Introduction:Fangchinoline, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid derived from Stephaniae tetrandrine, is known for its antioxidant and anticancer potential. This study aimed to explore fangchinoline's anticancer targets in silico and evaluate its effects on human epidermal growth receptor-2 (HER-2) overexpressing MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Material and methods:Potential molecular targets were identified using GeneCards and DisGeNET, with intersecting genes analysed via DAVID and Cytoscape. Molecular docking and 50-nanosecond molecular dynamics simulations were conducted against ERBB2, IGF1R, and ADRB2 proteins. Cytotoxicity was evaluated through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay, while flow cytometry assessed cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, expression of PI3K, Akt, mTOR, p53, HER-2, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Results:A total of 256 overlapping genes were identified, and ERBB2 emerged as the most promising target with a binding affinity of -8.57 kcal/mol. Fangchinoline exhibited cytotoxicity against MCF-7/HER-2 cells with an IC50 of 9.67 ±0.14 µM. Fangchinoline induced G2-M arrest and significantly increased apoptosis. Flow cytometry revealed downregulation of PI3K (-42.1%), Akt (-38.6%), and mTOR (-45.3%), with a corresponding upregulation of p53 (+59.8%) compared to controls. Reactive oxygen species production was elevated by +48.5% after treatment. Conclusions:Fangchinoline exhibits promising anticancer activity by targeting ERBB2 and modulating critical oncogenic and apoptotic pathways. Its ability to upregulate p53 and ROS while suppressing PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling suggests its strong potential as a HER-2-targeted therapeutic agent.

Camellia petelotii (Merr.) Sealy, commonly known as golden-flower tea, is an endangered yellow-flowering species of the genus Camellia (Theaceae). As a medicine and food homology (MFH) plant, it possesses significant medicinal and edible value. However, because the chemical constituents of C. petelotii have rarely been investigated, its potential medicinal and nutritional benefits remain poorly understood, hindering its further utilization. In this study, a comprehensive phytochemical investigation was conducted on the EtOAc-soluble fraction of a 90% MeOH extract derived from the leaves of C. petelotii, resulting in the isolation and characterization of five previously undescribed (1-5) and 19 known (6-24) compounds. Among these compounds, campetelolides A (1) and B (2) are identified as guaianolides bearing a 2-methyl-2-butenoxyl moiety. Campetelols A (3), B (4), and C (5) are classified as phenylpropanoid-substituted flavan-3-ols. The chemical structures and absolute configurations of these metabolites were elucidated through spectroscopic techniques, supported by calculated NMR data, combined with DP4+ analysis, as well as by comparison of calculated and experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. Compounds 1, 2, and eupachinilide I (6) exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 cells by suppressing nitric oxide (NO) production, with IC50 values of 5.8, 4.8, and 4.8 μM, respectively. In addition, compound 2 and 3β,11α,12,21β-tetrahydroxy-22-oxours-12-en-24-oic acid methyl ester (7) inhibited ATP-citrate lyase (ACL), exhibiting IC50 values of 11.2 and 9.3 μM, respectively. The findings highlight the therapeutic potential of the endangered plant C. petelotii, offering prospects for the discovery of novel bioactive agents while simultaneously emphasizing the importance of its conservation and sustainable utilization.

Keteleeria is a small genus of conifer in the family Pinaceae (the extant pine family). Fortunefuroic acids (FFAs) have recently been documented as characteristic specialized metabolites of this genus. FFAs constitute a unique class of triterpenoids characterized by the presence of a furoic acid moiety in the side chain. Using 1H NMR and LC-PDA-MS guided isolation and dereplication approaches, four previously undescribed (1-4, fortunefuroic acids Q-T, resp.) and one known (fortunefuroic acid H, 5) FFA-type analogues were isolated from the renewable leaves and twigs of Keteleeria pubescens W. C. Cheng & L. K. Fu, a rare conifer endemic to China. Compounds 1-3 were identified as cycloart-16,23,25(27)-trien-26-oic acid derivatives, whereas compound 4 was characterized as 3-oxo-lanost-16,23,25(27)-trien-26-oic acid. Their chemical structures were elucidated using a combination of spectroscopic techniques and comparative analysis of experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism data. Compounds 3 and 4 exhibited inhibitory activity against ATP-citrate lyase (ACL), a promising drug target for hyperlipidemia and related metabolic disorders, with IC50 values of 16.6 and 17.2 μM, respectively. Molecular docking studies were performed to elucidate the binding interactions of these compounds within the ACL enzyme active site. The isolated FFAs further support their chemotaxonomical significance within the genus Keteleeria. Collectively, these findings expand the structural diversity of naturally occurring triterpenoids and highlight their potential as lead compounds for the development of therapeutics targeting ACL-associated diseases, while also providing insights into the sustainable utilization and scientific conservation of endangered plant species.

Systemic multidrug-resistant bacterial infections have become a global public health priority due to the diminished efficacy of standard antibiotic regimens and can lead to sepsis, which is among the leading causes of death (11 million/year) and years of lost life worldwide. We report an effective and well-defined antibiotic equimolar mixture of the platanosides 1-4 that is as effective as its constituent parts and is active against multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus and Streptococcus spp. The platanosides can be easily and inexpensively manufactured in good purity from sycamore tree (Platanus spp.) leaves, making them a viable option as a drug to control multidrug-resistant infections in low- and middle-income countries. The platanosides 1-4 exhibited activity against clinically derived Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-resistant, vancomycin-resistant, and vancomycin-intermediate) with minimal inhibitory concentration values of 0.5-16 μg/mL. The minimal inhibitory concentration values against clinically derived Streptococcus spp. were 2, 1, 0.06, and 1 μg/mL against Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus paramsanginis, Streptococcus gordonii, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, respectively. Time-kill studies of the platanosides are reported. The proposed molecular targets and unique polypharmacology of the platanosides 1-4 are also discussed.

Alcimaphenols A (1) and B (2), previously undescribed oligomeric denudaquinol derivatives, were isolated from the endangered plant Alcimandra cathcartii. Compound 1 represents the first denudaquinol trimer, featuring a unique 6/7/6/5-5/6 hexacyclic skeleton, while compound 2 constitutes the first homodenudaquinol dimer adduct. The structures and absolute configurations of both compounds were elucidated through spectroscopic analyses, GIAO 13C NMR (coupled with DP4+ analysis), and ECD calculations. Their putative biogenetic pathways are briefly proposed. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that compound 2 exerted pronounced inhibitory effects against three human cancer cell lines (PLC/PRF5, HeLa, and HCT116), with IC50 values of 15.0, 6.6, and 8.4 μM, respectively, and markedly suppressed the proliferation of PLC/PRF5 cells from day 3. This delay may be attributed to slower cellular uptake, activation of intracellular pathways. Furthermore, compound 2 displayed potent antimigratory activity of PLC/PRF5 cells at 10 μM in a wound-healing assay. In addition, compound 2 displayed moderate cytotoxic effects against MHCC-97H (IC50 = 25.1 μM) and HepG 2 (IC50 = 23.9 μM) cells.

Plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles has attracted increasing attention due to its environmentally friendly approach and the use of natural bioactive compounds as reducing agents. This study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the aqueous leaf extract of Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. with the assistance of microwave irradiation and to evaluate their antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The formation of AgNPs occurred through the reduction of Ag+ to Ag0 by biomolecules present in the extract. The synthesized nano-particles were characterized using Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy (lambda = 413 nm), Particle Size Analysis (66.83 nm), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, indicating the presence of O-H, C-O, C-H, CHs, and C--O functional groups, Scanning Electron Microscopy showing particle agglomeration, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy with a dominant Ag composition of 89.6%, X-ray Diffraction confirming a face-centered cubic crystal structure with Miller indices (111), (200), (311), and (222), Transmission Electron Microscopy, and zeta potential analysis (-2.3 mV). Antibacterial testing against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis showed Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values of 62.5 & micro;g/mL and 125 & micro;g/mL, respectively, indicating higher antibacterial activity of AgNPs compared to the aqueous extract. Antioxidant activity evaluated using the DPPH method revealed that AgNPs exhibited lower antioxidant activity, with an IC50 value of 389.35 +/- 2.25 & micro;g/mL. These results highlight the potential of Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. leaf aqueous extract as a bioreducing agent for microwave-assisted green synthesis of AgNPs, although further optimization is required to improve nanoparticle stability.

The genus Saurauia (Actinidiaceae) comprises diverse tropical and subtropical plants distributed across Asia, the Americas, and the Pacific, many of which are traditionally used for treating metabolic, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on the phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Saurauia species, with emphasis on isolated secondary metabolites and extract-based bioactivity studies. To date, 61 compounds have been reported from the genus, predominantly pentacyclic triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, sterols, and glycosidic derivatives. Pharmacological investigations have demonstrated a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, immunomodulatory, wound-healing, hepatoprotective, and chemopreventive effects. Among the studied species, S. vulcani exhibited the most diverse pharmacological profile, particularly in antidiabetic, antioxidant, wound-healing, antihyperlipidemic, and immunomodulatory models, whereas S. roxburghii showed notable antioxidant, neuropharmacological, analgesic, thrombolytic, and cytotoxic activities. Chemotaxonomic evidence suggests that triterpenoids and flavonoids represent characteristic metabolites within the genus and may contribute significantly to its biological potential. Despite these promising findings, research remains largely extract-based, with limited compound isolation, mechanistic studies, toxicity evaluation, and clinical validation. Saurauia represents a chemically rich yet underexplored genus with significant potential for future drug discovery targeting chronic and degenerative diseases.

Introduction:Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Fangchinoline, a bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid, has demonstrated anticancer activity; however, its molecular mechanism in TNBC remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the anticancer effects of fangchinoline and explore its potential molecular mechanisms in TNBC. Material and methods:An integrated in vitro and in silico approach was employed. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to evaluate the interaction of fangchinoline with TGF-β1 and mTOR proteins. Cytotoxicity was assessed in murine 4T1 TNBC-cells.Flow cytometry was used to analyse cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, and protein expression related to the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and p53. Results:Fangchinoline demonstrated strong binding affinity toward TGF-β1 and exhibited selective cytotoxicity against 4T1 cells (IC50 = 25.95 µM). Treatment induced apoptosis and mild G2/M phase arrest. In addition, changes in the expression of PI3K, Akt, mTOR, and p53 proteins were observed. These findings suggest that fangchinoline may suppress cell proliferation and promote apoptosis, possibly through modulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway; however, this interpretation is based on protein expression data without phosphorylation analysis or functional validation. Conclusions:Fangchinoline exhibits potential anticancer activity against TNBC-cells by inducing apoptosis and affecting key survival-related pathways. Further studies are required to confirm its molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential.

The Polyalthia genus is a rich source of bioactive compounds with significant pharmacological potential, exhibiting diverse biological activities such as anticancer, antimicrobial, antiviral, and antimalarial properties. Notable species, including P. bullata, P. cauliflora, P. debilis, and P. nemoralis, have demonstrated cytotoxic effects, while P. debilis, P. evecta, and P. nemoralis exhibit potent antimalarial activity. Additionally, P. cinnamomea, P. debilis, P. obliqua, and P. stenopetala possess antimicrobial properties, P. suberosa shows anti-HIV activity, and P. stenopetala exhibits neuroprotective effects and acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Phytochemical investigations reveal an abundance of alkaloids, particularly in P. nemoralis and P. cauliflora, as well as acetogenins in P. debilis and P. evecta. Recent taxonomic revisions have led to the reclassification of several Polyalthia species, with P. longifolia and P. lateriflora now placed under Monoon, and P. suaveolens reassigned to Greenwayodendron. Phylogenetic analyses confirm the polyphyletic nature of Polyalthia, necessitating its reorganization while remaining within the Annonaceae family. Currently, the genus comprises 97 species. This review provides a comprehensive compilation of the phytochemical diversity and pharmacological activities of the Polyalthia genus, highlighting its potential for the development of novel therapeutic agents and identifying gaps for future clinical research. However, most findings are based on in vitro and preclinical studies, and further toxicological and clinical investigations are necessary to confirm their therapeutic potential and safety.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and aggressive subtypes of liver cancer. It has a poor prognosis, a high rate of recurrence and shows limited response to current therapies. In order to combat this condition, the use of natural products as multitarget anticancer agents is gaining momentum. In this study, we investigated the medicinal value of bisbenzylisoquinoline (BBI) alkaloids from the Stephania genus via an integrative in silico approach. Due to their improved pharmacokinetic profiles and expected low toxicity, we chose 11 BBI derivatives. Network pharmacology analysis revealed 334 overlapped targets between the compounds and HCC. Functional enrichment indicated that the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was essential in HCC progression. In addition, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction and topological analysis identified AKT1 and PI3K as hub proteins. Molecular docking simulations found that isotrilobine had the highest binding affinity towards both AKT1 (-10.5 kcal/mol) and PI3K (-9.9 kcal/mol), compared to that of the reference drug sorafenib. These findings indicated a possible involvement of BBI compounds in modulating key oncogenic pathways relevant to tumor growth and metastasis. Taken together, this study unveils isotrilobine as a promising lead compound and provides a mechanistic rationale for the further exploration of Stephania-derived BBI alkaloids as potential HCC therapeutics.

Ficus deltoidea (FD), an herbal medicine commonly used as a traditional medicine in Southeast Asia, is increasingly attracting scientific interest due to its vast potential benefits. The current review aims to incorporate the latest scientific data on its therapeutic potential, which includes its effects in metabolic, cardiovascular, immune, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, regenerative, reproductive, and anticancer aspects. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies indicates FD's potential mechanisms in managing diseases by modulation of oxidative stress, inflammatory signaling, hormonal regulation, extracellular matrix stabilization, and vascular homeostasis. The current data demonstrated promising results in managing diseases such as metabolic disorders, tissue regeneration, infection control, bone preservation, and reproductive health. Although its reported activities have been demonstrated by its crude extracts, the specific phytoconstituents responsible remain to be completely elucidated. Further studies are warranted to confirm FD's therapeutic efficacy. However, based on current evidence, FD can be regarded as a versatile and multi-functional herbal medicine.

Secondary metabolites in plants of the same species, though originating from distinct geographical regions, frequently display both similarities and notable variations. A prior study on the vulnerable Chinese endemic conifer Keteleeria fortunei, collected from Yunnan province (KFYN), led to the isolation of fortunefuroic acids (FFAs) A-I. These compounds represent a unique class of triterpenoids characterized by a rare furoic acid moiety within the lateral chain. The distinct 23,27-epoxy-23,25(27)-dien-26-oic acid unit present in FFAs can be readily identified by characteristic proton NMR signals (6H-24: ca 6.36 ppm; 6H-27: ca 7.97 ppm), a prominent ion fragment at m/z 125 in the EI-MS, and typical UV absorption peak around )max 245 nm. In this study, an integrated approach was employed to dereplicate and isolate FFA-type compounds from K. fortunei collected from Fujian Province (KFFJ). This approach combined NMR, EI-MS, and LC-PDA-ESIMS data to detect and analyze compounds with molecular weights in the range of 464-468 Da, a distinguishing feature of FFA-type compounds. Consequently, six previously undescribed FFAs K-P (1-6) were obtained, alongside the re-isolation of FFAs A-D and H. Compound 1 exhibits a rare 17,14-friedo-cyclaorane type skeleton, while compound 2 is characterized as a 3,4-seco-cyclaorane-3,26-dioic acid. Compounds 3-6 are identified as derivatives of 9 beta H-lanost-26-oic FFAs. Additionally, a previously unreported lanost-26-oic acid derivative (7) was also identified, exhibiting an inhibitory effect on ATP-citrate lyase. Their chemical structures and absolute configurations were determined through spectroscopic analysis, GIAO NMR calculations combined with DP4+ probability analyses, and electronic circular dichroism calculations. The isolated FFAs have the potential to serve as chemotaxonomic markers for the genus Keteleeria within the Pinaceae family. This study marks the first application of integrated NMR/EIMS/LC-PDA-ESIMS methods for both dereplication and the discovery of new natural products. Notably, the KFFJ samples were collected from a location approximately 1500 km away from that of KFYN. Understanding the impact of geographical origins on specialized metabolites may provide valuable insights into the sustainable utilization and conservation of endangered plant species.

A new chemical class of 6/6/6/5/6/6/6/6 spiro-octacyclic Diels–Alder [4 + 2] heterodimers (ent-kaurene and norabietane) was isolated and characterized from Amentotaxus yunnanensis. They exhibited in vitro anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities.

This study presents a novel hydrogel formulation combining mupirocin, a broad-spectrum antibiotic, with keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) to enhance wound healing through antibacterial action and tissue regeneration. Mupirocin was encapsulated in hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and stabilized with poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAM). Molecular docking studies assessed mupirocin’s binding to PAMAM and its interaction with isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. Physicochemical properties—including zeta potential, particle size, and surface tension—were characterized, and drug release kinetics were evaluated using Franz diffusion cells. In vitro assays on human dermal fibroblasts (HS27) included proliferation, scratch wound healing, and flow cytometry to assess cellular behavior. Antibacterial efficacy was determined via the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Results showed strong binding of mupirocin to its target enzyme, enhanced by KGF. The hydrogel exhibited favorable properties: surface tension of 24.7 dyne/cm, zeta potential of −24.79 mV, and particle size of ~119 nm, indicating high stability. Franz diffusion revealed sustained drug release compared to commercial mupirocin. Cellular assays demonstrated significant fibroblast migration and proliferation, with flow cytometry confirming increased wound healing markers. The formulation showed potent antimicrobial activity, including against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), highlighting its promise for infected wound treatment and advanced clinical wound care.

Mangostins, a prominent component of Garcinia mangostana, have been extensively studied for their biological activities and structural modifications. Chemical methods, including cyclization reactions under acidic conditions, have yielded many derivatives, which often exhibit enhanced pharmacological properties compared to itself. Enzymatic biotransformation, such as glycosylation and oxidation mediated by fungal species and enzymes like horseradish peroxidase, have provided regioselective pathways to functionalized mangostin derivatives. These studies highlight the versatility of mangostin as a scaffold for designing compounds with tailored biological functions. Overall, mangostin represent a promising platform for developing compounds with enhanced pharmacological activities, paving the way for innovative approaches in biomedicine and pharmaceutical sciences. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the chemistry of mangostins, detailing their total synthesis and the derivatives obtained through both chemical and enzymatic methodologies.

Twelve new compounds, bletistrosides M-X (1-12), including five glucosyloxybenzyl 2-isobutylmalates (1-5), along with four neolignan glycosides (6-9), two phenanthrene derivatives (10-11), and one bibenzyl derivative (12), were isolated from the tubers of Bletilla striata (B. striata). The structures and absolute configurations of the undescribed compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data analysis, experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism data, chiroptical analysis, and chemical derivatizations. In silico, compounds 2, 3, and 12 bound well to Aβ1-42. Compounds 2, 3, and 12 significantly delayed the paralysis phenotype in CL4176 worms compared to controls. Higher nonparalysis rates were observed in these treatment groups (5 μM for compound 2; 25, 50 μM for compounds 2, 3 and 12), suggesting their potential role in anti-Alzheimer's disease.

Manzamine A, a natural compound derived from various sponge genera, features a β-carboline structure and exhibits a range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antimalarial effects. Its potential as an anticancer agent has been explored in several tumor models, both in vitro and in vivo, showing effects through mechanisms such as cytotoxicity, regulation of the cell cycle, inhibition of cell migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), autophagy, and apoptosis through multi-target interactions of E2F transcriptional factors, ribosomal S6 kinases, androgen receptor (AR), SIX1, GSK-3β, v-ATPase, and p53/p21/p27 cascades. This systematic review evaluates existing literature on the potential application of this marine alkaloid as a novel cancer therapy, highlighting its promising ability to inhibit cancer cell growth while causing minimal side effects.

In this phytochemical investigation, a total of 16 previously undescribed and 27 known diterpene-related compounds were isolated from the endangered Chinese endemic conifer Podocarpus annamiensis. Podoannamiacids A (1) and B (2) represent the first examples of a new chemical class of diterpene-phenylpropanoid hybrids characterized by a unique 7'-phenyl-7',8'-dihydrobenzofuran unit. This structure is hypothesized to be biogenetically derived through the formation of newly generated C-12-C-8' and C-13-O-C-7' bonds via a free radical coupling reaction between a totarane unit and a phenylpropanoid moiety. The remaining previously undescribed compounds are structurally diverse diterpenoid monomers, including totarane-type compounds 3-9. Notably, annamiacids C (3) and D (4) feature a rare dihydro-pyrane fragment, while annamiacids E (5) and F (6) contain a dihydro-furan and a β,γ-unsaturated-γ-lactone motif, respectively. Compounds 10-14 are classified as abietane-type diterpenes, whereas compounds 15 and 16 are categorized as sempervirane-type and podocarpane-type diterpenes, respectively. Their chemical structures were elucidated using spectroscopic data analysis, GIAO NMR calculations combined with DP4+ probability analyses, electronic circular dichroism calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Liquiditerpenoic acid A (30) exhibited inhibitory activity against ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) with an IC50 value of 5.0 μM. Similarly, 18-hydroxysempervirol (40) inhibited acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) with an IC50 value of 14.41 μM. Additionally, rakanmakilactone I (43) demonstrated anti-neuroinflammatory effects in BV-2 cells, reducing NO release by 21.4 % at a concentration of 20 μM. The above findings, along with previously reported totarane-O-abietane (44) and abietane-O-abietane dissymmetric bis-diterpenes (45), further expand the understanding of the structural diversity and medicinal potential of this endangered conifer, offering a promising strategy for its sustainable utilization and conversation. This approach not only positions the species as a potential source for treating metabolic diseases but also encourages the further protection of these fragile plant resources.

The genus Prismatomeris, comprising 17 species in the Rubiaceae family and native to Southeast Asia, has been traditionally used to treat various ailments, including inflammatory disorders, hepatitis, and kidney dysfunction. Phytochemical studies consistently show that anthraquinones and their derivatives are the predominant secondary metabolites, accompanied by triterpenoids, iridoid glycosides, flavonoids, steroids, and several structurally distinctive constituents, such as prisconnatanones and prismatomerin. These metabolites exhibit diverse biological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antituberculosis, antifungal, antimalarial, and antiviral effects, with anthraquinones and triterpenoids emerging as key bioactive classes. Despite promising pharmacological evidence, further comprehensive studies are needed to explore their mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Collectively, Prismatomeris represents an underexplored reservoir of bioactive natural products with significant therapeutic potential.

Biological methods with a green synthesis approach are now widely used because they are environmentally friendly, including in the synthesis of nanoparticles. This study aims to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNP) using water extract from breadfruit leaves (Artocarpus altilis) and evaluate their antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The extract was prepared and analyzed for phytochemistry using LC-HRMS, and total phenols and flavonoids were measured. Synthesis of AgNP-breadfruit leaves extract (AgNP-BL) was carried out, followed by characterization using UV-Vis (lambda = 444 nm), PSA (68.43 nm), FT-IR (O-H, C-H, C--O, C--C, and C-O groups), SEM (visible agglomeration of nanoparticles), EDX (dominant Ag 80.23 %), XRD (cubic crystal structure), TEM (size 10-70 nm), and Zeta Potential (-45.6 mV). AgNP-BL exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus and S. epidermidis, with MICs of 7.8 and 15.6 mu g/mL and MBCs of 15.6 and 31.2 mu g/mL, respectively. In contrast, the water extract showed no antibacterial activity. For comparison, clindamycin had MIC and MBC values of 7.8 and 15.6 mu g/mL for both bacteria, indicating that AgNP-BL had comparable efficacy to clindamycin against S. aureus but lower efficacy against S. epidermidis. Antioxidant testing using the DPPH method revealed that AgNP-BL had lower activity than the water extract, as indicated by its higher IC50 value (428.19 +/- 0.18 mu g/ mL vs. 157.36 +/- 0.24 mu g/mL). These results demonstrate that breadfruit leaf extract is an effective bioreducing agent for the green synthesis of AgNP, significantly enhancing antibacterial activity despite reducing its antioxidant potential.