out and the model showed excellent performance for GHI calculations for cities in India and the USA.

Generally, the lifetime of the PV modules as declared by the manufacturer are around 20–25 years. People are thinking about the use of PV modules after its lifetime declared by the manufacturer. In this study the reliability and performance analysis of mono-crystalline silicon PV modules after its lifetime (declared by manufacturer datasheet) has been performed to check its usability. PV modules were installed in 1999–2000 at National Institute of Solar Energy, Gurgaon and still generating power. Visual inspection, performance measurement at Standard Test Condition (STC), Electroluminescence (EL) imaging, Infrared (IR) thermal imaging, and insulation tests were performed in the PV modules. The modules show average power degradation of 0.85

This paper reports the results of an international interlaboratory comparison study on light‐ and elevated temperature‐induced degradation (LETID) on crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) modules. A large global network of PV module manufacturers and PV testing laboratories collaborated to design a protocol for LETID detection and screen a large and diverse set of prototype modules for LETID. Results across labs indicate the reproducibility of LETID testing is likely within ±1% of maximum power (P MP ). In intentionally engineered LETID‐sensitive modules, mean degradation after the prescribed detection stress is roughly 6% P MP . In other module types the LETID sensitivity is smaller, and in some we observe essentially negligible degradation attributable to LETID. In LETID‐sensitive modules, both open‐circuit voltage (V OC ) and short‐circuit current (I SC ) degrade by a roughly similar magnitude. We observe, as do previous studies, that LETID affects each cell in a module differently. An investigation of the potential mismatch losses caused by nonuniform LETID degradation found that mismatch loss is insignificant compared to the estimated loss of cell I SC , which drives loss of module I SC . Overall, this work has helped inform the creation of a forthcoming standard technical specification for LETID testing of PV modules, IEC TS 63342 ED1, and should aid in the interpretation of results from that and other LETID tests.

Solar energy has grown in popularity because of nonconventional energy resource. Therefore, the layout of PV cells has aroused fascinate of investigators round the globe. There are two major issues in this sector: the lack of a suitable idea for characterizing solar cells and the scarcity of information on photovoltaic panels. This scenario has an effect on the effectiveness of photovoltaic modules (panels). The current vs. voltage features are utilized to model the properties of solar cells. Taking these values into account, the modeling process entails solving complex nonlinear as well as multimodal objective factors. To recognize the variables of photovoltaic cells as well as frames, various systems have been suggested. The majority of each other frequently fail to find the best solutions. The CWOA is proposed in this paper for estimating the variables of solar cells. The suggested technique has the key benefit of utilizing chaotic maps to calculate and quickly apply the input variables of the optimization technique. This scenario is advantageous in complicated situations because the suggested methodology enhances their opportunity to discover for the right approach during the automated manner. The suggested technique can maximize detailed as well as multimodal optimization problem.

Increasing penetration of renewable electricity in the power systems coupled with reduction in its cost has resulted in increased interest in green hydrogen globally. Industry has been using fossil fuel-based hydrogen as an input for several decades. This paper makes an assessment of existing hydrogen production capacities in petroleum refineries and ammonia synthesis units in India along with estimating the potential for installing solar photovoltaic (SPV) powered alkaline electrolysers for producing green hydrogen and SPV capacity required for this purpose. Levelised cost of hydrogen production in these industries in India has been analysed and found to be competitive. The paper also discusses about water requirement, land requirement for SPV power plants, CO2 emissions avoided and likely investment to be made for establishing infrastructure for green hydrogen production. With launching of national hydrogen mission in India, a transition to green hydrogen by the industry appears to be a near term possibility.

This study presents the actual field results from a calibration procedure of reference solar radiometers using an Absolute Cavity Radiometers (ACR), which is directly traceable to the World Radiometric Reference (WRR) scale maintained by the World Radiation Center (WRC). The pyranometer and pyrheliometer traceability is established using Eppley's AHF-AWX ACR as per the prescribed standards. The Eppley solar radiometers were exposed to solar irradiance for 3.5 years and the Hukseflux solar radiometers were exposed to solar irradiance for 1.5 years. The deviation of the new sensitivity values from the old sensitivity values is reported to be 5.42% (pyranometer, Eppley PSP), -0.21% (pyranometer, Hukseflux SR25), 0.23% (pyrheliometer, Eppley NIP) and 0.4% (pyrheliometer, Hukseflux DR03). The uncertainty values are found to be +/- 0.04 mu V/Wm(-2), +/- 0.05 mu V/Wm(-2), +/- 0.03 mu V/Wm(-2) and +/- 0.03 mu V/Wm(-2) for Eppely PSP, Hukseflux SR25, Eppley NIP and Hukseflux DR03 solar radiometers, respectively.

This paper optimizes the operation of Brushless DC motor (BLDC) operated solar water pumping system. The proposed system is assisted with single phase supply to ensure the system operation in the high efficiency zone which is governed by the pump. In conventional systems consisting of either AC supply or PV leads to low reliable and inconsistent operation of the motor for water pumping applications. The proposed system consists of Power Factor Correction (PFC) converter for grid input, DC-DC converter as MPPT channel for PV, and three phase inverter to control BLDC type motor-pump set. The entire system is equipped with the control strategy which has multiple modes of operation based on availability of sources. The modelling of all the power converters and their compensator design are provided in this paper. Performance of the system is investigated using developed test-bed with water-pump, tank, power conditioning unit, solar PV simulator, and grid supply. The control strategy and overall system efficiency is verified by simulation and experimental results.

We have studied the effects of oxygen on hydrogenated amorphous/crystalline silicon films in terms of their structural and optical properties. Different “hydrogenated silicon oxide” (SiO:H) and “silicon” (Si:H) films are fabricated between microcrystalline and amorphous transition region. X-ray diffraction, Raman, FTIR and UV–VIS emission spectrometry have been used to characterize different films. A comparison of the results with those of different types of films like “hydrogenated amorphous silicon oxide” (a-SiO:H), “hydrogenated amorphous silicon” (a-Si:H) and “microcrystalline silicon” (μc-Si:H) films reveal their superiority as an excellent substance for solar cell. X-ray diffraction, FTIR, and Raman spectral analysis show that difference of the H dilution effect has a major effect on the structure of the film and the optical properties. Photoluminescence analysis of amorphous silicon–oxygen and silicon-hydride alloy films has established their efficient application appropriate as Si-based light-emitting devices. A large optical band gap of 1.83 eV and appearance of strong photoluminescence at 2.0 eV validates the applicability of a-SiO:H film as a better alternative for the solar cells.

In a cloud computing environment, effective scheduling policies and load balancing have always been the aim. An efficient task scheduler must be proficient in a dynamically distributed environment and to the policy of efficient scheduling of jobs based upon the workload. In this research, a novel hybrid heuristic algorithm is developed for balancing the load among cloud nodes. This is achieved by hybridizing the existing ant colony optimization (ACO), artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC), and AHP (analytical hierarchy process) algorithm. The AHP algorithm and the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is used for figuring out the best servers suitable for a particular job, and the ant colony algorithm is used to find the most efficient path to that particular server. The proposed algorithm is better in resource utilization. It also performs better load balancing, which keeps on improving with time. The result analysis shows better average response time and better average makespan time compared to other two existing algorithms.