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In this study, we explore the drivers of total shareholder returns (TSR) in commercial banks, and investigate whether banks subscribing to Value-based Management (VBM) outperform the non-adopters in terms of TSR. We estimate a TSR model using data from 132 listed commercial European and North American banks. First, we demonstrate that banks that have publicly adopted VBM in their operative Management Control Systems (MCS) outperform non-VBM-banks. On average, VBM-adopters generate a 5.8%-points higher annual TSR. They also outperform non-VBM-banks in terms of profitability, growth, and liquidity. Second, we find that banks focus on key performance indicators (KPIs) such as the cost-income ratio, which are sub-optimal indicators of TSR. We suggest the implementation of indicators that are more closely related to TSR, such as return on assets or loan loss provisioning. So far, only a few banks (10%-45%) have considered these KPIs in their MCS. A shift towards our suggested KPIs might even further improve the performance of VBM-adopters. Controlling for macro-economic factors, our findings are stable before and after the financial crisis in 2008.

We show that clustering can be used to identify bank business models based on variables that proxy how banks create value. Departing from the value proposition and systematically deriving the proxies for value creation link the disconnected 'business model literature' with the 'bank business model literature'. On a sample of 63 large European and U.S. banks, the clustering approach correctly identifies the business model for four out of five banks. In particular, it correctly identifies 100% of all investment banks, 89% of the universal banks, and 44% of the retail banks. Identifying business models is an important preparatory step before implementing business model-specific minimum requirements or assessing the sustainability of business models. Furthermore, a quantitative objective method like clustering is important for regulators because it is a much more economical way to identifying business models than to collect qualitative information about the business model from annual reports.

We show that clustering can be used to identify bank business models based on variables that proxy how banks create value. Departing from the value proposition and systematically deriving the proxies for value creation link the disconnected ‘business model literature’ with the ‘bank business model literature’. On a sample of 63 large European and U.S. banks, the clustering approach correctly identifies the business model for four out of five banks. In particular, it correctly identifies 100% of all investment banks, 89% of the universal banks, and 44% of the retail banks. Identifying business models is an important preparatory step before implementing business model-specific minimum requirements or assessing the sustainability of business models. Furthermore, a quantitative objective method like clustering is important for regulators because it is a much more economical way to identifying business models than to collect qualitative information about the business model from annual reports.

Turbulente Zeiten für die Banken- und Finanzmarktregulierung. Das anwendungsorientierte Buch stellt die komplexen Regelungen umfassend dar.

Turbulente Zeiten für die Banken- und Finanzmarktregulierung. Das anwendungsorientierte Buch stellt die komplexen Regelungen umfassend dar.

Turbulente Zeiten für die Banken- und Finanzmarktregulierung. Das anwendungsorientierte Buch stellt die komplexen Regelungen umfassend dar.

Turbulente Zeiten für die Banken- und Finanzmarktregulierung. Das anwendungsorientierte Buch stellt die komplexen Regelungen umfassend dar.

Turbulente Zeiten für die Banken- und Finanzmarktregulierung. Das anwendungsorientierte Buch stellt die komplexen Regelungen umfassend dar.

Turbulente Zeiten für die Banken- und Finanzmarktregulierung. Das anwendungsorientierte Buch stellt die komplexen Regelungen umfassend dar.

Turbulente Zeiten für die Banken- und Finanzmarktregulierung. Das anwendungsorientierte Buch stellt die komplexen Regelungen umfassend dar.