Background: Pacing critically influences swimming performance. In master swimmers, aging leads to performance decline, but the age at which pacing becomes unstable, and whether this precedes performance loss, remains unclear. Objective: This cross-sectional retrospective study analyzed sex, distance and stroke-specific age-related breakpoints in pacing variability (CV) and performance (RT) in master swimmers. Methods: A total of 13,822 swimmers (7417 men and 6405 women; age 25–99 years) competing at the World Aquatics Masters Championships (2023–2025) were included. Results: CV showed the strongest association with RT (r = 0.173, p < 0.001). Overall, CV worsened significantly earlier (52 years, +2.82%/year) than RT (82 years, +0.51%/year; p < 0.001). In women, CV deterioration began at ~50 years, while RT was maintained until ~85 years; this was particularly pronounced in short-distance events (pacing breakpoint at 35 years). Men displayed more synchronized decline patterns. Age breakpoints of CV and RT were coincident in freestyle and breaststroke (82 years). Backstroke and butterfly demonstrated RT breakpoints at 47 and 67 years, respectively, with CV occurring at 72 years. Conclusions: These findings indicate that CV generally deteriorates years before RT and represents a stroke, sex and distance-specific marker of accelerated functional decline in elite master swimmers. Monitoring CV may provide early warning of impending performance deterioration informing timely, targeted training interventions to extend athletic longevity.

INTRODUCTION:Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by motor impairments compromising daily functioning and quality of life. While pharmacological treatments primarily address motor symptoms, non-pharmacological therapies such as exercise, gained recognition for their potential in improving motor function and mobility. Among various forms of physical activities, dance positively influences motor functions in PD, according to study results. Assessing the feasibility and investigating whether an adapted slow waltz-based program could improve gait and balance in patients with PD have been the main aims of this study. METHODS:Twelve subjects (age 72 ± 9 years; MMSE score ≥24; H&Y stages 1-4; ability to stand unaided) were involved in the project. Participants attended eight sessions of slow waltz combined with basic technical exercises performed at home for 8 weeks. Assessments were conducted at the beginning (T0) and after the end of the program (T1) using Body Sway Test, Gait Analysis, Stepping in Place and Timed Up and Go (TUG) Tests.Results:Data have been compared using Wilcoxon test on 9 out of 12 participants. It appears, from collected data, that Mean distance A/P, Mean distance M/L and Area in Body Sway Test with opened feet had improved during the 8 weeks. The same trend was observed with Closed feet. An enhancement in Stride time, Cadence and Velocity, has been highlighted through the Parameters of Gait Analysis, while Stride length appears significantly decreased. The Stepping in Place Test demonstrated significant improvements in A/P Displacement, along with improvements in R/L displacement and Area. The reduced task completion time and the increased score in the assessment of biomechanical strategies tool in the TUG, pointed out a significant positive shift in performance. CONCLUSIONS:First data analysis shows a highly encouraging potential, indicating that a slow waltz-based program can improve gait and balance in patients with PD.

Dragon boating and rowing are reported to be safe and provide physical benefits for women with breast cancer. Sculling, characterized by a distinct biomechanical technique, may serve as a potential tool to mitigate the adverse side effects of cancer treatments. This study investigated the feasibility and impact of a 6-month integrated physical activity program in breast cancer survivors. A longitudinal intervention study was conducted involving 20 women with breast cancer (age: 55.8 ± 6.1 yrs; BMI: 24.6 ± 3.3 kg/m2, stages I-III; surgery performed 6 months to 20 years prior) who participated in a 6-month exercise program consisting of three weekly one-hour sessions of adapted physical activity, walking, and sculling, with assessments conducted at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Physical activity, arm lymphedema, flexibility, and fatigue were tested. The program did not lead to the development or worsening of pre-existing lymphedema. A reduction of 78.9 cm3 was observed in the operated limb over 6 months (p = 0.005). An improvement in flexibility was also observed with a 2.7 cm increase in the back scratch test for the operated limb (p < 0.001). However, no significant change in fatigue-related variables was recorded. This is a novel study, as sculling has not previously been investigated in the context of breast cancer rehabilitation. The findings suggested that, when integrated into a structured exercise program, sculling is not only a safe and accessible activity but also effective in promoting physical and health-related improvements, with no adverse events reported. Therefore, it should be considered as part of a comprehensive rehabilitation plan for breast cancer survivors.

Background/Objectives: Hematological cancers encompass a collection of heterogeneous conditions. The need for repeated treatments and prolonged hospitalization leads to a decrease in health-related quality of life. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluate the effect of exercise interventions on functioning scales, global health status, and symptoms in patients with hematological cancers. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were systematically screened, and randomized controlled trials were included. The primary outcome was health-related quality of life assessed through the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life questionnaire. Meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model and 95% confidence intervals. Results: A total of 14 trials involving 837 patients with mixed cancer types were included. Most studies evaluated exercise interventions during hospitalization, with aerobic and resistance training at moderate intensity being the most common modalities and adherence rates ranging from 28% to 100%. Exercise programs significantly improved physical (SMD 0.23; 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.40; p = 0.008), emotional (SMD 0.19; 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.36; p = 0.020) and cognitive functioning (SMD 0.20; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.37; p = 0.026), and global health status (SMD 0.24; 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.46; p = 0.027). Significant reductions were observed in fatigue (SMD −0.33; 95% CI: −0.52 to −0.14; p = 0.001), pain (SMD −0.34; 95% CI: −0.53 to −0.15; p = 0.000), and insomnia (SMD −0.22; 95% CI: −0.41 to −0.03; p = 0.024). Heterogeneity was minimal across most domains, suggesting consistent findings. Conclusions: Exercise interventions are effective in enhancing functioning scales and global health status and reducing symptom burden in patients receiving intensive treatments. Future research is required to explore the long-term effects of exercise and develop tailored programs for specific hematologic malignancies and treatment settings.

. Background. Start reaction time is a key determinant of swimming performance, particularly in sprint events. While extensively studied in young elite swimmers, limited research has explored its impact on master swimmers. This study examines the relationship between start reaction time, age, and swimming stroke in male and female master swimmers competing at the World Championships. Methods. Data from the 2023 Masters World Championships in Kyushu, Japan, were analysed, including 4357 male and 3617 female results from 50m and 100m events in Freestyle, Backstroke, Breaststroke, and Butterfly. Reaction times and race performances were assessed across 15 age groups (25-99 years). Spearman's correlation examined the relationship between reaction time, performance, and age. Results. Performance and reaction times declined with increasing age in all strokes and distances. The strongest correlations were found between the year of birth and performances (rho: min-0.701 max-0.855), reaction times presented lower but still significant correlation with the year of birth (rho: min-0.441 max-0.599). Strong negative correlations between reaction time and performance (rho: min-0.531 max-0.697) emphasized its role in competitive success. Conclusions. Developing fast start reaction time is crucial for master swimmers, as it significantly impacts performance. Training programs focusing on lower limb strength and neuromuscular response may help counteract age-related declines. Coaches should incorporate reaction time training to optimize race performance and mitigate the functional effects of aging.

Different sports require elevated visual-spatial and related cognitive abilities, which are increasingly recognized as crucial not only for athletic performance but also for broader public health implications. Sex-related differences in these abilities have often been explained through both biological and sociocultural factors, with males traditionally described as having superior visual-spatial skills. However, fewer studies have investigated how targeted physical training can enhance these abilities in women. This study aimed to analyze the influence of two different cycling interval training exercises on visual-spatial ability in women. Seventy-two healthy, active, and young women engaged in (1) a High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) session followed by a cognitive training (CT); or (2) a Low-Volume Interval Training (LVIT) session followed by a CT; or (3) a cognitive (COG) session, consisting of listening to music followed by a CT; or (4) a control (CTRL) session, consisting of solely listening to music. Cognitive performance was assessed at baseline and after the training sessions using the Metzler and Shepard Test (MS), the Paper Folding and Cutting Test (PFC), and the Mental Rotation Test (MRT). No significant between-group differences were observed. However, in all groups the time to complete the PFC and MRT tests was significantly lower and the number of errors was significantly smaller for the PFC test in the post-test compared with the pre-test. These findings expand the current literature by demonstrating that interval training, whether high intensity or low volume, when combined with cognitive training, may improve certain aspects of visual-spatial cognitive performance in healthy, active, young women. These findings highlight the potential of combining structured exercise with cognitive challenges. Such interventions may promote cognitive health in women and contribute to long-term public health outcomes.

Background/Objectives: conducting fitness tests in educational settings can lead to advantages for both individuals and groups, beyond just enhancing fitness. With the aim of appropriately interpreting performance, this study was conducted to establish sex- and age-specific percentile normative data for a physical fitness (PF) protocol and to define a compound measure of physical performance. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a short, feasible, and easy-to-administer test battery was performed for 5106 school children, aged 6–10 years. Gender- and age-specific percentiles for the PF tests were constructed, and a Physical Fitness–Motor Competence Performance Index (PF-MC PI) was calculated according to the percentiles. Results: Boys scored higher in all the PF tests when compared to girls (p < 0.001). There was also a trend towards increased PF levels as the age increased in both genders (p < 0.0001). Correlations between scores on individual test items were moderate to high (r from 0.549 to 0.700), and all individual test item scores significantly correlated with the PF-MC PI (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: the provided percentile values will enable the correct interpretation and monitoring of the fitness status of children and the PF-MC PI can be used for easily rating children’s health-related fitness qualities.

This study aimed to analyze the acute impact of exercise on serum irisin levels in 22 young (YA, 24.6 ± 3.5 yrs) and in 12 middle-aged male adults (MA, 54.6 ± 5.7 yrs) 15 min and 24 h after an incremental cycling exercise test to exhaustion. ELISA assay was used for serum irisin detection. Circulating irisin increased significantly from baseline (9.0 ± 2.0 ng/ml) to 15 min post-exercise (10.2 ± 2.0 ng/ml, P < 0.001), but the greatest increment was detected after 24 h (13.5 ± 2.5 ng/ml, P < 0.001) reaching more than 50% of the basal release. Levels were significantly higher in YA (9.7 ± 1.7 to 11.1 ± 1.8 to 14.5 ± 2.2 ng/ml) than MA (7.6 ± 1.6 to 8.7 ± 1.5 to 11.8± 2.2 ng/ml) for all measured time-points (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, MA showed a comparable increase in serum irisin levels when compared to YA. These findings highlight the importance of acute physical exercise as a countermeasure against age-related deterioration of skeletal muscle mass and function in both YA and MA.

Irisin is an exercise-induced cytokine mainly secreted by myocytes. Circulating level of irisin can increase in response to acute exercise, promoting pleiotropic effects on health. Generally, irisin is evaluated in blood, however, its collection is invasive. Saliva sample would not have any risk associated with blood collection and would represent a less invasive method for irisin detection. Until now, there are only a few studies that have analyzed irisin levels in saliva. In the present research, five healthy male adults performed an incremental exercise until exhaustion on cycle ergometer. Serum and saliva samples were collected before exercise and 15min, 24h and 48h after reaching the exhaustion. Irisin was detected by ELISA assay. Serum and salivary irisin levels increased from baseline to 24h post exercise and reverted to basal levels after 48h of rest. A significant rise of both serum and salivary irisin level at 24h (p≤0.05) compared to baseline levels was found. Furthermore, a significant correlation between irisin percentage change in serum and saliva from baseline to 24h post exercise was detected (r=0.92, p<0.05). Despite the relatively limited sample, this research suggests that collecting saliva samples might represent a valid and less invasive method to detect irisin level changes induced by exercise.

Tests performed in a swimming flume in laboratory, under carefully controlled conditions, can be indicative of actual stand-up paddle (SUP) performance on the water. Aim of the case report was to test the feasibility of testing the SUP performance in the swimming flume, as absolute values and as percentage of peak values assessed through a maximal incremental cycle ergometer test. One high level competitive stand paddle male athlete performed a maximal incremental cycle ergometer test and a continuous multistage maximal incremental test on a SUP board in a swimming flume. Gas exchanges and heart rate were continuously recorded during both tests. Blood samples were taken after warming up and after the end of the tests. The swimming flume assessment of maximal aerobic power in our SUP athlete yield higher results than those reported for the cycle ergometer test. The evaluation protocol can thus be considered a valid field testing of SUP on the water, with the advantage of being performed in a laboratory carefully controlled environment. Our elite participant exhibited good level of maximal aerobic power, in the range of those seen in other paddling and rowing disciplines. The energy cost of SUP paddling demonstrated to be in the intense and severe domain. Consequently, SUP paddling can be considered a valuable exercise method for training and health purposes.

Il presente studio è stato condotto durante il periodo di lockdown causato dal virus CO-VID-19, che ha determinato un forte impatto psicologico negativo sulla vita della maggior par-te delle persone. Tale impatto ha avuto una serie di conseguenze sulle abitudini delle persone, fra cui lo svolgimento dell'attività fisica (AF) che è stato compromesso dalla mancanza di mo-tivazione. Lo studio si propone di individuare possibili relazioni tra cronotipo, autoefficacia, resilienza e motivazione al cambiamento in relazione all'attività fisica durante il COVID-19. Sono stati reclutati 159 soggetti, ai quali sono stati somministrati diversi questionari in modali-tà online: il Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) per individuare la categoria del Cronotipo, la General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE) attraverso cui viene misurata l'autoefficacia, la Resilience Scale (RS-14) con la quale viene misurata la resilienza e l'Assessing Motivation for Change nei confronti dell'attività fisica (MAC2R-AF) che misura la motivazione al cam-biamento nel fare attività fisica. I mattutini sono risultati avere valori significativamente superiori rispetto a serotini e intermedi sia per quanto riguarda l'autoefficacia che per quanto ri-guarda la resilienza. Inoltre, si evidenzia una significativa, positiva e forte correlazione tra au-toefficacia e resilienza e una correlazione positiva significativa tra resilienza e motivazione all'attività fisica, spiegando il 53% della varianza. In conclusione, la motivazione al cambiamento relativa all'attività fisica è sostenuta da un elevato livello di resilienza. Potenziare la pro-pria capacità di far fronte in maniera positiva a eventi negativi risulta quindi fondamentale per mantenere elevata in tempi di emergenza sanitaria la motivazione all'attività fisica, che a sua volta sembra essere essenziale per rimanere fisicamente attivi.

Introduction: It is well-acknowledged that cognitive and physical decline associated with aging can be prevented or reduced with the engagement in regular physical activity (PA). Dance activities combine cardiovascular, cognitive, and coordinative demands, providing a popular leisure PA among elderly. This study examined the correlations between quality of life (QoL), cognitive and physical performance, and PA level in older adults who participated in at least 10 years of amateur ballroom dancing. Methods: The study was designed as an observational study. A sample of 20 (10 men; age range: 65 to 80 years; BMI: 26.3 +/- 3.0 kg/m(2)) amateur senior dancers were compared with a sample of 18 (8 men; age range: 65 to 75 years; BMI: 25.5 +/- 2.4 kg/m(2)) non-sedentary individuals (control group) following an adapted PA program. Quality of life and cognitive functioning assessment tools were administered: 36 Health Status Survey (SF-36v2), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and Cognitive Reserve Index questionnaire (CRIq). Physical performance was measured with their preferred walking speed (PWS), and level of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was evaluated using a multi-sensor activity monitor. Results: Participants presented a good SF-36v2 physical component and a very good mental component summary, a total MoCA score within the limits, and an average total CRIq score. Their PWS and daily MVPA were high. Differences neither in the three questionnaires nor in PWS and PA level were observed between groups. A significant, moderate, and positive correlation was found between PWS and SF-36v2 physical component summary score. Conclusion: Ballroom dancing seems to allow elderly individuals to maintain good cognitive and physical abilities, QoL, an acceptable normal cognitive reserve, notable physical performance, and PA level to the same extent as an adapted PA program. Both types of PA seem to be able to contrast the mental and physical decline associated with aging.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the 2019–2020 season, swimming competitions and training have been limited leading to a setback in performances. The study analyzed if, during the subsequent season, swimmers’ have been able to regain the lost performance. Swimming time trends were analyzed comparing Tokyo with Rio Olympics and with mathematically predicted results. The gap between the gold medalist and the last finalist, and the differences between men and women have also been considered. Swimming competition results of females and males, in 100 m and 200 m Freestyle and Backstroke, were collected from the Olympics’ official website. Results showed that at Tokyo Olympics almost all swimmers’ times improved as compared to Rio’s. Analysis of performance trends highlighted that performance progression does not proceed in a linear fashion and that is best predicted by more recent results. Women’s progression was higher than men’s and the gap between the first and last finalist constantly decreased, except for the Tokyo Olympics. In conclusion, the unprecedented Tokyo Olympic Games and qualification year seems not to have disrupted all Olympic swimmers’ performance, suggesting that stakeholders support and athlete’s coping ability might safeguard the subsistence of performance.

Athletic performance is influenced by many factors such as the environment, diet, training and endurance or speed in physical effort and by genetic predisposition. Just a few studies have analyzed the impact of genotypes on physical performance in rugby. The aim of this study was to verify the modulation of genetic influence on rugby-specific physical performance. Twenty-seven elite rugby union players were involved in the study during the in-season phase. Molecular genotyping was performed for: angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE rs4646994), alfa-actinin-3 (ACTN3 rs1815739) and monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1 rs1049434) and their variants. Lean mass index (from skinfolds), lower-limb explosive power (countermovement jump), agility (505), speed (20 m), maximal aerobic power (Yo-yo intermittent recovery test level 1) and repeated sprint ability (12 × 20 m) were evaluated. In our rugby union players ACE and ACTN3 variants did not show any influence on athletic performance. MCT1 analysis showed that TT-variant players had the highest peak vertical power (p = 0.037) while the ones with the AA genotype were the fastest in both agility and sprint tests (p = 0.006 and p = 0.012, respectively). Considering the T-dominant model, the AA genotype remains the fastest in both tests (agility: p = 0.013, speed: p = 0.017). Only the MCT1 rs1049434 A allele seems to be advantageous for elite rugby union players, particularly when power and speed are required.

Several genes are involved in sport performance, especially in injuries incidence. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of ACE, ACTN3, COL1A1, and MCT1 genotypes and injuries in rugby players in order to find a genotype/phenotype correlation and provide useful information improving athletic performance. One-hundred male professional and semiprofessional rugby players were selected. Analysis was performed genotyping the genes ACE, ACTN3, COL1A1, and MCT1 as candidate gene of interest involved in athletic performance. A control group of non-athletic Italian male participants was analyzed to compare the results. We found statistical significance of MCT1 rs1049434 AA for total injuries (χ2 = 0.115; p = 0.003) and bone injuries (χ2 = 0.603; p = 0.007) in the rugby athlete population. No statistical significance was found between injury incidence and ACE, ACTN3, COL1A1 genotypes. The MCT1 AA genotype is associated with the incidence of total and bone injuries in the rugby player population. Although environmental factors such as lifestyle, diet, training, and stress can influence athletic performance, our data demonstrated the importance of genetic study in sport aimed at developing personalized training and achieving the best possible athletic excellence.

BACKGROUND: In order to verify if partner dance is an appropriate physical activity (PA) for elderly, to promote and maintain healthy fitness level, physiological and exertional responses during ballroom and smooth dance in elderly were examined. METHODS: Twenty healthy amateur dancers (10 men and 10 women, age 72.0 +/- 5.9 years BMI 25.5 +/- 4.2 kg/m(2)) with multiyear dancing experience performed 3 different kinds of ball (choosing between Mazurka. Viennese Waltz and Polka or Slow Waltz, Tango and Foxtrot), each lasting 3 minutes, with a 3-minute recovery between consecutive balls. Cardiorespiratory data were continuously recorded with a portable metabolimeter (KS, Cosmed Srl., Rome, Italy) in order to assess metabolic equivalent task (METs) of each ball. The Borg Category-Ratio anchored at the number 10 (CR 10 Scale) was used to assess perceived effort (RPE) at the end of each ball. RESULTS: There were no gender differences in METs and RPE. Also, no differences in RPE were observed between balls. The mean METs for ballroom dance were: Tango 43 +/- 1.1, Slow Waltz 4.5 +/- 1.1 and Foxtrot 4.8 +/- 1.4 METs, respectively; the mean METs for smooth dance were: Mazurka 53 +/- 0.9, Viennese Waltz 5.8 +/- 0.8 and Polka 5.9 +/- 1 METs, respectively. Polka elicited significantly higher METs values than Tango (P<0.0007) and Slow Waltz (P<0.0017); Viennese Waltz elicited significantly higher METs values than Tango (P<0.0016), too. CONCLUSIONS: In general, ballroom and smooth dance demanded moderate to vigorous PA intensity levels (according to the specific classification for elderly). Therefore, all studied dance styles met the suggested intensity of the current guidelines for elderly and thus may serve as a legitimate form of PA for elderly.

The purpose of the study was to measure anthropometry, isometric force, balance, functional movement quality and asymmetries and peak oxygen uptake of prospective Rio 2016 Olympic Games Eventing horse riders (five males and two females: age 26-41 years, height 173.0 ± 8.9 cm, weight 66.4 ± 11.1 kg, BMI 22.0 ± 1.8, FEI ranking 33-409). Mean and maximal isometric of the hands were approximately 45 kg, and 50 kg, respectively. Total maximal isometric force of the lower limb resulted 372.6 kg for the extensor muscles, and approximately 58 kg for the adductor muscles. Mean composite functional movement score was 14.1, mean Bunkie score 3.4. Y-balance score 93.1 ± for the left side and 90.9 for the right one. V̇O2peak values ranged between 2.4 and 4.2 l·min-1 and 46.8 and 59.7 ml·kg-1·min-1. The oldest and more experienced athletes had a greater postural control on the anterior direction. The athletes with a superior FEI ranking had a greater postural control. Subjects had high maximal isometric strength of the hands and lower limbs, good physical functions parameters, balance and maximal aerobic power and few muscular strength and balance asymmetries.

BackgroundThe etiology of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury in women football results from the interaction of several extrinsic and intrinsic risk factors. Extrinsic factors change dynamically, also due to fatigue. However, existing biomechanical findings concerning the impact of fatigue on the risk of ACL injuries remains inconsistent. We hypothesized that fatigue induced by acute workload in short and intense game periods, might in either of two ways: by pushing lower limbs mechanics toward a pattern close to injury mechanism, or alternatively by inducing opposed protective compensatory adjustments.AimIn this study, we aimed at assessing the extent to which fatigue impact on joints kinematics and kinetics while performing repeated changes of direction (CoDs) in the light of the ACL risk factors.MethodsThis was an observational, cross-sectional associative study. Twenty female players (age: 20–31 years, 1st–2nd Italian division) performed a continuous shuttle run test (5-m) involving repeated 180°-CoDs until exhaustion. During the whole test, 3D kinematics and ground reaction forces were used to compute lower limb joints angles and internal moments. Measures of exercise internal load were: peak post-exercise blood lactate concentration, heart rate (HR) and perceived exertion. Continuous linear correlations between kinematics/kinetics waveforms (during the ground contact phase of the pivoting limb) and the number of consecutive CoD were computed during the exercise using a Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) approach.ResultsThe test lasted 153 ± 72 s, with a rate of 14 ± 2 CoDs/min. Participants reached 95% of maximum HR and a peak lactate concentration of 11.2 ± 2.8 mmol/L. Exercise duration was inversely related to lactate concentration (r = −0.517, p < 0.01), while neither%HRmax nor [La–]b nor RPE were correlated with test duration before exhaustion (p > 0.05). Alterations in lower limb kinematics were found in 100%, and in lower limb kinetics in 85% of the players. The most common kinematic pattern was a concurrent progressive reduction in hip and knee flexion angle at initial contact (10 players); 5 of them also showed a significantly more adducted hip. Knee extension moment decreased in 8, knee valgus moment increased in 5 players. A subset of participants showed a drift of pivoting limb kinematics that matches the known ACL injury mechanism; other players displayed less definite or even opposed behaviors.DiscussionPlayers exhibited different strategies to cope with repeated CoDs, ranging from protective to potentially dangerous behaviors. While the latter was not a univocal effect, it reinforces the importance of individual biomechanical assessment when coping with fatigue.