Global mean surface temperature is the primary target used to design and compare solar geoengineering simulations and it is a useful first-order predictor of the climate response. Its limits as a measure of performance, however, remain largely untested. Studies of how solar geoengineering alters climate extremes exist yet remain inadequately explored. We argue that extreme-event metrics should become a formal part of performance assessment, so that success is judged by how interventions alter the risks of floods, heatwaves and droughts especially for climate vulnerable regions.

Abstract. We present a structured multi-criteria framework for the sub-selection of CMIP6 global climate models (GCMs) to support CORDEX-CORE2 dynamical downscaling. The framework integrates five key criteria: historical performance, model independence, regional temperature sensitivity, precipitation spread, and data availability, and is designed to identify a single, consistent subset of GCMs across all CORDEX domains to improve the comparability and interpretability of regional projections. A total of 45 GCMs are evaluated over the historical period (1981–2014), with 31 models further assessed for projected changes over 2015–2100. Application of the framework shows that model performance is systematically higher for large-scale circulation and thermodynamic fields than for precipitation seasonality and monsoon-related processes, which remain a dominant source of uncertainty across regions. Despite the diversity of climates represented across CORDEX domains, model rankings are broadly consistent, with top-performing models exhibiting stable performance across both tropical and extratropical regions, while lower-ranked models show more pervasive deficiencies rather than region-specific weaknesses. Sensitivity analyses demonstrate that rankings are largely insensitive to the choice of aggregation method but depend strongly on the breadth of evaluation metrics, with robust and reproducible rankings emerging only when a large fraction of the full metric suite is retained. Assessment of model independence reveals substantial clustering within the ensemble, indicating that many models share similar performance characteristics, while a smaller subset provides distinct and complementary information. Regional temperature sensitivity exhibits a coherent ordering across domains, suggesting that differences in projected warming are primarily governed by intrinsic model characteristics rather than region-specific effects. In contrast, precipitation spread shows strong regional variability, with both the magnitude and temporal structure of precipitation change differing widely across models. The relationship between precipitation and warming further highlights that, in some regions, precipitation responses scale with temperature, while in others they are dominated by circulation variability. By combining these criteria with data availability constraints, the framework identifies a reduced set of models that retains key aspects of performance, diversity, and projected change. This approach provides a transparent and reproducible basis for GCM selection within CORDEX-CORE2 and offers a generalizable strategy for coordinated regional climate modeling efforts.

Abstract. Climate change poses severe risks to African agriculture, water resources, and ecosystems. Temperature overshoot scenarios, in which global warming temporarily exceeds target thresholds such as 1.5 or 2.0 °C before declining through mitigation and carbon removal later in the century, are plausible future trajectories. Yet, their regional impacts and the reversibility of changes during the overshoot remain poorly characterized. Stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) has been proposed as a means to limit peak warming during overshoot; however, its effects on African climate extremes and water availability require careful assessment. This study analyses different CESM2-WACCM6 simulations to evaluate changes in temperature extremes, precipitation patterns, and surface moisture budget across Africa, using two baseline scenarios, the high GHG forcing scenario (SSP5-8.5) and the SSP5-3.4-OS overshoot scenario, which includes strong decarbonization and carbon removal efforts after 2040. In addition, three SAI intervention scenarios are assessed, targeting 1.5 and 2.0 °C (for the overshoot scenario, only) above pre-industrial levels. We compute selected ETCCDI-based climate indices, including Growing Degree Days, Warm Spell Duration Index, Consecutive Dry Days, and precipitation intensity metrics for baseline and overshoot (2060–2079) periods. Our results reveal near-universal, statistically significant changes (> 90 %) in temperature indices during overshoot, with 5–30 % increases depending on the metric. Precipitation indices exhibit more heterogeneous responses, with 40–80 % of the area showing significant changes. SAI interventions consistently reduce temperature-related indices across Africa, with the strongest cooling effects in tropical regions. However, precipitation responses to SAI display substantial spatial heterogeneity and scenario dependency: West Africa’s Sahel shows increased moisture availability under high SAI compared to SSP5-8.5, Central Africa exhibits mixed responses with regional drying in parts of the Congo Basin, and East Africa demonstrates a dipole pattern of coastal wetting and interior drying that intensifies at higher warming thresholds. All these changes are magnified under high-cooling scenarios (using the high forcing baseline) compared with cooling under overshoot, in which case many precipitation differences are reduced.

Scenarios serve as a critical tool in climate change analysis, enabling the exploration of future evolution of the climate system, climate impacts, and the human system (including mitigation and adaptation actions). This paper describes the scenario framework for ScenarioMIP as part of CMIP7. The design process has involved various rounds of interaction with the research community and user groups at large. The proposal covers a set of scenarios exploring high levels of climate change (to explore high-end climate risks), medium levels of climate change (anchored to current policy), and low levels of climate change (aligned with current international agreements). These scenarios follow very different trajectories in terms of emissions, with some likely to experience peaks and subsequent declines in greenhouse gas concentrations in this century. An important innovation is that most scenarios are intended to be run, if possible, in emission-driven mode, providing a better representation of the Earth system uncertainty space. The proposal also includes plans for long-term extensions (up to 2500 AD) to study long-term impacts, climate change-related processes on long timescales, and (ir)reversibility. This proposal forms the basis for further implementation of the framework in terms of the derivation of emissions and land use pathways for use by Earth system models and additional variants for adaptation and mitigation studies.

With the 1.5oC global warming target set to be breached in the next decade, and as the impacts of this warming across the world become more deleterious, Climate Intervention (CI) and in particular Solar Radiation Modification (SRM) will become the subject of global political discussion. While low latitude, developing countries have the most to gain or lose from CI and SRM, they are underrepresented in current discussions, however, decisions regarding development and implementation/rejection of SRM require that these countries be at the center of such conversations. Preparing the African voice for this discussion is essential and requires a well-resourced and well-connected African research community that understands the regional impacts of global warming and how CI may mitigate or exacerbate these impacts. While there are many SRM research projects around Africa facilitated by the DEGREES Initiative, a coordinated CI research community does not yet exist. Here we present results from a project that aims to transition the current loose research network into a well-structured CI and SRM research coalition, nurturing an expert SRM community in Africa over the next 5-10 years. The main component of the project is a workshop that will bring together African CI and SRM researchers alongside representatives of the World Climate Research Programme, the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX-Africa) and International African research institutions. The workshop will discuss how to build, grow, and sustain a coalition of African SRM researchers, considering its research and capacity-building activities, its initial composition, and its structure. The workshop will also develop an initial roadmap of activities for the coalition and consider potential funding sources to support it. Furthermore, we will explore using a research hub model as a vehicle through which the coalition, its activities and growth is supported. The insights and outcomes from these discussions will be synthesized into a white paper outlining the goals and principles of the coalition, with concrete recommendations for next steps. Key messages of the white paper will be presented in this session. The work is pioneering and entrepreneurial and we know of no other efforts like this. In fact, we believe this would be the first continental scale SRM research coalition in the world, let alone in the Global South.

Global warming will significantly affect agricultural sector in Africa but its implication on the future cultivation of industrial crops is still unknown. The present study examines the impact global warming on industrial crops (Soyabean, Coffee and Cotton) suitability and planting season in Africa under the new Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSPs). Using the multi-model ensemble datasets from the CMIP6 simulations for SSP245 & 585 for the historical (1981-2010), near future (2035-2064) and end of century (2070-2099) periods as input into Ecocrop, a crop suitability model, we examine the impact of climate change on the suitability and planting season of industrial crops in SSA owing to their economic importance to the region. Our result shows Soyabean is most suitable across most part of the region in comparison to Coffee and Cotton with suitability index above 0.5 except south of 20oS in southern Africa and in the Sahel zone (north of 14oN) over the historical period. The impact of climate change shows increase,10 and 20% in suitable area for Soyabean over East Africa while no significant is expected change for Cotton in the near future and end of century respectively. In contrast, a decrease 15% and 25% in suitable/ cultivated area for Arabica coffee may be expected in the near future and end of century respectively over West and Central Africa. In addition, no change in planting season is expected over the two periods and SSPs for Soyabean and Cotton. However, a 2-month early planting for arabica and robusta coffee may be expected over West and southern Africa respectively by the end of century with SSP585. Also, a 1-month delay in the planting season may be expected for robusta coffee over West and Central Africa by the end of century under ssp585. The study will assist to improve our understanding on the response of industrial crops to the impact climate change under different SSPs in Africa and its resultant effect on economy in sub-Saharan Africa. It will also help inform policy maker in their decision making of adaptation strategies to improve suitable areas for the cultivation of the crops to enhance the economy of the region. Keywords: Industrial crops, Ecocrop, Global warming, Africa

The WCRP Academy is the research training advisory and coordination arm of the World Climate Research Program. It is the flagship activity for WCRP´s mission: “to develop, share, and apply climate knowledge that contributes to societal well-being” and works to equip current and future climate scientists with the knowledge, skills and attributes required to tackle the world’s most pressing and challenging climate research questions.The foundation of the Academy is an online portal that connects training providers with users of training materials through a catalogue of climate science training activities and educational materials. The Academy ensures that the training that it shares is of high quality and, as such, is a legitimate source of professional and capacity development. The Academy is also exploring models for effective mentorship, best practice guides for climate science training and a WCRP Future Leaders Programme. The WCRP Academy is building a global community of climate researchers at all career stages to provide global networking and development opportunities to facilitate lifelong learning, global equity, and skills matching for current and future research projects. The WCRP Academy encourages and invites all research and expert groups, academic and research institutions, government agencies and non-government organizations who provide climate science training and education to register as training providers and contribute to our online training catalogue.https://wcrp-academy.org

Climate change is increasingly recognised as a public health crisis, with extreme weather events intensifying the risk of climate-sensitive diseases and placing additional strain on already vulnerable health systems. Integrating climate and health data is critical to anticipating these risks and strengthening public health preparedness and response. This report presents outcomes from the 9th session of the WHO Pandemic and Epidemic Intelligence Innovation Forum, co-hosted with Data.org, which convened experts from academia, public health, and civil society to explore barriers and solutions to integrating climate and health data for decision-making. Participants from institutions including Data.org, the University of Cape Town’s Climate System Analysis Group, New York University, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, and SilverLining shared insights on the use of downscaled climate models, cloud-based infrastructures, and cross-sectoral collaboration. Key themes included the need to move from a data-first to a decision-first approach; democratise access to high-resolution climate data; address inequities in funding and analytical capacity, particularly in the Global South; and foster interdisciplinary communities of practice. Challenges such as incompatible data structures, limited local capacity, and inequitable access to computational resources were addressed through innovative examples such as cloud-based climate stacks, integrated forecasting tools, and capacity-building hubs. Moving forward, the forum emphasised strengthening technical infrastructure, data interoperability, and local empowerment as essential to bridging climate and health disciplines and ensuring equitable, data-driven public health responses in a warming world.

Agricultural production is highly dependent on rainfall dynamics (onset, cessation, length of rainy season) in the West African region, whose livelihood and economy are highly dependent on rainfed agriculture. The impact of global warming has been shown to lead to reduction and variability in rainfall over the region. However, Stratospheric Aerosol Injection has been proposed as one of the potential strategies to cool down and limit future global warming to 1.5ºC by injecting aerosol into the stratosphere. Nevertheless, how this strategy may affect rainfall onset and cessation and drought response to SAI, notably across the agroecological zone of West Africa, remains unclear. The present study examines the impact of global warming and Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) rainfall onset, cessation and drought regimes over West Africa. In the study we examined the potential impact of climate change and SAI on the onset and cessation of rainfall and drought regimes over West Africa using TAMSAT observation dataset and ARISE dataset for SSP2-45 with and without aerosol injection. Our result showed that climate intervention may lead to an early onset and cessation over the coastal area of West Africa compared to TAMSAT but delayed (early) onset (cessation) in the savannah and Sahel zones. The results implied a shift in the rainfall duration may be expected over the coastal area, while a decrease in rainfall duration may be expected over the Savannah and Sahel zones. For the drought regime, our result revealed an increase in extremely wet periods may be expected relative to the observation across the three zones. On the other hand, a decrease in extremely dry periods may be expected over the coastal and savannah zones but an increase in the Sahel zone. This study will enhance our understanding of the impact of climate geoengineering on rainfall dynamics in West Africa and its effect on agricultural production and food security in the region.

Solar radiation modification (SRM) is a possible deliberate approach to decrease or reflect incoming solar radiation with the goal of reducing global temperatures, which have increased over the last decades due to high atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Stratospheric aerosol injection, specifically, has shown potential for successfully reducing global temperatures in climate model simulations. Despite the growing literature in the areas of climate change and SRM, their combined effects on renewable energy generation, a climate change mitigation strategy, have not been addressed. In this review paper, we synthesize previous literature on the possible effects of climate change and SRM on renewable energy resources (i.e., wind energy, solar energy, biomass energy, and hydropower), review the status of climate change and SRM research, and explore potential effects of SRM on renewable energy primarily in the Continental United States (CONUS), but with global perspectives as well. We discuss the research challenges and impacts of SRM on renewable energy and conclude by discussing the potential implications of SRM for renewables for SRM governance and policy. This work is not advocating for or against SRM. It is highlighting an important potential impact for future decision makers.

South Africa has experienced challenges to meet the energy demand of its citizens, let alone achieve a Just Energy Transition. This mainly due to grid capacity issues and slow rollout of new generation capacity. These are not unsolvable stumbling blocks and with better queuing rules for grid space and efforts to expedite grid and generation capacity expansion, confidence can be restored in the public renewable energy procurement programme. The latest Eskom transmission development plan highlights heavily building out the grid over the next 10 years to facilitate projected renewable energy production growth. Although variable renewable energy (VRE) resources are growing, at present, the stability and cost to the power system can be optimized with improved accuracy of VRE production forecasts. In a changing climate where temperatures in South Africa are projected to increase at double the global average, understanding the performance and impact of climate change and fluctuating frequency of extreme weather events on these facilities in the medium and long term, is important for the sustainability of the South African energy system as it justly transitions to renewables. Methodologies for forecasting VRE in short-, medium- and long-term temporal resolutions are presented in Landwehr (2018) and Landwehr et al. (2023a, b) and highlighted here. In this paper the imperative for the development of a VRE Forecasting Hub in South Africa for all temporal resolutions is outlined. This to facilitate better VRE forecasting, risk mitigation and adaptation at varying timescales of VRE production. A blueprint for such a VRE Forecasting Hub is presented.

It is increasingly evident that maintaining global warming at levels below those agreed in the legally binding international treaty on climate change. i.e., the Paris Agreement, is going to be extremely challenging using conventional mitigation techniques. While future scenarios of climate change frequently include extensive use of terrestrial and marine carbon dioxide removal in the second part of the 21st century, it is unproven that these techniques can be scaled-up to reach the scale required to significantly reduce concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide and significant uncertainties and detrimental side-effects exist. These issues have led to increasing interest in so-called “Solar Radiation Modification” whereby the global mean temperature of the Earth is reduced by either blocking a small fraction of sunlight from reaching it or by increasing the Earth’s albedo to reflect a small proportion of incident sunlight back out to space. Here we systematically identify key research gaps associated with the two most prominent Solar Radiation Modification techniques, i.e., Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) and Marine Cloud Brightening (MCB). We provide an assessment of the research gaps associated with other less prominent SRM techniques. We assert that transparency and inclusivity in SRM research is essential in providing objective and impartial research findings to each and every stakeholder in an equitable way.

The future state of the global water cycle and the prediction of freshwater availability for humans around the world remain among the challenges of climate research and are relevant to several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The Global Precipitation Experiment (GPEX) takes on the challenge of improving the prediction of precipitation quantity, phase, timing, and intensity, characteristics that are products of a complex integrated system. It will achieve this by leveraging existing World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) activities and community capabilities in satellite, surface-based, and airborne observations, modeling, and experimental research and by conducting new and focused activities. It was launched in October 2023 as a WCRP Lighthouse Activity. Here, we present an overview of the GPEX Science Plan that articulates the primary science questions related to precipitation measurements, process understanding, model performance and improvements, and plans for capacity development. The central phase of GPEX is the WCRP Years of Precipitation for 2-3 years with coordinated global field campaigns focusing on different storm types (atmospheric rivers, mesoscale convective systems, monsoons, and tropical cyclones, among others) over different regions and seasons. Activities are planned over the three phases (before, during, and after the Years of Precipitation) spanning a decade. These include gridded data evaluation and development, advanced modeling, enhanced understanding of processes critical to precipitation, multiscale prediction of precipitation events across scales, and capacity development. These activities will be further developed as part of the GPEX Implementation Plan.

Climate intervention through solar radiation modification is one proposed method for reducing climate risks from anthropogenic warming. Marine Cloud Brightening (MCB), one such approach, proposes to inject sea salt aerosol into a regional marine boundary layer to increase marine clouds' reflectivity. This study assessed the potential influence of four MCB experiments on the climate in Africa using simulations from the Community Earth System Model (CESM2) with the Community Atmospheric Model (CAM6). Four idealised MCB experiments were performed with the CESM2(CAM6) model under a medium-range background forcing scenario (SSP2-4.5) by setting cloud droplet number concentrations to 600 cm-3 over three subtropical ocean regions: (a) Northeast Pacific (MCBNEP); (b) Southeast Pacific (MCBSEP); (c) Southeast Atlantic (MCBSEA); and (d) the combination of these three regions (MCBALL). The CESM2(CAM6) model reproduces the observed spatial distribution and seasonal cycle of precipitation and minimum and maximum temperatures over Africa and its climatic zones well. The results suggest that MCBSEP would induce the strongest global cooling effect and thus could be the most effective in decreasing (increasing) temperatures (precipitation) and associated extremes across most parts of the continent, especially over West Africa, in the future (2035-2054) while other regions could remain warmer or dryer compared to the historical climate (1995-2014). While the projected changes under MCBALL are similar to those of MCBSEP, MCBNEP and MCBSEA could result in more warming and, in some regions of Africa, create a warmer future than under SSP2-4.5. Also, all MCB experiments are more effective in cooling maximum temperature and related extremes than minimum temperature and related extremes. These findings further suggest that the climate impacts of MCB in Africa are highly sensitive to the deployment region.

The WCRP Academy is the research training advisory and coordination arm of the World Climate Research Program. It is the flagship activity for WCRP´s mission: “to develop, share, and apply climate knowledge that contributes to societal well-being” and works to equip current and future climate scientists with the knowledge, skills and attributes required to tackle the world’s most pressing and challenging climate research questions. The Academy is a hub which connects training providers and users of training. Inclusion within the Academy implies that the training is of high quality and, as such, is a legitimate source of training and professional and capacity development platform that is targeted to climate scientists. In this presentation, we will introduce the Academy and our catalogue of climate science training, which collates in-house WCRP training activities and educational materials to the global science community. Further, the WCRP Academy encourages and invites all research and expert groups, academic and research institutions, government agencies and non-government organizations who provide climate science training and education to register as training providers and contribute to our online training catalogue.The WCRP Academy is building a global community of climate researchers at all career stages to provide global networking and development opportunities to facilitate lifelong learning, global equity, and skills matching for current and future research projects.

Flooding is one of Africa’s most impactful natural disasters, significantly affecting human lives, infrastructure, and economies. This study examines the spatial and temporal distribution of historical flood events across the continent from 1927 to 2020, with a focus on fatalities, affected populations, and economic damage. Data from the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT), the fifth generation of bias-corrected European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis (ERA5), and the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Stations (CHIRPS) observational datasets were used to calculate extreme precipitation indices—Consecutive Wet Days (CWD), annual precipitation on very wet days (R95PTOT), and Annual Maximum Precipitation (AMP). Spatial analysis tools and the Mann–Kendall test were used to assess trends in flood occurrences, while Pearson correlation analysis identified key meteorological drivers across 16 African capital cities for 1981–2019. A flood frequency analysis was conducted using Weibull, Gamma, Lognormal, Gumbel, and Logistic probability distribution models to compute flood return periods for up to 100 years. Results reveal a significant upward trend with a slope above 0.50 floods per year in flood frequency and impact over the period, particularly in regions such as West Africa (Nigeria, Ghana), East Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania), North Africa (Algeria, Morocco), Central Africa (Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo), and Southern Africa (Mozambique, Malawi, South Africa). Positive trends (at 99% significance level with slopes ranging between 0.50 and 0.60 floods per year) were observed in flood-related fatalities, affected populations, and economic damage across Regional Economic Communities (RECs), individual countries, and cities of Africa. The CWD, R95PTOT, and AMP indices emerged as reliable predictors of flood events, while non-stationary return periods exhibited low uncertainties for events within 20 years. These findings underscore the urgency of implementing robust flood disaster management strategies, enhancing flood forecasting systems, and designing resilient infrastructure to mitigate growing flood risks in Africa’s rapidly changing climate.

Global warming will be devastating for agriculture in Africa, impacting food security throughout the continent. Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI), which involves the injection of sulphur into the stratosphere to reduce incoming solar radiation to Earth's surface, has been proposed as a strategy to reduce the global warming rate; however, there is a knowledge gap on how this may affect horticultural crops including mango, orange and tomato in Africa. Our study examines the effects of climate change due to Greenhouse Gases (GHG) and SAI on horticultural crop suitability in Africa using datasets from the Stratospheric Aerosol Geoengineering Large Ensembles (GLENS) project for the periods 2011–2030 and 2070–2089 as inputs into the Ecocrop model. Our findings show GHG may lead to an increase of 3–4°C in temperature and a 5–10 mm increase in total monthly rainfall in West, Central and East Africa, but a decrease (10 mm) in southern Africa. SAI intervention is projected to induce cooling of up to 3°C in both minimum and mean temperature and may also lead to a decrease of 10–20 mm in total monthly rainfall in Africa by the end of the century. The intervention may lead to an increase (~0.2) in the Suitability Index Value (SIV) of mango and tomato over West and Central Africa. However, a projected decrease (~0.3) in SIV is projected for mango and orange from Angola extending to northern Mozambique in southern Africa. In addition, no change in SIV is projected for the three crops in North Africa. SAI intervention may lead to a 2% increase in highly suitable areas for tomato and about a 7% increase in unsuitable areas for the three crops. The results should be interpreted with caution as they are particular to this Solar Radiation Management approach and modelling experiments in the GLENS project.

Cocoa is an important cash crop that contributes to the economy of Nigeria via job creation and foreign exchange earnings. However, escalating global warming trends threatens Cocoa cultivation and have resulted in a decline and heightened variability in Cocoa production in Nigeria, with potential for further exacerbation in the future. A potential way to reduce the warming is through climate intervention (CI) techniques, including Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI), which involves the injection of sulphur into the stratosphere to reflect a small percentage of incoming solar radiation and lower earth’s temperature. To gauge GHG and SAI impact on Cocoa suitability in Nigeria, we used Geoengineering Large Ensemble Simulations (GLENS) dataset as input into Ecocrop model for historical (2011–2030) and future periods (2070–2089). Our results show GHG impact will increase mean and minimum temperatures (up to 3°C) and total monthly rainfall (up to 15 mm) by the end of century in the southwest and north-east area of Nigeria while rainfall decrease of similar magnitude in the other parts of the country. With SAI intervention, rainfall may decrease by about 10–20 mm over the country and reduce mean and minimum temperature by 2°C. Suitable land for Cocoa cultivation in Nigeria may decrease by 24 and 18% under GHG and SAI, respectively, while unsuitable may increase by 14 and 24% by the end of century. Our study has implications for the economies based on Cocoa production in Nigeria.

Solar climate intervention refers to a group of methods for reducing climate risks associated with anthropogenic warming by reflecting sunlight. Marine cloud brightening (MCB), one such approach, proposes to inject sea-salt aerosol into one or more regional marine boundary layer to increase marine cloud reflectivity. Here, we assess the potential influence of various MCB experiments on Africa's climate using simulations from the Community Earth System Model (CESM2) with the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM6) as its atmospheric component. We analyzed four idealized MCB experiments under a medium-range background forcing scenario (SSP2-4.5), which brighten clouds over three subtropical ocean regions: (a) Northeast Pacific (MCBNEP); (b) Southeast Pacific (MCBSEP); (c) Southeast Atlantic (MCBSEA); and (d) these three regions simultaneously (MCBALL). Our results suggest that the climate impacts of MCB in Africa are highly sensitive to the deployment region. MCBSEP would produce the strongest global cooling effect and thus could be the most effective in decreasing temperatures, increasing precipitation, and reducing the intensity and frequency of temperature and precipitation extremes across most parts of Africa, especially West Africa, in the future (2035-2054) compared to the historical climate (1995-2014). MCB in other regions produces less cooling and wetting despite similar radiative forcings. While the projected changes under MCBALL are similar to those of MCBSEP, MCBNEP and MCBSEA could see more residual warming and induce a warmer future than under SSP2-4.5 in some regions across Africa. All MCB experiments are more effective in cooling maximum temperature and related extremes than minimum temperature and related extremes. We investigate the potential impact of artificially increasing marine cloud reflectivity on Africa's climate. Human influence on the climate is projected to increase the risk of damaging extreme events across the globe. In Africa, one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change, these impacts are already being felt, especially among communities least able to adapt. It is possible to increase the reflectivity of marine clouds by spraying them with sea salt particulates. This approach was proposed as one possible way of reducing warming by reducing the amount of sunlight reaching the earth's surface. The potential implications of such initiatives for the climate system remain uncertain, especially in Africa. In this study, we analyzed a climate model, that simulates increased reflectivity of clouds to assess the potential impacts of artificially brightening clouds over different subtropical marine regions on the African climate, focusing on mean and extreme precipitation and temperature events. Our results suggest that the impact of artificially increasing marine cloud reflectivity depends on the marine region of intervention. The climate impacts of Marine Cloud Brightening (MCB) in Africa are highly sensitive to the deployment region MCB in the Southeast Pacific could effectively cool Africa and reduces temperature and precipitation extremes In this study, MCB is more effective in cooling maximum temperature and related extremes than minimum temperature and related extremes