The Landsat program has provided an unparalleled record of Earth observations for nearly four decades, offering a unique long-term, global perspective on inland water quality. The advent of Google Earth Engine (GEE) - based platforms has transformed aquatic remote sensing by enabling large-scale and long-term analyses that were previously infeasible due to limitations in data access and computational capacity. Despite this advance, the atmospherically corrected data officially available on GEE, i.e., the Landsat surface reflectance products (SR), were primarily developed for terrestrial applications, raising concerns about their suitability for aquatic studies. In this work, we systematically evaluated SR over global inland waters and identified two major limitations. (1) artifacts from aerosol overcorrection were widespread and appeared as unphysical remote sensing reflectance (R-rs) with persistently negative values in the coastal aerosol band (CA, 443 nm). Globally, up to 13.00% of water pixels were affected, and errors introduced to downstream products such as suspended particulate matter may exceed 100%. (2) cross-sensor inconsistencies in SR due to differences in atmospheric correction (AC) were pronounced, with median symmetric accuracy (MdSA) up to 443.86%. To obtain accurate cloud-based R-rs products, we further evaluated two alternative AC processors available in GEE: Sensor Invariant Atmospheric Correction (SIAC) and Modified Atmospheric Correction for INland waters (MAIN). Our findings indicated that MAIN, which employs a black-pixel assumption in the shortwave infrared, offers a more robust option with reliable spatial pattern and consistent series R-rs. Alternatively, this study proposes the following practical solutions: when utilizing SR datasets, applying a CA < 0 criterion is recommended as a fundamental preprocessing step to identify artifact-contaminated pixels. Such a method provides an effective means of artifacts detection, but it also results in the loss of valid data. These findings emphasize the importance of incorporating water-specific AC into cloud platforms to advance large-scale and long-term aquatic remote sensing and realize the new paradigm enabled by Landsat and GEE.

Gravity field matching navigation achieves high positioning accuracy only within the adaptation region, and thus determining the adaptation region is crucial for the success of gravity field matching navigation. The gravity field consists of multiple components, reflecting variation of the gravity field signals from distinct perspectives. Consequently, the adaptation regions of different gravity field components are, in theory, different. To investigate the differences, this study adopts principal component analysis and a weighted average normalization method, combined with maximum interclass variance method, to comprehensively evaluate four gravity field characteristic parameters. The study derives and analyzes the differences in the matching regions among vertical deflections, gravity anomaly, and full tensor of gravity gradients, while also investigating the underlying causes of these variations. The results show that the matching areas of distinct gravity field components are indeed different; and the matching areas of the gravity gradients are all larger than that of the gravity anomaly. Among gravity gradients, T-xy has the largest matching region in the study area, followed by T-xz; the matching area of xi exceeds that of eta. Furthermore, correlation analysis with respect to water depth reveals that the matching area primarily concentrates in regions characterized by significant changes in terrain. Notably, within the same range of water depth, the matching capabilities of various gravity field components differ. Additionally, this study reveals that maximizing the utilization of each gravity field component enhances the extent of the adaptation area.

Satellite remote sensing is an important approach for monitoring lake water environments. However, in regions with frequent cloud and rainfall, optical remote sensing imagery often suffers from extensive data gaps caused by cloud cover, rainfall, and sun glint, which severely limit its continuity and reliability for long-term monitoring. To address this issue, this study uses Lake Taihu—a typical eutrophic lake located in a cloudy and rainy region—as a case study and systematically compares four representative gap-filling methods: Kriging Interpolation, Savitzky–Golay (SG) Filtering, Data Interpolating Empirical Orthogonal Functions (DINEOF), and the Data Interpolating Convolutional Auto Encoder (DINCAE). The results show that traditional methods retain some accuracy under low missing-data conditions (for Kriging: R = 0.84, RMSE = 7.85 μg/L; for SG Filtering: R = 0.88, RMSE = 6.67 μg/L), but tend to produce over-smoothing or distorted estimations in cases of extensive gaps or highly dynamic environments. In contrast, both DINEOF and DINCAE capture the spatiotemporal variability of chlorophyll-a more effectively, maintaining relatively high accuracy and robustness even when the missing rate exceeds 60% (for DINEOF: R = 0.84, RMSE = 6.91 μg/L; for DINCAE: R = 0.79, RMSE = 8 μg/L). Based on the optimal algorithm, a seamless long-term dataset of chlorophyll-a concentration covering Lake Taihu can be constructed, providing a solid data foundation for eutrophication trend analysis and algal bloom early warning. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of integrating statistical and deep learning approaches for lake water color remote sensing data reconstruction, offering important implications for enhancing continuous monitoring of lake water environments and supporting ecological management decisions.

Valuable trace elements in coal can contribute critical geological insights into the formation and evolution processes of coal-bearing basins and the development characteristics of strata. The migration and enrichment mechanism are a key scientific issue in solving the mineralization of coal-bearing metal minerals. The migration and occurrence patterns of valuable trace elements during thermal evolution are extremely complex, so it is particularly crucial to comprehend the migration mechanism of trace elements in coal seams. Taking low-rank bituminous coal in Hedong coalfield as the research object, hydrous thermal simulation experiments with a large water volume and a large sample volume (1.5 mL water: 1 mL coal) were conducted in the range of 250 degrees C similar to 550 degrees C (interval of 50 degrees C) to systematically explore the migration and enrichment behavior of valuable trace elements under varying temperatures. The results show the following: 1) The content of Al in clay minerals changes more with the increase in temperature than that of Si in quartz. Ca and P, associated with organic matter, readily migrate into gaseous or liquid products, and Mg and Fe coexist in sulfate minerals. 2) At 250 degrees C similar to 400 degrees C, temperature is the dominant factor, where Ga, V, Hf, Zr, Th, and REY combined with organic matter are released with volatile matter and migrate into gaseous and water products. At 450 degrees C similar to 550 degrees C, temperature and water jointly influence the dissolution and migration of trace elements in certain minerals. 3) The enrichment and volatilization rates of Li in aluminosilicate minerals are different from those of other valuable metal elements associated with organic matter. 4) Trace element content prediction models based on the random forest algorithm effectively estimate the contents of Li, V, Sr, Th, Zr, and REY, although the accuracy of the predictive model is limited by the quality of the dataset. Hydrous thermal simulation experiments revealed the occurrence and migration mechanism of valuable trace elements, providing a theoretical basis for the exploration and efficient development of key metal resources in coal-bearing minerals, which has important practical value for improving the comprehensive utilization of coal resources.

Monitoring coarse-grained sediment is essential for managing riverbed stability, flood capacity, and ecological resilience in the Yellow River, where high sediment loads originate from the erosion-prone Loess Plateau. Although large-scale ecological restoration has been implemented since the 1980s, its long-term impact on sediment grain-size dynamics remains unclear due to limited field observations. This study developed a duallayer random forest model that synergizes Landsat satellites reflectance (1986-2022) with multi-scale watershed attributes (hydrological information, vegetation coverage, erosion susceptibility) to remotely quantify particle size distribution (PSD) of suspended sediment. The model achieved high precision (root mean square error: 2.94-4.82 %; mean absolute percentage difference: 13.44-19.87 %), enabling the first basin-wide PSD reconstruction. Key findings reveal: (1) Medium-sized particles (0.01-0.05 mm) dominated the mainstream (63.96 %), while coarse (>0.05 mm, 67.80 %) and fine particles (<0.01 mm, 25.70 %) were concentrated in the Fen and Wei Rivers, respectively; (2) Median grain size decreased by 7.25 % during the 1980s-2020s, reflecting the cumulative effects of ecological restoration, though localized coarsening (1.27, 2.39 and 2.61 %) occurred in the Huangshui, Wei, and Jing Rivers; and (3) Vegetation expansion (8.50-51.23 %) and urbanization (impervious surfaces (12.90-17.04 %)) drove particle fining, while increased wind/water erosion increased the proportion of coarse particle. This study fills a critical gap in monitoring suspended particle size dynamics and provides a scalable framework for evaluating ecological restoration outcomes and informing suspended sediment management in large, sediment-rich watersheds.

A high geo-stress environment severely damages tunnel structures owing to the large deformation of the surrounding rock, thereby threatening their safety. In this study, the Wushaoling highway tunnel group, which passes through a high geo-stress environment, is investigated as a case study. The spatial distribution of different types of tunnel cracks is analyzed based on the site observations. The lining crack variations, such as circumferential and longitudinal cracks, with the factors including grade of the surrounding rock, location of buried depth, and design type of the tunnel lining are investigated. Various structural reinforcement technologies are presented based on the damage degrees of the tunnel linings. Several finite element models of supporting structures are established to reveal the mechanism of tunnel crack control technology. The results show that longitudinal and circumferential cracks are the main characteristics of tunnel lining damage in high geo-stress environments, accounting for approximately 29.4 and 53.2% of the total cracks, respectively. SIVb-, SVc-, and SVd-type linings show numerous longitudinal cracks per kilometer. The longitudinal cracks appear primarily on the tunnel crown and hance. In terms of the lining support types in Grade V surrounding rocks, the number of longitudinal cracks per kilometer increases with the lining grade. The number of tunnel cracks per kilometer tends to increase with the buried depth. Four tunnel structure reinforcement treatment measurements for lining cracks in high geo-stress condition were innovatively proposed, which were proved effective in deformation controlling and strengthening the tunnel lining using numerical investigation. The key contribution of this research is to reveal the characteristics and evolution mechanism of tunnel lining cracks in high geo-stress condition, and provide effective treatments for the tunnel lining cracks. In addition, the findings from the study on the tunnel lining cracks also provide industry practitioners with a comprehensive guide regarding the characteristics and control techniques of the tunnel lining cracks, which can serve as a steppingstone to facilitate the construction technology development of the transportation industry.

Yellow River is famous for its exceptionally higher suspended sediment concentrations (SSC), displaying significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity across diverse sections. Although SSC monitoring of the Yellow River and some of its tributaries has been achieved using Landsat data, it remains unclear whether the inclusion of higher spatial resolution satellites can expand the spatiotemporal monitoring capabilities for the Yellow River and most of its tributaries. In this study, we employed Sentinel-2 imagery, offering superior spatiotemporal resolution, to develop a higher-accurate SSC model and quantitatively evaluated its potential to improve the spatiotemporal coverage of SSC monitoring compared to Landsat satellites. For the Yellow River in the Loess Plateau, the optimized Sentinel-2 model exhibited superior accuracy, achieving R2 = 0.91, root mean square error of 728.76 mg/L, and unbiased percentage difference of 16.75%. Notably, distinct SSC distribution differences were observed across different rivers, indicating significant spatial heterogeneity (SSC: 0.58 - 3.01 x 105 mg/L). Moreover, Sentinel-2 showed a significant increase in observation frequency and spatial coverage (204.08% and 107.15%, respectively) compared to Landsat. An additional 35.29% increase in observation frequency was achieved through the combined satellite observation method. Furthermore, based on river width statistics, we found that upgrading the spatial resolution from 10 m to 1 m enhanced the coverage of observable river segments in the Loess Plateau by approximately 47.96%, and by about 50.56% globally. This study established a crucial scientific foundation for integrating Sentinel-2 and Landsat, enabling finer-scale monitoring and management of river sediment.

Study region: the Yellow River (YR) in China. Study focus: Due to climate change and human activities, YR channel morphology has undergone significant spatiotemporal variations. Yet, a comprehensive understanding of channel migration in YR and its driving factors remains unclear. Here, we developed a multi-index water extraction method to track the changes in surface water and river channel migration of YR based on Landsat imagery since the 1980s. New hydrological insights for the region: We find that the average surface water area of YR over the past four decades is 4013 km2, with 73.5 % of permanent surface water. Notably, the surface water extent has experienced a 9 % increase since the 1980s, while the river channel has undergone a 12.2 % decrease. The YR channel's centerline exhibits diverse change patterns across the entire basin, which can be broadly categorized into six types ranging from unchanged to reverse migration. We identify that climate, particularly temperature and precipitation, contributed 71 % of channel changes in the upper reaches, while 65 % of changes in the lower reaches are from human activities, including reservoir operations and water management policies. Our results unveil the variations in water extent and channel migration of the YR, offering new insights into the interactions between channel migration and climate change and human activities in the YR over the past four decades.

The Yellow River is globally recognized for its significant sediment load, primarily attributed to its passage through the Loess Plateau. Notably, effective soil erosion control measures have led to a substantial decrease in sediment transport since the 1950s. However, a lack of comprehensive and detailed data impedes understanding of long-term spatiotemporal changes in suspended sediment concentration (SSC). To address this gap, this study utilizes in-situ daily data from 12 hydrological stations (SSC range: 0.41-1.08 x 10(6) mg/L) to develop a high-precision SSC model for Landsat series sensors (R-2 > 0.86, root mean square error (RMSE) < 1105.74 mg/L, and mean absolute percent difference (MAPD) < 39.67%). Significant spatial variabilities in SSC are observed within the Yellow River and its main tributaries. Temporally, 97.39% of the investigated river sections (N = 480) exhibited a decreasing trend from 1986 to 2022, of which 50% are statistically significant (p < 0.05). Generally, the SSC was higher in summer and fall (2998.16 mg/L) with higher water discharge compared to winter and spring (1126.25 mg/L), although the seasonal variability weakened during the 1980s-2020s. Analysis of suspended sediment flux identified the Huangfu, Kuye, and Fen Rivers as major sediment sources for the Yellow River, while suspended sediment deposition/erosion varies across different sections. Driver analyses revealed that human sediment control projects are the primary contributors to the decrease in SSC, whereas natural factors predominantly influence intra-annual SSC variability across different years. This study is important for understanding the spatiotemporal variations in SSC within the Yellow River and its tributaries, monitoring sediment transport dynamics in global rivers and providing scientific references for watershed ecology and water resource management.

The self-developed TRTP-2000 high temperature and high pressure deformation experimental system was used to carry out the coal body deformation experiment under the sub-high temperature and high pressure deformation conditions. There are typical brittle and ductile deformation points in the domain for macromolecular structure analysis. The results show that with the decrease of the strain rate, the ductile deformation phenomenon in the sample gradually develops significantly, which further promotes the increase of secondary structural defects and the further increase of the disorder degree of the molecular structure; the brittle deformation is caused by the coupling effect of mechanochemistry and frictional heat energy. However, the oxygen-containing functional groups and side chains of the coal macromolecules are broken and detached, resulting in an increase in disorder and secondary structural defects; the ductile deformation acts on the coal macromolecular structure through the continuous accumulation of strain energy, which is caused by the difference in the strain rate. Deformation time changes. The ductile deformation at high strain rate (>= 1 x 10(-6)) leads to an increase in the total amount of aromatic carbon, a decrease in the disorder of the molecular structure, and a relative reduction in secondary structural defects; the deformation effect at a low strain rate (=2 x 10(-7)) During the process, there is sufficient time to accumulate a large amount of strain energy, which leads to the slip of aromatic lamellae dislocations, and the accumulation of a large amount of dislocation energy leads to the disintegration of the aromatic ring, the relative reduction of the total amount of aromatic carbon, and the increase of secondary structural defects.

The West Kunlun Orogenic Belt (W-KOB) in the northwestern Tibetan Plateau retains critical information about the tectonic evolution of the Proto-and Paleo-Tethys during the Early Paleozoic to Mesozoic. Although a trench -arc-back arc basin model was used to address the tectonic evolution of Proto-Tethys, records about the evolution of this ocean basin remain ambiguous, particularly no studies about ages and tectonic affinities of ophiolites in the W-KOB are available. In this paper, we present new results on whole-rock elemental and Sr-Nd isotopic composition of basalts, and U-Pb zircon ages of gabbro, diabase and basalt from the Subashi ophiolite. The basalts are characterized by low REE concentrations, depleted LREEs in the chondrite normalized REE patterns, and unfractionated HFSEs in the primitive mantle normalized trace element spider diagrams, resembling normal mid-ocean ridge basalts. They have constant Sr-87/Sr-86(i) values of 0.70472-0.70590 and positive epsilon(Nd) values of +7.5 to +7.9. Accordingly, it can be concluded that the Subashi ophiolite was derived from a depleted spinel lherzolite mantle source in a mid-ocean ridge setting. Zircon grains separated from basalt, diabase and gabbro have Pb-206/U-238 ages of 455 +/- 4 Ma, 451 +/- 6 Ma, and 446 +/- 6 Ma, respectively, which are taken to be the crystallization ages of these rocks. Together with previously published data, our new data propose that the Mazha-Kangxiwa-Subashi ophiolitic melange zone marks the existence of the Proto-Tethys ocean basin during the Early Paleozoic.

Lead-zinc ore deposits hosted by carbonatic strata are the most important ore type of Pb–Zn resources in South China and have long been studied. Although their metallogenic timing has been well constrained recently to the Caledonian, our understanding of the metal sources and mineralization mechanism remains controversial. This study aims to provide new insights to these contexts via a new Pb isotope tracing of the Xiangshuidong deposit in the western Hunan Province. The Xiangshuidong deposit is one of the typical deposits in the Huayuan-Tongren Pb–Zn ore-concentrated area in South China. Both ore-forming sulfides and carbonates of the host strata were analyzed by in situ analysis using MC-LA-ICPMS. Along with compiled data of other typical deposits of the same type in South China, it is revealed that: the ore-forming sulfides were distinctively different from the carbonates of the host strata in Pb isotopic signatures; the ore-forming metals were sourced mainly by regional high-grade crystalline basements, rather than host rocks or adjacent strata; the ores display metallogenic characteristics typical of Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) Pb–Zn deposits, rather than reworked sedimentary deposits. A metallogenic model for the Caledonian Pb–Zn ores is accordingly proposed and a new guidance on further ore exploration is suggested.

Potassic rocks from the Wudalianchi field are considered by some authors as derivatives of the mantle transition layer. However, this opinion is contradicted by the contrasting component composition of melts erupted in different volcanoes. From data of lead isotope compositions, the initial eruptions of lava flows 2.5–2.0 Ma ago were derived from the lithospheric Laoshantou and Gelaqiu model sources of about 1.88 Ga, while subsequent eruptions were derived from the Wohu source of about 0.15 Ga and the recent Molabu source (Rasskazov et al., 2020). Detailed sampling of volcanoes yielded geochemical evidence on both the individualization of sources beneath volcanoes and mixing of melts from contrasting sources. We present evidence on mixing of melts from the Gelaqiu, Wuhu, and Molabu sources beneath the Jiaodebushan Volcano and partial similarity of rock components from this volcano to material erupted in the Xiaogushan Volcano. This work is supported by the RSF grant 18-77-10027. Rasskazov S., Sun Y-M., Chuvashova I., Yasnygina T., Yang C., Xie Z., Saranina E., Gerasimov N., Vladimirova T. Trace-element and Pb isotope evidence on extracting sulfides from potassic melts beneath Longmenshan and Molabushan volcanoes, Wudalianchi, Northeast China. Minerals. 2020. V. 10: 319; doi:10.3390/min10040319

Abstract Most sedimentary basins in China have undergone multi-stage tectonic evolution. This paper takes the eastern Sichuan region as the research object and relies on modern geological research methods to systematically study the basin’s dynamic characteristics and tectonic evolution process in the eastern Sichuan region. The results show that the tectonic squeezing of SW and NW from the Daba Mountain orogenic belt and the Jiangnan-Xuefeng Mountain orogenic belt, respectively, make eastern Sichuan a complex structural interference zone that is both combined and compounded. The eastern Sichuan NE and NW structural combinations The type clearly records the structural transformation effect of the two. The history of tectonic evolution since the Middle Paleozoic in the eastern Sichuan Basin is divided into five phases: the deposition of source rocks of the Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in the Caledonian Period and the parallel unconformity contact with the overlying strata caused by the end of Silurian tectonic compression; Haixi The tectonic transformation of the Early-Indochina period is mainly manifested by the inheritance of the Caledonian period, and the interaction between the Devonian-Early Carboniferous strata and the early Indosinian marine facies and terrestrial sediments is lacking, and the fold deformation in the region is weak. In the early period, a series of NE-directional faults formed mainly in the eastern Sichuan region during the NNW-SSE compression. In the late Yanshan-Early Himalayan period, the NNW-SSE ~ NWW-SEE compression became stronger than in the early Yanshan period, and the eastern NE NE-boundary faults formed. In the late Himalayan period, NE-SW was squeezed. The Wujiang fault system at the border of the southeast of Sichuan was mainly formed during this period, and the southern strata were obviously transformed by this period.

The Western Kunlun orogenic belt (WKOB) located south of the Tarim Basin and the north-western margin of the Tibetan Plateau, was previously considered a complex orogenic belt that closed along the Kudi-Qimanyute suture zone (KQSZ) and Mazar-Kangxiwar suture zone (MKSZ) from north to south during Proto- and Paleo-Tethys. The MKSZ between the South Kunlun and Tianshuihai terranes was interpreted as the southern boundary of the WKOB that formed during the subduction of the Paleo-Tethys oceanic crust. However, the evolution of the MKSZ in the Proto-Tethys Ocean remains controversial. We newly recognized seamount formation with pillow basalts and carbonate cap from Dongguashan group on Tianshuihai terrane. The pillow basalts had geochemical features of typical oceanic island basalts (OIBs). Zircon U-Pb dating revealed that this basalt had a crystallization age of 465 +/- 6.6 Ma, with a gap of more than 10 Ma between the pillow basalts and fossils in the seamount. This implied that the basalt base reached the carbonate compensation depth. Accordingly, the seamount depositional age was restricted to the Late Ordovician. Detrital zircon showed that part of the clastic unit at the top of the Dongguashan group originated from the South Kunlun and Tianshuihai terranes, suggesting that the analysed sediments probably formed in the remnant of the Proto-Tethys Ocean and were deposited on the top of or accreted into the seamount during oceanic crust subduction. This discovery provides robust evidence of the MKSZ undergoing an evolution with Proto-Tethys. Moreover, our results supported the approach that an accretionary wedge, including the Late Ordovician seamount in the southern MKSZ, should be considered part the WKOB.

West kunlun area have a new discovery of iron ore in Early Carboniferous on Tianshuihai block, the ore body is located near the anticlinal core of south the Aketahe river in the top of pasi group limestone formation. The element of Fe and Ti in ore reach the industrial grade and the ore quality is stable, which has high economic value. The discovery of iron ore containing titanium has enriched the deposit types of the west kunlun area, and it has a great significance for the study of regional metallogenic regularity and the breakthrough of prospecting.

In this paper, carry out a comprehensive study of remote sensing for skarn-type iron deposit in the Yemaquan hutouya area of east Kunlun by the use of the high resolution remote sensing data as Worldview2 etc and Aster data. In the development characteristics of high resolution remote sensing images, remote sensing abnormal mineralization information comprehensive analysis and research, to establish the zone of skarn type polymetallic deposit in remote sensing prospecting ore model, and use the model of mineralization in the study area location of in-depth and meticulous research, delineating the preferable ore finding area, prospecting provides a valuable clues for further prospecting region.

This paper reports an integrated study of in situ U-Pb geochronology and elemental geochemistry of zircons from the Xianglushan iron-polymetallic deposit in western Guizhou Province, Southwest China. Genetic relationship between this new type of deposit and unroofing of the Emeishan large igneous province (ELIP) is focused. Along with the zoning pattern in spatial distribution of diverse weathering-related deposits along the southern and southeastern margins of the ELIP, it is suggested that the genesis of the iron-polymetallic deposit was specialized by factors of coastal paleogeography in hot-humid climate, where iron-enriched laterites formed, and repetitive marine transgression-regression occurred during the Late Permian.

Purpose: To investigate the safety and efficacy of high-power holmium laser (70 W) in percutaneous nephrolithotripsy (PCNL) for large staghorn calculi. Materials and Methods: From December 2004 to March 2008, 438 consecutive patients (456 renal units) with large staghorn stones (diameter ≥4 cm) underwent PCNL with a pulsed holmium:YAG laser using a 1000-μm end-firing optical fiber. For the first 106 patients, a 30 W (3.0 J/pulse and 10 pulse/s) holmium:YAG laser was used for the management of renal stones, whereas for the other 332 patients (Group B), the laser power was set at 3.5 J/pulse with a frequency of 20 pulses/s. For stones in a calyx that were visible with a nephroscope, but unreachable with laser during lithotripsy, the renal mucosa of the calyx was split with 100 W holmium laser to further fragment the stones. Moreover, a porcine mode for the safety of high-power holmium laser was developed. Results: The average stone size was 5.6±0.8 cm in Group A and 5.8±0.8 cm in Group B. All of the patients in both groups had successful PCNLs. The average lithotripsy time in Group B was significantly shorter than that in Group A (44+11.5 minutes vs. 69±14.8 minutes, p>0.05). No patient had a severe complication. In addition, a total of 39 patients underwent calyx splitting, and no hemorrhage happened during and after operation. For patients undergoing 70 W high-power holmium laser, the GFR of operated kidney re-examined 6 months after operation improved greatly after operation than before (45.12 vs. 31.91 mL/min, p>0.05). Pathological evaluation of porcine kidneys exposed to laser firing showed no renal damage of high-power holmium laser. Conclusions: The high-power holmium:YAG laser enhances the lithotripsy efficacy by vaporizing and bursting the renal stone quickly and reduces the lithotripsy time significantly. The high-power holmium:YAG laser percutaneous nephrolithotomy is an effective and safe treatment for patients with large renal stones. No competing financial interests exist. Runtime of video: 3 mins X. Gao, T. Zhou and C. Yang have contributed equally to this work.

To better understand the relationship between micro-structures and coalbed methane(CBM), characterisation methods including microscopic photometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury porosimetry, nitrogen adsorption at 77K and methane isothermal adsorption were introduced into investigating the adsorption capability of coal reservoir. The results reveal that the micropores volume has a increasing trend with increased vitrinite reflectance. The most favorable pore type is to have good connectivity, very good micro-pores porosity and good adsorption capability. Statistical analysis shows that endo-microfractures are the main type microfractures of Qinshui basin. Based on the results of coal macerals, coal lithotypes, it is found that the bright coal and telocollinites are favorable for endo-fractures formation. Obviously different from the formation of endo-microfracture, exo-microfracture strongly relates to the coal structure. A good match between the fractures and the pores is needed for a favorable CBM reservoir. Based on the evaluation of pore-fracture system, Yangquan is the second CBM commercial area of Qinshui basin.