The risk of serious crashes is much higher for motorcyclists than for motorists, yet there is a lack of knowledge about their behavior and performance on the road. This paper aims to compare the actual use of PTWs' dynamic capacities to that of passenger cars, based on objective data collected during three naturalistic driving/riding studies conducted in France between 2012 and 2018. Motorcyclists accelerate and brake more often and with greater intensity. PTWs endure medium to high yaw rates slightly more often than cars, and sometimes reached very high levels never endured by cars. The comparison of speeds is more contrasted and does not confirm the common belief that motorcyclists often ride faster than motorists drive.

Les questions posees par la cohabitation de vehicules de plus en plus automatises avec des vehicules conventionnels et des usagers vulnerables, cyclistes, pietons, deux-roues motorises, sont au coeur des preoccupations des decideurs publics, constructeurs, ou specialistes de l'infrastructure routiere et de la securite routiere. Tous ont l'espoir que ces nouvelles technologies contribuent a ameliorer la securite routiere. L'objectif global du projet « Securite des Usagers de la Route et Conduite Automatisees, SURCA » est de contribuer a une meilleure integration de la Conduite Automatisee dans la circulation actuelle. Les partenaires du projet (Ifsttar, DSR, Ceesar, Cerema, Vedecom, Lab), ont ainsi comme objectif d'identifier quelles interactions existent et quelles strategies pertinentes sont mises en place par les conducteurs pour proposer des recommandations aux concepteurs de vehicules autonomes sur les besoins en termes d'interactions et en termes de comportement du vehicule autonome. Pour cela, il est prevu d'analyser des bases de donnees existantes sur la conduite des vehicules conventionnels et d'identifier les facteurs qui peuvent expliquer des comportements differents. Les connaissances issues de ces bases seront utilisables pour simuler l'introduction de la conduite automatisee de niveaux 3, 4 et 5, avec des taux de penetration faibles. La gestion des interactions avec les autres usagers doit etre realisee des que le vehicule peut evoluer en autonomie sans supervision du conducteur, quelles que soient la duree et les sections sur lesquelles cette automatisation sera possible. En cas de taux de penetration tres important, d'autres types d'interactions risquent de se mettre en place et devront alors etre etudies. Ce travail a permis d'identifier les scenarios d'interaction critiques entre un futur Vehicule Automatise (VA) et un deux-roues motorise. A partir des scenarios d'accidents VL/2RM connus dans les bases de donnees VOIESUR et FLAM, une premiere analyse « macro » a permis d'identifier les scenarios a enjeu. Cette analyse repose sur l'evaluation de la criticite des interactions avec un potentiel vehicule automatise a l'aide de quatre criteres : Est-ce que le scenario est challengeant pour le VA, est-il frequemment rencontre lors de la conduite « normale », genere-t-il souvent une situation d'incident et necessite-t-il une intervention humaine decisive pour eviter l'accident. Les grandes familles d'interaction retenues pour le 2RM sont : Les situations en intersection et plus particulierement lorsque le VL souhaite effectuer une manoeuvre de tourne a gauche. Les situations dans les giratoires mais plus particulierement les situations d'insertion (du VL et du 2RM) et de sortie. Les changements de voie du VL alors qu'un 2RM circule deja sur cette voie ou qu'il est en train d'effectuer une remontee de file. Les situations ou le 2RM est en phase de depassement du VL car il peut venir perturber son comportement. Les situations ou le VL execute une insertion sur une voie principale alors qu'un 2RM circule sur cette derniere. Puis une deuxieme analyse « micro » a permis de mieux cerner les parametres a prendre en compte dans ces scenarios. Les partenaires du projet devaient preciser les types d'analyses qu'ils souhaitaient realiser a partir du tableau des scenarios retenus, en utilisant une fiche d'analyse comportementale elaboree par le WP3 pour decrire, au mieux, les situations qu'ils souhaitaient rechercher dans les bases de donnees et les parametres a disposer pour mener ces analyses. Parmi les analyses qui seront realisees, on trouve notamment des problematiques portant sur le comportement du 2RM et la reaction du VA face a ces comportements, la difficulte pour le VA de choisir une manoeuvre a realiser, l'anticipation d'une manoeuvre d'un 2RM, les normes comportementales des usagers de VL vis-a-vis des 2RM, la dynamique du 2RM, etc. De nombreuses questions de recherches concernent notamment les situations lorsque le 2RM effectue une manoeuvre de depassement, une remontee de file ou en intersection.

Context: The increase in the use of powered two-wheelers (PTW) in large urban areas adds to the public debate on the question of legalizing the practice of filtering when traffic is congested. In recent years, filtering by PTW riders has been authorized in cities in several Australian States. In France, this practice has been authorized on an experimental basis since 1st February 2016 on urban expressways, but for now it remains forbidden in city centers. Legalization and generalization of this practice in cities could, however, have a detrimental effect on pedestrian safety. The objective of the research presented in this paper is to estimate the risk for PTW riders of hitting and injuring a pedestrian per kilometer travelled while filtering and to compare this risk with that run while not filtering. Method: Based on the detailed study of police reports recorded on 14 sections of urban arterials roads located in the city center of Marseille (France) and a campaign of periodical observations of powered two-wheeler practices, a relative risk and its 95 % confidence interval are estimated. Results: The results show that the practice of filtering is associated with a significantly higher risk of collision with a pedestrian compared to normal driving in the traffic flow. On the sections studied, the risk is 5.30 higher (95% confidence interval [2.97; 9.43]). The main crash configurations are presented. Conclusions: In cities, filtering practices by PTW have a deleterious effect on pedestrian safety. Countermeasures concerning the road layout or enforcement seem possible to mitigate this deleterious effect.

L’objectif du projet EDAVUL a consiste a degager les principales caracteristiques des accidents impliquant des Vehicules Utilitaires Legers (VUL) a partir d’environ 90 cas recueillis dans le cadre des EDA (Etudes Detaillees d’Accidents) realisees a l’IFSTTAR-LMA. La valeur ajoutee de cette recherche etait d’evaluer de maniere approfondie le deroulement de ces cas d’accidents afin d’identifier les parametres jouant un role preponderant et parfois distinctif pour les differentes categories de VUL. Convention Ifsttar/DSCR n° 22 00 478 127

This matched case-control study deals with the effect of the individual travelling speed on the risk of involvement in a road accident. The cases were cars involved in injury accidents dealt with within the framework of an in-depth accident investigation programme. The matched controls were cars passing the same road site as the crash-involved car, in the same conditions but without being involved in an accident. Only normal weather, daytime and free-flow conditions were considered. Overall, 52 cases and 817 controls were used. The speeds were obtained from kinematic reconstructions for the crash-involved cars, and using a laser speed gun for the controls. A significant positive relationship is found between the individual travelling speed and the risk of injury accident. Nevertheless, this study has limitations, due to the relatively small number of cases and to the data used (kinematic reconstructions always involve some degree of interpretation).

Previous research on motorcycle crashes has shown the frequency and severity of accidents in which a non-priority road user failed to give way to an approaching motorcyclist without seeing him/her, even though the road user had looked in the approaching motorcycle's direction and the motorcycle was visible. These accidents are usually called “looked-but-failed-to-see” (LBFS) accidents. This article deals with the effects that the motorcyclist's speed has in these accidents. It is based on the in-depth study and precise kinematic reconstruction of 44 accident cases involving a motorcyclist and another road user, all occurring in intersections. The results show that, in urban environments, the initial speeds of motorcyclists involved in “looked-but-failed-to-see” accidents are significantly higher than in other accidents at intersections. In rural environments, the difference in speed between LBFS accidents and other accidents is not significant, but further investigations would be necessary to draw any conclusions. These results suggest that speed management, through road design or by other means, could contribute to preventing “looked-but-failed-to-see” motorcycle accidents, at least in urban environments.

In road accident research, judgements of overall resemblance between accident cases are sometimes used in order to group similar instances and to describe corresponding accident scenarios. This note deals with the degree of agreement among experts regarding such judgements of resemblance and case aggregations. We asked participants working as researchers or engineers in the field of road accident research to give their judgements on the resemblance of accident cases to one reference case, and then to say which cases they felt corresponded to a same accident scenario as this case. The results showed a strong agreement among these experts concerning the ranking of the cases by decreasing order of resemblance. A good agreement was obtained for cases considered by the experts as corresponding to a same accident scenario as the reference case, despite some disagreement for a few cases. These results are all statistically significant at the 0.05 level. Overall, these findings suggest that accident research using judgements of overall resemblance between accident instances can lead to results that are robust in terms of concordance among experts. Considering the limited size of the sample used, however, further research of the same type would be useful to confirm this conclusion. Keywords - family resemblance, categorization, expert knowledge, accident, road safety Language: en

This research examines the hypothesis that in motorcycle conspicuity-related accidents in urban areas, the low conspicuity of this category of road users often works in combination with the motorcyclist's high driving speed. An in-depth analysis and kinematic reconstruction of 22 cases of urban accidents involving a motorcyclist and another road user showed that a motorcyclist's speed is significantly higher for motorcycle-related cases in comparison with others. This conclusion, which remains to be consolidated using a larger number of cases, suggests that speed management in urban areas could be a highly interesting possibility for helping to reduce motorcycle-related accidents.