梳理我国环境污染应急处理技术领域的研究进展,对我国突发环境事件应急的技术创新和科学管理具有重要意义.以1995-2020年中国知网数据库为数据源,基于文献计量学分析方法,应用CiteSpace软件对文献特征、研究热点和研究趋势等进行可视化研究.结果表明:我国环境污染应急处理技术领域起步较晚,文献数量不多,研究基础较薄弱,领军人物和核心研究团队还比较缺乏;应急处理技术主要集中在水环境领域,聚类分析发现,应急处理技术研究主要围绕应急监测、技术筛选、活性炭吸附、混凝沉淀等方面开展,关键词聚类时间线显示,未来发展的方向主要是技术筛选、活性炭吸附和应急监测等.

江苏沿海地区处于高速发展期,建设平原水库是保障其水安全的重要措施.平原水库的建设将产生大量土方,对其进行合理的调度平衡分析是减少工程量、降低工程投资的有效手段.陈家港水库土方工程涉及6类区域58个分区,利用统计学中的单纯形法建立数学模型,采用MATLAB软件进行模型函数计算,可以得出土方调度平衡的最优方案.研究结果显示:大中型水库土方平衡是一个复杂的运筹学问题,需综合考虑土方"量"和"质",以求更加合理地利用土方,节省工程投资.

本文介绍以钛金属为基体的二氧化铅阳极材料的改性研究进展,针对钛基体二氧化铅电极氧化技术在催化活性与稳定性上的不足,主要从基体、中间层、表面活性层三个方面的改性研究进行概括总结,包括基体改性、增加电极镀层、掺杂金属元素、离子、氧化物、活性颗粒改性等方法,指出了二氧化铅电极在处理废水和目标污染物降解机制存在的问题,并对其未来的发展方向进行展望.

了解区域水环境承载力未来发展状况,有助于支撑区域生态文明建设.以南京市为研究区域,构建基于社会经济-水资源-水环境复合系统的水环境承载力指标体系,建立区域适用的系统动力学模型,设计未来发展的6种可能情景;在此基础上,将遗传算法用于投影寻踪优化,构建遗传投影寻踪方法,预测2017—2030年不同发展方案下的水环境承载力.结果表明:2017—2030年各方案下南京市水环境承载力均呈上升趋势,各方案对水环境承载力的提升效果表现为综合方案(30.1％)>节水方案(28.5％)>水污染治理方案(24.2％)>经济优化方案(24.0％)>原始方案(21.3％)>人口增长方案(12.5％).原始方案中水环境承载力稳步提升,2027年开始超过Ⅰ级,即在现状发展模式下,南京市社会经济发展的规模处于水环境承载力可支撑的规模范围内;综合方案下,水环境承载力最快达到Ⅰ级;人口增长方案下,水环境承载力发展水平显著受阻,在预测期内始终未达到Ⅰ级.南京市若采取人口增长、经济优化、水资源节约与水污染治理协同发展模式,其水环境承载力将会快速提升.

In this study, an anammox reactor was restarted up with used anammox biofilm stuffing which had lay idle for 12 months. Recovery of the biological activity, nitrogen removal and microbial community structure of the reactor were investigated.+-During 200 days of the restart-up period, concentrations of NH4-N and NO2-N increased from 50 mg/L to 70 mg/L, and hydraulic+-retention time (HRT) was shortened from 12 h to 4 h gradually. The results indicated that the removal rate of NH4-N and NO2-N in the later period reached to over 80% and 95% respectively. During the stable period between 170 and 200 d, the average nitrogen 3removal load was 0.71 ± 0.15 kg/(m·d). In addition, high-throughput sequencing technology was employed to analyze the change of microbial communities during the restart-up. Relative abundance ofPlanctomyctes species on the packing biofilms increased from 13.7% to 36.0% and therefore the species became the dominant.

Two-stage anoxic/oxic combined membrane bioreactor (A/O-A/O-MBR) process was used to treat leachate generated from Shenyang Laohuchong landfill, and the effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) was studied. A long HRT of 9 d and a short HRT of 5 d showed negative effect on the stability of process, resulting in a higher organic concentration of effluent than that with a HRT of 7 d, while the highest removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia (NH4+-N) and total nitrogen (TN) were achieved with a HRT of 7 d, which was 82.4%, 99.1% and 75.3% respectively. The analysis of microbial communities by high-throughput sequencing showed that phyla Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were the dominant bacteria, which accounted for 36.63-42.39%, 29.21-38.66%, respectively. For genus classification, the most representative of Ferruginibacter, unclassified-Saprospiraceae and Nitrosomonas accounted for 20.76-35.11% totally. The other communities, including Nitrobacter, Planctomyces, Rhodobacteraceae and Nitrospirae, were also developed for organic degradation and denitrification.

The simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance of the Johannesburg-Sulfur autotrophic denitrification (JHB-SAD) system was investigated in this study. The results showed that the JHB-SAD system achieved maximum removal efficiencies of 86.5, 96.0, 96.4 and 90.7% for COD, TN, NH4+-N and TP, respectively, with average effluent concentrations of 27.7, 1.26, 0.99 and 0.18 mg L-1, respectively. These results indicate that the nutrients could be almost completely removed by the JHB-SAD system if NH4+-N was sufficiently oxidized and that the JHB-SAD system could be a promising alternative to remove nutrients from municipal wastewater with a low COD/TN ratio. Meanwhile, bacterial communities in the JHB-SAD system were investigated using high-throughput sequencing technology. Taxonomic analysis found that 8 abundant phyla in the JHB-SAD system accounted for 86.8-91.1% of the total effective sequences, which were Proteobacteria (34.7-57.5%), Bacteroidetes (11.7-23.4%), Planctomycetes (8.71-20.1%), Chloroflexi (3.08-9.42%), Firmicutes (1.83-3.00%), Verrucomicrobia (0.41-1.81%), Gemmatimonadetes (0.44-1.27%) and Chlorobi (0.30-1.05%). In addition, redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the phyla Bacteroidetes, Chlorobi, and Firmicutes were related to COD, NH4+-N concentration and COD removal, and the phyla Gemmatimonadetes and Chloroflexi were related to the SO(4)(2-)concentration in the SAD reactor due to autotrophic denitrification.

以Cu2+-黄连素混合体系的含铜制药废水为研究对象,考察3种离子交换树脂(D152、D113和D401)对含铜废水中Cu2+和黄连素的吸附性能并对树脂进行了筛选,对D401树脂进行了吸附动力学和吸附热力学拟合分析,同时考察该树脂在黄连素竞争吸附影响下对Cu2+的去除效果.最后,在静态试验基础上开展了动态试验,考察D401树脂柱在3种流速[1、2和5 BV(柱体积)/h]下,进样量为l～20 BV时出水的Cu2和黄连素浓度.结果表明:D401树脂的比吸附量随温度升高而增加,随树脂投加量的增加而降低;该树脂在较宽的pH范围内对Cu2具有很好的选择吸附性,pH为5.0是最佳吸附条件,此时比吸附量可达39.87 mg/g.吸附过程可以通过Langmuir吸附等温线和伪二级动力学模型进行描述.动态试验中,树脂柱在1 BV/h的流速下,对Cu2+有较好的去除效果;在3种流速条件下,对黄连素的吸附率均较低,进一步验证了该型树脂对Cu2+具有很好的选择吸附性.

以制药园区尾水中常见的苯酚及邻苯二甲酸二丁酯为研究对象,在以葡萄糖、醋酸钠、邻苯二甲酸二氢钾为共代谢基质的条件下,研究A2O工艺处理模拟废水中这2种有机污染物的降解效果.结果表明,以葡萄糖、醋酸钠、邻苯二甲酸二氢钾为共代谢基质时,苯酚的平均去除率分别为86.6％,97.3％,88.7％.邻苯二甲酸二丁酯在3种共代谢基质条件下,平均去除率均在99.5％以上,去除率均较高且无明显差距.通过高通量测序技术检测分析了污泥细菌群落结构,污泥中细菌群落主要类群为变形茵门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)细菌,其中变形茵门(Proteobacteria)为优势类群.

A novel system integrating Johannesburg (JHB) and sulfur autotrophic denitrification (SAD) process was proposed with the purpose of efficient removal of organic matter and nitrogen when treating low COD/TN ratio municipal wastewater. The characteristics and fate of dissolved organic matter in the Johannesburg-Sulfur autotrophic denitrification (JHB-SAD) system were investigated using excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy with a parallel factor analysis. Three components were identified including tryptophan-like (component C-1), tyrosine-like (component C-2), and fulvic-like (component C-3) materials. The tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like materials, which were more abundant than fulvic-like materials, were the dominant components of the raw municipal wastewater in Shenyang North Wastewater Treatment Plant. In the JHB-SAD system, the tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like materials were more efficiently removed than the fulvic-like materials, and the removal efficiencies of the three components were 80.8% (tryptophan-like materials), 72.5% (tyrosine-like materials), and 33.4% (fulvic-like materials), respectively. Furthermore, the removal performance of the three components varied in the different zones of the JHB-SAD system. The tryptophan-like and fulvic-like materials were removed in the pre-anoxic, anaerobic, and aerobic zones. The tyrosine-like materials were mainly degraded in the anoxic and aerobic zones; then, they were released by the bacteria in the SAD reactor. In addition, the tryptophan-like materials had a very significant positive linear correlation with the concentrations of soluble chemical oxygen demand.

利用荧光区域积分结合物料、平衡计算及多元直接梯度分析,考察强化除磷-硫自养系统对低COD/TN比市政污水中有机物、氮和磷污染物的去除特性结果表明,在进水COD/TN比为4.5～6.0的条件下,强化除磷硫自养系统出水中的TN、NH4+_N和TP浓度分别降至1.31、1.11和0.23mg/L,其去除率分别达到了96.3％、96.0％和86.9％.强化除磷-硫白养系统对荧光区域Ⅰ～Ⅴ标准积分体积的去除率分别为73.7％、64.3％、50.6％、61.3％和28.1％.物料平衡计算表明,非曝气区对荧光[区域Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅳ的物质有明显的去除效果;好氧区对荧光区域Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ的物质有明显的去除效果.多元直接梯度分析表明,磷的释放过程可能与溶解性微生物代谢产物荧光区中的有机物相关,而自养的硝化反应、吸磷过程和有机物的去除可在好氧区达到统一.

In order to guarantee the running effect of Guodian Shenyang North Wastewater Treatment Plant, based on excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence regional integration (FRI) and material balance are used to evaluate the dissolved organic matter removal performance of modified A2O process. The results suggest that the albuminoid matters are the dominant components in modified A2O process influent, and there is small amount of fulvic-like materials. The removal efficiencies of the normalized integral volume of region Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅳ are 81.5%, 54.0% and 63.4%, respectively, while the removal performance of normalized integral volume of region Ⅲ and Ⅴ is low, and the removal efficiencies are 30.2%, 27.8%, respectively. The calculation of material balance shows that pre-anoxic and anaerobic zones are mainly used for the material removal in the region Ⅰ and Ⅳ. Anoxic zone is mainly used for material removal in the region Ⅰ. Aerobic zone could remove material in all regions. In addition, normalized integral volume of region Ⅳ and the soluble chemical oxygen demand have nice linear correlation, and the correlation coefficient R2 is 0.991 1. The normalized integral volume of region Ⅳ can better reflect the variation trend of soluble chemical oxygen demand in modified A2O process.

Based on the 200 000 t∕d Shenyang Degremont Anoxic Oxic process ( SDAO ) of Guodian Shenyang North Wastewater Treatment Plant, the primary settling tank and the sludge recovery zone in SDAO process were transformed to anaerobic zone and pre-anoxic zone in modified A2 O process. The pollutants removal performances of the modified A2 O process were investigated. The results showed that the modified A2 O process effluent of TN, NH4+-N, TP and CODCr was 11. 8, 1. 34, 0. 17 and 31. 7 mg∕L, when influent temperature, CODCr∕TN ratio, CODCr, TN and TP were around (12. 2 ± 0. 5)℃, 4. 0-6. 0, 200 mg∕L, 35. 9 mg∕L and 3. 05 mg∕L with adding sodium acetate ( CODCr of 50 mg∕L) . Modified A2 O process removal performance of CODCr and NH4+-N was similar to SDAO process. However, TN removal ratio in the modified A2 O process could increase from 35. 5% to 67. 8%compared with the SDAO process. Moreover, TP removal ratio in the modified A2 O process could increase to 94. 3% by contrast with incompetent TP removal performance of SDAO process. In the condition without reconstruction of pre-anoxic zone and anaerobic zone, the upgrade was able to enhance nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance obviously.

A novel system integrating Johannesburg (JHB) and sulfur autotrophic denitrification (SAD) process was proposed to enhance nitrogen removal in treating low COD/TN ratio (COD 129 mg/L, TN 29 mg/L on average) municipal wastewater at low temperature (12.2 ± 0.5 °C). The results showed that under an HRT of 11.3 h, the JHB process effluent COD, TN, and NH\( _{4}^{ + } \)–N were 32, 13.8, and 1.6 mg/L on average, respectively. Since NO\( _{3}^{ - } \)–N was the prominent compound of TN (average 80.6 %) and COD was low in JHB effluent, the SAD process utilized sulfur granule as electron donor for autotrophic denitrification was employed to remove the rest NO\( _{3}^{ - } \)–N of the JHB process. In JHB-SAD system, heterotrophic denitrification cooperated with autotrophic denitrification to enhance nitrogen removal. It was found that 87.0 % JHB effluent nitrogen was removed by SAD process under the most efficient nominal hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 0.32 h. The SAD process effluent of COD, TN, and NH\( _{4}^{ + } \)–N were 21, 1.8, and 1.0 mg/L, respectively. Most importantly, the JHB-SAD system could achieve complete nitrogen removal theoretically as long as the NH\( _{4}^{ + } \)–N was sufficiently oxidized. The nitrogen removal performance of JHB-SAD system is attractive in treating low COD/TN ratio municipal wastewater at low temperature. Moreover, SAD process was well adapted for limited space because of the efficient NO\( _{3}^{ - } \)–N removal, which was propitious to upgrade wastewater treatment plant.