This study developed a non-destructive, fast, simple nutritional diagnosis method to test the nitrogen status of tomato in the greenhouse. Field experiments were conducted during 2009-2010 at the Xiaotangshan Precision Agriculture Experimental Base, Changping District, Beijing. SPAD-502 was used to determine the leaves of tomato under different growth stages. The research results showed that chlorophyll and nitrogen contents of tomato were increasing with the increase in the quantity of fertilizer, and SPAD also increases gradually. SPAD values had a good correlation with chlorophyll contents of tomato leaves. In other words SPAD could be integrated to diagnose tomato nitrogen nutritional status of tomato.

The misuse of pesticide and fertilizer take a great pollution to the agriculture environment,which seriously affects the quality and safety of agricultural products.The government put forward a series of policies of subsidy to lead the farmers to proper pesticide application and scientific farming.But the effect doesn't turn out as it wished to be because of the backward implementation methods and Stat methods.In this paper,the author provides a Precision Management method for the subsidy of agriculture materials,build a Precision Management System for the subsidy of agriculture materials based on Non-contact IC card.Set up one center and eleven stores in ChangPing district of BeiJing,solve the problems like pool instruction of planting,tardy in subsidy providing,inaccurate data of subsidy stat during the strawberry growing season.Through this system,farmers can get the subsidies and instruction at the moment they buy agriculture materials,government can obtain the accurate data,and then adjustment the policies in time to get the desired effect.

It is important to find an appropriate pattern-recognition method for in-field plantidentification based on spectral measurement in order to classify the crop and weeds accurately. In this study, the method of Support Vector Machine (SVM) was evaluated and compared with two other methods, Decision Tree (DT), and Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBF-NN). The three methods were used to model and classify the spectral data measured onplants in the corn fields. Using a handheld spectroradiometer, the spectral measurement was conducted over the fields covered by seedling corns, and two kinds of weeds, Dchinochloa crasgalli, and Echinochloa crusgalli. Among the measured data, respectively 48 corn samples (category 1), 33 Echinochloa crusgalli samples (category 2), and 33 Dchinochloa crasgalli samples (category 3) were randomly selected as the sample data. The sample data were divided into a training data set (2/3 of the data) and a testing data set (1/3 of thedata). The SVM method provided an 81.58% correct classification rate of the corn and two weeds with the testing data set while the methods of DT and RBF-NN provided the rates of 63.16% and 52.63%, respectively. This indicates that among the three methods, SVM has the highest accuracy in identification of corn and weeds in the fields in the case of limitedsamples. SVM could provide a method to build a real time tool to identify crop and weeds with high accuracy in practice.

Agile Development is a kind of iterated software development method. Its basic concept is people-centered. Estimate and scheme of Agile Methodologies are different from the traditional ones. Most papers at home and abroad about Agile Development mainly concentrate the contrast and fusion between Agile Development and traditional methods. However, researches about estimate of Agile Development procedure are lesser. This paper introduces basic methods of agile planning based on author's practice experience from two aspects: release plan, estimation of iteration, and then lists three popular agile methodologies: Xp, scrum and crystal. Finally it summarizes the whole paper.

The misuse of pesticide and fertilizer take a great pollution to the agricultural environment, which seriously affects the quality and safety of agricultural products. The government put forward a series of policies of subsidy to lead the farmers to proper pesticide application and scientific farming. But the effect doesn't turn out as it wished to be because of the backward implementation methods and Stat methods. This research provides a Precision Management method for effectively managing subsidies for agriculture. Based on Non-contact IC card, the authors developed a Precision Management System for agricultural related subsidies management. This system was applied in one center and eleven experiment stores in ChangPing district in Beijing and solved problems like poor instruction for planting, tardy in subsidies providing and inaccurate information of stat during the strawberry growing season. Through this system, farmers can get the subsidies and instruction at the moment they buy agricultural materials, government can obtain the accurate data, and then adjustment the policies in time to get the desired effect.

Web Service with its character of cross-platform and interoperability is widely used. There have accumulated a massive web service in precision agriculture development process. They spread in each corners of the system, and are very hard to be discovered by user. And so far, it still does not have special system for these Web Service indexing and instructions on precision agriculture integration platform. This article starts with the web service of precision agriculture, surveys and studies the UDDI system, puts forward solutions of web service registration center based on the precision agriculture and faced the SOA. The Web service registration center is realized based on J2EE development environment. The basic functions of service discovery and explain is perfected, and the other functions, such as service publication and service management, are realized. At present the system has been put into use in precision agriculture integration platform project, and has played important role on the exchange of service resource information and on the control of services in platform development process. It fully improves the utilization of Web Service.

This paper is about the research on the Learning Algorithm of Algebra Hyper Surface Neutral Network Model (AHSNNM), which is used to construct AHSNNM. AHSNNM is an extension of the simple perceptron model from the summing function. The summing function of AHSNNM is a polynomial in fact. The degree of the polynomial and the coefficient of each term can be obtained easily and rapidly by learning. And the learning algorithm of AHSNNM is a self-adaptive method which determines the most appropriate degree of polynomial by itself. AHSNNM can be used for classification and prediction through choosing different activation function and learning rule. Moreover, for classification the algorithm use a clever method that labels the classes of samples with binary numbers for solving multi-class problem and unifying two-class problem with multi-class problem. The experiment results show that the learning algorithm of AHSNNM is efficient and accurate, and thus AHSNNM can effectively support important decision-making.

At present, irrigation decision-making systems applied to the field of agriculture were mostly aimed at a given area and specific crops. It was difficult to be applied in different areas and different crops. In this paper, a precision irrigation decision-making system has done something to solve this problem. The paper, on the one hand, has synthesized multi-areas and multi-crops in one decision; on the other hand, the key was that it used an advanced design idea, which quickly builds a system by using SOA architecture and fully meets different needs of users based on the maximum reuse of services. The paper arranges services in BPM. First of all, user programmed areas, crop types and the water supply. Secondly, the system selects optimum services from the BPM based on different inputs, and then quickly builds a suitable model. Moreover, it gave precise guidance for crop irrigation processes. The precision irrigation decision support system provides an on-demand decision-making model for agricultural production. Applied results show that, through the test on Xiao Tangshan winter wheat, Da Xing vegetables and rice in central China, the system can quickly build a decision-making model to meet the needs of irrigation for different users. In addition, it shows a good reflection and wide use.

Weeds grow scatteredly in fields, where many insentient objects exist, for example, withered grasses, dry twig and barriers. In order to improve the precision level of spraying, it is important to study green plant detecting technology. The present paper discussed detecting method of green plant by using spectral recognizing technology, because of the real-time feature of spectral recognition. By analyzing the reflectivity difference between each of the two sides of the "red edge" of the spectrum from plants and surrounding environment, green plant discriminat index (GPDI) is defined as the value which equals the reflectivity ratio at the wavelength of 850 nm divided by the reflectivity ratio at the wavelength of 650 nm. The original spectral data of green plants and the background were measured by using the handhold FieldSpec 3 Spectroradiometer manufactured by ASD Inc. in USA. The spectral data were processed to get the reflectivity of each measured objects and to work out the GPDI thereof as well. The classification model of green plant and its background was built up using decision tree method in order to obtain the threshold of GPDI to distinguish green plants and the background. The threshold of GPDI was chosen as 5.54. The detected object was recognized as green plant when it is GPDI>GPDITH, and vice versa. Through another test, the accuracy rate was verified which was 100% by using the threshold. The authors designed and developed the green plant detector based on single chip microcomputer (SCM) "AT89S51" and photodiode "OPT101" to realize detecting green plants from the background. After passing through two optical filters, the center wavelengths of which are 650 and 850 nm respectively, the reflected light from measured targets was detected by two photodiodes and converted into electrical signals. These analog signals were then converted to digital signals via an analog-to-digital converter (ADS7813) after being amplified by a signal amplifier (OP400). The converted digital signal of reflected light was eventually sent to the SCM (AT89S51) and was calculated and processed there. The processing results and the control signals were given out to actuate executive device to open or close the solenoid valve. The test results show that the level of detectivity of the designed detector was affected by the species, size, and density of weeds. The detectivity of broad-leaf species is higher than that of narrow-leaf species. Broad-leaf species are more easily detected than those narrow-leaf ones; the bigger the plants and the denser the leaves are, the higher the level of detectivity is.

Using the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter and nitrate reflectometer to study diagnosis of nitrogen nutrition on the cucumber(Cucumis sativus) in greenhouse.The results showed that fertilization had effect on leaves SPAD values and with a certain amount of nitrogen increases the SPAD values are also increased.The new leaves and mature leaves of the SPAD's the ratio reflects of nitrogen nutritional status.The mature leaves of SPAD values correlation with nitrogen is greater than the new leaves'.Fertilization also affected the nitrate content of petiole.In a certain amount,the nitrate content of petiole increased with the nitrogen.In the fruiting stage,there is a linearly correlate between nitrate content and nitrogen consumption(r=0.960 6).Each additional 1kg of nitrogen fertilizer,nitrate concentrations increase 10-30 mg/kg,late top-dressing is more easy cause the accumulation of nitrate.

Electronic map of farmland is very important for carrying out precision agriculture. However, professional mapping equipments, mapping software and tenchnicists were needed during the cartography. Therefore the surveying and mapping system for farmland using GPS, GPRS and Server GIS was designed and implemented based on service-oriented architecture (SOA). The system consisted of four parts: data layer, component layer, service layer and application layer. The first three parts provided necessary web services of data and function, such as electronic map automatic generation, remote sensing image and mapping results download. The application layer, as the requester to these services, consisted of two parts, the surveying and mapping equipment for farmland based on smartphone and the management system of map data. The former could download high-resolution remote sensing image based on the coordinates of surveying region, upload the data of surveying recorded and display the preliminary mapping results in order to check and correct the results at the scene. The latter provided rapid way to browse, query and download the electronic map of farmland by the web client. The system was applied at the State Precision Agriculture Demonstration Base in Beijing. The results showed that the system was able to achieve fast cartography of farmland which includes fields, facilities and orchards.

Traditional arrangement methods of sampling points were established on the hypothesis that spatial characteristics of soil were random variation. But research results of geo-statistics showed that changes in spatial characteristics of soil were not completely random, soil characteristic status had relevance at spatial. So traditional arrangement methods were used for making sampling plan, those did not reflected local variation.. In this paper, classical statistical methods were used to determine the optimal number of sampling points, and geo-statistics methods, like semivariogram and Kriging methods, were used to determine the optimal arrangement of sampling points based on the analysis on spatial variation of soil fertility characteristics. Spatial variation of soil fertility was analyzed in typical areas. The results showed that 14 soil sampling points were enough to meet the needs of drawing prescription map for precision fertilization in the field of typical. It is a feasible method that classical statistics and geostatistical analysis were combined for optimal arrangement soil fertility sampling.

As the next generation GIS technology, GIS Web service is able to effectively cope with several problems of traditional GIS applications, such as hard to update old systems, lacking of good interoperability and hard to integrate with other systems, etc. This paper studied how to construct a spatial decision support system (SDSS) for precision farming based on GIS Web service. Main components of the system and the decision workflows were discussed in the paper. As examples, precision fertilization and precision irrigation were used to explain key technologies of the SDSS construction based on GIS Web service. The research result shows that GIS Web service is suitable for developing spatial decision support system for precision farming, and GIS Web service based applications has obvious advantages in dealing with problems such as sharing spatial data, software reuse and reducing the cost of system integration.

需求分析是信息系统工程的关键,随着农业信息化的发展,农业信息系统工程的需求定义和分析也逐渐得到重视.该文针对农业软件系统研制中经常发生的需求无法得到准确描述的问题,在农业信息采集平台的研制过程中引入ARIS需求分析建模方法.通过对农业信息采集平台的需求建模,研究了ARIS 5种视图在农业信息系统建模中的应用,采用EPC建立流程模型.最后结合软件研制实例分析了ARIS需求分析建模方法在农业领域应用软件研制中的优势.

Equipments in Agricultural products quality and safety traceability systems should maintain accurate time synchronization to ensure the records of agricultural products are valid and reliable. Based on Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP) and characteristics of traceability system, a low cost, small load and more reliable time synchronous network was designed. The GPS was chosen as clock source and this time synchronization network consist of three layers including central servers, regional time servers and production and sale companies or organizations. The structure of this network can be adjusted flexibly according to the actual situation. The implementation codes of time synchronization server and client were encapsulated as the standalone class library in the form of Dynamic Linking Library, which was combined with available traceability system conveniently. Utilizing this network, the time synchronization precision among equipments in traceability system can reach several tens of millisecond, which meet the requirements of agricultural products quality traceability.

Two approaches of integrated programming based on Component Object Model(COM) are introduced. One utilizes the automation server provided by Matlab. The other compiles the Matlab program written in M scripting language to component by using Matlab COM builder, then invoking it in Visual C#. The usual spatial interpolation algorithm in GIS is implemented by these two approaches. The advantages and defects of them are discussed, and the adaptive application range is suggested. The result is that the COM based methods for integration, which make full use of the two platforms, can speed up software development and improve its performance.

The necessity and feasibility of forest-fire disaster simulation based on GIS technology were discussed in this paper.The details about forest-fire disaster simulation technologies,such as forest-fire disaster environment simulation method,forest-fires spread model and a kind of dynamic fire fighting situation plotting technology,were provided.At the end of the paper,an application which was implemented upon the forest-fire disaster simulation technologies was given,and the implementation mechanism are also been discussed.

Based on Desktop PC, many feed-formula systems have been developed. It is expensive to be widely applied. The regularly users are only some advanced culturists and professional breed technicians. A general purpose PDA-based feed-formula system has been designed and developed. The framework structure and function modules of the system were introduced. The development and operating environment were indicated. An embedded database middleware was designed and implemented in order to promote developing efficiency and decrease its complexity. Two updating ways, storage card updating and network updating, were adopted by this system. To cut down the unnecessary burden of reinstallation and reconFig. of software on users, the automatic installing has been implemented. The system has been compared with those counterparts based on Desktop PC. The result shows that stabile and practical feed-formula system can be developed based on PDA. Characterized by easy to operate, cheap and light to be taken along, this system is very suiTable for the small and medium scale culturists and breed technicians from feed enterprises.