贵州省油菜研究所经过多年的定向培育,育成长角型和短角型2种类型的大籽粒(千粒重≥7g)油菜新品系,并经多年的试验与示范,总结出甘蓝型大籽粒油菜配套高产栽培技术.为大籽粒油菜新品种(组合)的推广应用提供技术支撑,从地块选择、品种选择、苗床选择、播种及培育壮苗、移栽、田间管理、病虫害防治、收获管理方面介绍甘蓝型大籽粒油菜配套高产栽培技术.

[Objective]The effects of the application amount of new trace element fertilizer,silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer,on the yield and quality of Brassica napus were investigated,which provided new fertilizer choices for high-yield and stable-yield cultivation of B.napus,and provided new methods for studying the simplified cultivation of B.napus with reducing fertilizer application and improving yield in Guizhou.[Method]Using pure base fertilizer as CK,the fertilization test to B.napus with different dosages of silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer(300 kg/hm2,600 kg/hm2,900 kg/hm2,1 200 kg/hm2,1 500 kg/hm2,1 800 kg/hm2)was carried out from 2020 to 2022,so as to analyze the differences in yield,plant traits and quality characteristics of B.napus treated with different application rate of silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer.[Result]Applying silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer was beneficial for B.napus growth and effectively improving the yield.Compared with CK,the yield of B.napus increased by 0.48％-4.34％and 0.93％-8.40％respectively after applying base fertilizer combined with silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer during 2020-2022.The regression analysis of the application rate of silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer and rape yied indicated,when the application rates of silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer were 1 484.46 kg/hm2 and 1 402.64 kg/hm2,respectively,the yield of B.napus reached the highest,reaching 2 267.93 kg/hm2 and 2 909.45 kg/hm2,respectively.Applying silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer significantly increased the number of pods per plant,main inflorescence length,plant height,branch number,1000-grain weight and pod number,reduced erucic acid and protein content,and improved oil content and yield.[Conclusion]On comprehensively considering economic benefits and yield,the optimal fertilization was base fertilizer combined with 1 400-1 500 kg/hm2 silicon-calcium-potassium-magnesium fertilizer to B.napus.

以商薯19为对照,对11个(含对照)淀粉型甘薯品种开展引种鉴定.结果表明,渝薯27、渝薯17、渝薯15产量与对照相当,但薯干产量、淀粉含量、淀粉产量均极显著增产,适宜种植并加工淀粉及三粉产品;其余参试品种中,有的没有产量优势,有的薯干产量、淀粉含量、淀粉产量没有优势,建议淘汰.

通过多年的生产实践、产业调研和文献分析,针对贵州的地理条件和气候特点,总结出扩大贵州冬闲田油菜种植面积栽培技术(旋耕直播栽培技术、免耕移栽技术、油菜摘薹菜用栽培技术),该集成技术可操作性强、节本增效,能有效促贵州油菜生产的发展.

油菜是我国的重要油料作物之一,同时,我国是世界上的油菜生产大国,种植面积和总产量均居首位,钼是作物必需的微量元素之一,然而我国油菜主产区存在大面积土壤缺钼的现象,油菜对钼十分敏感,缺钼往往导致油菜生长发育受阻,进而影响油菜产量和品质,缺钼已经成为油菜生产中的障碍因子之一.从油菜缺钼的症状及施用技术,油菜对钼的吸收积累及分布特征的影响,钼对油菜产量和品质的影响进行综述,为钼肥在油菜生产上科学合理应用提供技术支撑.

以高淀粉甘薯新品种渝薯27为试验材料,在思南县开展施肥量、栽插期、栽培密度对其产量和淀粉含量的影响研究.施肥量试验结果表明,渝薯27的鲜薯产量在施肥量处理间差异显著,且随施肥量增加先升后降;获得最高的鲜薯产量为34.82 t·hm-2,其复合肥用量为1081.67 kg·hm-2;处理间的烘干率、薯干产量、淀粉含量、淀粉产量存在显著差异,但无规律性,各性状与施肥量之间的相关性均未达显著水平.栽插期、密度试验结果表明,渝薯27的鲜薯产量、薯干产量、淀粉产量在各个栽插期处理间差异显著,不同密度处理间则无显著差异;同一栽插期的鲜薯、薯干、淀粉产量随着密度的增加呈现先降后升趋势;同一密度的鲜薯、薯干、淀粉产量随着栽插时间推后呈逐步下降趋势;栽插期与密度互作处理下,鲜薯、薯干、淀粉产量均以4月29日栽插的最高,其鲜薯、薯干和淀粉产量分别为55.15、21.81和15.47 t·hm-2,说明渝薯27甘薯在适宜栽插期内早栽插比晚栽插好.

对46篇摘薹试验文献的产量、植株性状、经济效益数据进行了综合分析.结果 显示:油菜摘薹对菜籽产量有一定的影响,不同试验不同处理中有的增产有的减产,油菜摘薹平均每公顷菜籽产量为2350.71 kg,与不摘薹平均产量(2412.60 kg)相比,减产不明显;油菜摘薹作蔬菜食用,每公顷菜薹产量最高可达8289.45 kg,最低为945.75 kg,平均为3609.10 kg;油菜摘薹每公顷平均产值为18107.83元,比不摘薹产值(9540.46元)增收89.80％.推广油蔬两用油菜栽培技术,不仅可收获菜籽榨油,且可摘薹作蔬菜,促进农户增收增效.

为大籽粒高产优质油菜品种的选育提供理论依据,以649份甘蓝型杂交油菜组合和813份甘蓝型常规油菜品系为材料,调查试验材料的植株农艺性状表现,分析千粒重与植株农艺性状及品质性状的相关性.结果 表明:甘蓝型油菜的角果长度随千粒重增加呈极显著增加趋势,但一次分枝数、单株角果数均极显著减少;甘蓝型常规油菜品系的千粒重与单株产量、收获系数呈极显著正相关,但杂交油菜组合的千粒重与单株产量、收获系数的相关性极小;与千粒重＜5 9的相比,千粒重≥5 9的甘蓝型油菜株高、有效分枝位、一次分枝数、单株角果数及角粒数等性状呈明显减小趋势,而角果长度增大.千粒重与含油率、油酸呈极显著正相关,但与硫苷、亚油酸、亚麻酸均呈极显著负相关,与蛋白质含量的相关性不显著.甘蓝型油菜育种需协调改良千粒重、角果数和角粒数等多个产量构成因子,才能有效提高油菜品种的单产水平;千粒重的提高对油脂和油酸含量无不利影响.

为油菜机械直播适宜密度的确定及适应机械直播高密度条件的油菜品种选育提供科学参考,模拟机械直播高密度条件,进行648个甘蓝型杂交油菜组合不同密度田间直播试验,研究油菜直播密度与主花序角果数的相关性,探明不同播种密度对油菜产量的影响.结果 表明:单株角果数与主花序角果数在密度26 940株/667m2时达最大值,在高密度条件(32 205～46 036株/667m2)随直播密度增加呈递减趋势;直播密度与主花序角果数的相关系数为 0.378 5,呈极显著负相关(P＜0.01);主花序角果数与主花序角果长度、角粒数、主花序长度、单株角果数和单株产量的相关系数分别为0.116 8、0.156 0、0.780 4、0.819 8和0.792 7,均呈极显著正相关(P＜0.01).甘蓝型杂交油菜直播密度通过主花序角果数影响其他产量构成因子,进而影响油菜的单株产量.油菜机械直播适宜密度为26 940株/667m2左右;甘蓝型杂交油菜尽可能选育主花序角果数多的材料,以弥补机械直播高密度条件造成主花序角果数减少的影响,使其适应油菜机械直播的轻简化发展方向.

友玉988是贵州友禾种业有限公司用玉米自交系SD375作母本、自交系QR273为父本杂交选育而成.2018年9月17日通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定,审定编号:国审玉20180148.该文介绍了友玉988的特征特性及轻简化栽培技术,以期为该品种的推广应用提供参考.

为研究甘蓝型杂交油菜角果长度与产量构成因素的相关关系,以649个甘蓝型杂交油菜组合进行田间试验、室内考种及相关分析.结果 表明,甘蓝型杂交油菜角果长度平均为6.4596 cm,变幅范围4.7184～8.6463 cm,角果长度在5～7 cm之间的材料占总数比例的96.76％,而平均角果长度≥8 cm的材料只占群体比例的1.54％,＜5 cm的材料也只占群体比例的1.70％,说明油菜长角果与短角果材料都较少.角果长度与千粒重(r=0.3815)、角粒数(r=0.4324)及单株产量(r=0.2347)呈极显著正相关,角果长度与单株角果数(r=0.0076)呈不显著正相关,说明在选育长角果材料的同时可以提高千粒重、角粒数及单株产量,且不会降低单株角果数.由此可知,提高油菜的角果长度有利于提高油菜产量.

为思南县结球甘蓝氮磷钾肥的合理施用提供依据,按蔬菜肥料田间试验"2+X"方法进行氮磷钾肥总量控制试验.结果表明:氮磷钾对结球甘蓝产量产值均有较大影响,增产增值量和增产增值率是氮肥>磷肥>钾肥,每公斤氮磷钾肥增产增值量是磷肥>氮肥>钾肥,氮磷肥的增产增值效应与不施肥比差异达极显著水平,钾肥的增产增值效应与不施肥比差异不显著;氮磷钾优化配施以氮16公斤/亩、五氧化二磷7.8公斤/亩、氧化钾10公斤/亩产量、净产值最大,分别达4254.3公斤/亩、4024.94元/亩.初步认为思南县结球甘蓝种植适宜施肥范围为氮11.2～16公斤/亩、五氧化二磷8公斤/亩左右、氧化钾7～10公斤/亩.

以甘蓝型两系核不育杂交油菜油研50和油研早18为材料, 以基施方式研究杂交油菜不同品种适宜硼肥施用量.结果表明, 本试验条件下, 油研50化学纯硼砂施用量为4.5 kg/hm2时产量最高, 为2 390.0 kg/hm2, 较不施硼 (1 996.5 kg/hm2) 增产19.71％, 达极显著水平;油研早18化学纯硼砂施用量为3.6 kg/hm2时产量最高, 为2 156.5 kg/hm2, 较不施硼 (2 022.0 kg/hm2) 增产6.65％, 达极显著水平.油研50施硼肥增产效果较油研早18显著.采用2个品种3个重复所有处理的产量与对应的施量硼量进行回归分析得出Y=133.884 170 5+0.082 230 248 0X-0.000 143 976 273 1X2 (相关系数R=0.533 187;F值=6.554 0;显著水平P=0.004 0), 获得最高产量的适宜施硼量为4 283.55 g/hm2, 最高产量2 184.45 kg/hm2.

The paper aims to study the correlation and regression relationship between the harvest index and plant traits.We determined harvest index,yield per plant,plant height,1000-grain weight,seeds pod,the main inflorescence pod length,pods per plant,effective branch position,first branch number and the main inflorescence length of 649 new combinations of Brassica uapus.The harvest index of different new combinations varied significantly.The amplitude of variation was 0.1292-0.3358,and the average was 0.2247.The proportion of harvest index which was more than 0.30 only accounted for 0.31％.The harvest index showed highly significant correlation with yield per plant,grain number,number of silique per plant,first branch number,length of main inflorescence and plant height.The results of regression analysis showed that five traits including plant height,number of silique per plant,length of main inflorescence,1000-grain weight and grain number had greater impact on the harvest index.Thus,we can improve grain number and 1000-grain weight of breeding materials by utilizing the correlation among the traits and selecting materials that have longer silique and main inflorescence.In addition,we can select materials which are relatively higher with longer main inflorescence and more branches to improve the number of silique per plant of the bred material,to breed a combination (or variety) with higher single plant yield eventually.

The paper aims to study the correlation between of main inflorescence length and plant traits of hybrid Brassica napus,649 combinations of Brassica napus were used for field experiment,laboratory test and correlation analysis.The results showed that:the average length of the main inflorescence of hybrid Brassica napus was 45.67 cm,the range was 28.00-66.65 cm,and there was few long main inflorescence.The variation coefficient of the length of the main inflorescence was small,the heritability was high,and it was not easy to be affected by the environment and suitable for early generation selection.The main inflorescence length showed significantly positive correlations with plant height (r=0.8262),main inflorescence pod (r=0.7804),pods per plant (r=0.7466),first branch number (r=0.4680),main inflorescence pod length (r=0.3164) and seeds pod (r=0.2322),and had no significantly positive correlation with effective branch position and 1000-grain weight.The yield per plant showed significantly positive correlations with pods per plant,main inflorescence pod,main inflorescence length,plant height and first branch number.The main inflorescence pod length showed significantly positive correlations with seeds pod and 1000-grain weight.Using the correlation analysis,it could be seen that the selection of long main inflorescence material could effectively improve the plant height,main inflorescence pod,pods per plant,first branch number,main inflorescence pod length and seeds pod,so as to achieve the purpose of raising rape production.Considering current rapeseed production requirements of direct seeding or mechanical sowing with high density,materials of long main inflorescence length,more main inflorescence pod number,longer pod,and high yield per plant should be bred.

为研究甘蓝型优质杂交油菜在高密度下品质性状与单株产量、群体产量间的关系,以600个甘蓝型杂交油菜组合进行田间试验、考种和品质分析及相关分析.结果表明:甘蓝型优质杂交油菜含油率平均为49.86％,变幅为41.30％ ～55.14％,群体产量平均为1182.78 kg/hm2,单株产量平均为4.31 g,群体产量、单株产量变异系数大,易受坏境栽培因素影响,含油率等变异系数较小,遗传力较高,不易受坏境条件的影响,适合早代选择;单株产量或群体产量与蛋白质、亚油酸、亚麻酸呈极显著正相关,与含油率、油酸、芥酸呈极显著负相关,与硫甙、棕榈酸及硬脂酸未达到显著水平,与不饱和脂肪酸呈极显著负相关,与脂蛋总量、不饱和脂肪酸指数、饱和脂肪酸相关不显著,但与二十碳稀酸、芥酸链脂肪酸的相关性两者存在一定的差异;利用相关性分析可知,随着单株产量及群体产量的提高,首先有利于提高种子的蛋白质与亚麻酸,其次是提高亚油酸、降低芥酸,产量增加虽然对含油率、油酸有一定的负效应,但选育高产、高油、优质油菜新品种仍然是可以实现的.

为解决思南县甘蓝品种更新换代的问题,2017年10月从贵州金安禧农业科技发展有限公司引进结球甘蓝新品种澳瑞宝,在思南县许家坝镇客店村示范种植,田间表现为早熟,比当地主栽品种京丰1号早15天左右,定植后65～70天可采收,单株重1～2公斤,平均产量为2 784公斤/亩,抗病性强,叶球扁圆紧实,球型美观整齐,裂球迟,品质好,耐运输.介绍了澳瑞宝无公害栽培技术.

介绍235黄皮大牛椒生物学特征特性和在思南县的种植表现及主要栽培技术.

本规程从油研早18油菜品种机械化播前准备工作、播种时间、播种机械、机械调试管理、播种量施肥量、播种、田间管理、病虫草防治、收割等全程机械化技术出发,规定了油研早18全程机械化高效栽培技术.

为了保持品种的杂种优势,必须搞好亲本良种的隔离繁殖,使亲本保持原特征特性,为杂交种子生产提供高纯度的合格亲本种子.