To combine the resource utilization of Ulva prolifera from the Yellow Sea green tide with the production of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), this study screened PHA-synthesizing strains from U. prolifera, conducted genomic analysis, and optimized fermentation processes. Results showed that through Nile red staining screening, 16S rDNA sequence analysis, and phaC gene amplification verification, Bacillus sp. X-3 was identified to contain a type IV PHA synthase gene, and fermentation and product analysis confirmed its ability to synthesize polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). Whole-genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 5,255,290 bp. Analysis of secondary metabolite gene clusters and average nucleotide identity of homologous genes further confirmed Bacillus sp. X-3 as Bacillus tropicus. The gene cluster involved in PHA synthesis includes 4 PHA synthesis genes and 2 regulatory genes, with 4 related promoters predicted. Seven single-factor experiments indicated that fermentation time, sodium chloride content, and yeast extract content significantly affected PHB yield. After response surface optimization, the PHB yield reached 1.383 g/L under optimal fermentation parameters, representing a 56.76% increase compared to pre-optimization. Using U. prolifera as the substrate, the optimal pretreatment condition was 15 min with deionized water at 121 degrees C and 103.4 kPa. Under conditions of 30 parts per thousand salinity and 6 g/L glucose addition, the PHB yield was 1.11 g/L, with a higher productivity than similar seaweed fermentation studies. This study offers theoretical and practical underpinnings for the valorization of U. prolifera in PHA biosynthesis. It also provides valuable references and novel ideas for sustainable development of marine biotechnology and eco-friendly bioplastic manufacturing industry.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is closely associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Sargassum horneri polyphenols (SHPP), as a marine-derived natural active substance, have potential neuroprotective effects, but their efficacy and mechanisms in PD models remain unclear. In this study, SH-SY5Y cells were first differentiated with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and then treated with rotenone to establish an in vitro Parkinson's disease injury model. The protective effects of SHPP were systematically evaluated, and its mechanism of action was preliminarily explored using transcriptomics. Results showed that SHPP intervention dose-dependently ameliorated rotenone-induced cell injury: cell viability in the medium- and high-dose groups was restored to 71.6% and 73.3% of the control level, ATP content to 71.2% and 74.6%, and mitochondrial complex I activity to 67.5% and 71.3%, respectively. In the high-dose group, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level decreased to 81.2% of the model group level, malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased to 68.7% of the model group level, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) content was restored to 83.7% and 82.8% of the control level, respectively. In terms of apoptosis regulation, SHPP down-regulated Bax, up-regulated Bcl-2, decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and reduced cytoplasmic cytochrome c (by 14.3%) and Cleaved Caspase-3 (by 13.6%) levels. Meanwhile, SHPP reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, and down-regulated BAX mRNA expression while up-regulating BCL2 , NFE2L2 , and HMOX1 mRNA expression. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that only 28 differentially expressed genes were identified after SHPP intervention, of which 8 were common differentially expressed genes between the model and treatment groups (including TMEM102 , MIR34AHG , etc.), indicating that SHPP does not function by broadly altering gene expression but rather acts precisely on core genes in the disease model. In conclusion, SHPP exerts neuroprotective effects against rotenone-induced SH-SY5Y cell injury by restoring mitochondrial function, alleviating oxidative stress, inhibiting mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, and reducing neuroinflammation, providing experimental evidence for the potential application of S. horneri polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of Parkinson's disease.

To explore the ecological risks of marine shellfish under the combined stress of microplastics and toxic red tide algae, this study took polypropylene (PP), polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics, Alexandrium tamarense and juvenile Mytilus galloprovincialis as research objects. We analyzed the effects of microplastics on the growth, photosynthetic physiology and paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) synthesis of A. tamarense, as well as the impacts of single and combined exposure to microplastics and A. tamarense on enzyme activities of juvenile shellfish. The results showed that the effects of the three microplastics on A. tamarense were concentration- and type-dependent, and all microplastics extremely significantly induced PSTs synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner, with 50 mg·L-1 PET-MPs exhibiting the most remarkable induction effect. The combined exposure to microplastics and A. tamarense showed synergistic/additive toxicity to juvenile shellfish: the activities of antioxidant enzymes presented a pattern of "initial induction followed by inhibition", the changes in the activities of metabolism-related enzymes were type-specific, and the amplitude of enzyme activity changes in the combined exposure groups was significantly higher than that in the single exposure groups. Principal component analysis revealed a co-regulation of superoxide dismutase and alkaline phosphatase under AT+PP stress, and acetylcholinesterase was identified as the core biomarker. Microplastics exacerbate toxicity by inducing algal toxin production and acting as toxin carriers. The combined pollution of microplastics and A. tamarense poses a dual risk to inshore shellfish aquaculture and marine ecosystems. This study provides experimental evidence for the ecological risk assessment of marine combined pollution.

Ulva prolifera (U. prolifera), a large green alga widely distributed along coastlines worldwide, can trigger marine ecological issues such as “green tides” when over-proliferating. Nevertheless, it is abundant in various nutrients and bioactive compounds, making the utilization of this alga an urgent task. In this study, an antioxidant peptide fraction (UCP‑1) was isolated and purified from U. prolifera. LC‑MS/MS analysis indicated that the peptide composition and molecular weight distribution of UCP‑1 possess typical characteristics of antioxidant peptides. In vitro experiments demonstrated that UCP‑1 at a concentration of 1 mg mL⁻¹ exhibited a DPPH radical scavenging capacity of 38.86 ± 2.7

Skin photoaging is primarily induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation and is accompanied by extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, abnormal pigmentation, and loss of skin elasticity. Excessive melanin synthesis represents a key cause of pigmentary skin disorders. Natural polyphenols with dual skin-whitening and anti-photoaging activities have attracted increasing attention as cosmetic ingredients. This study examined the effects of polyphenol-enriched fraction from the brown alga Sargassum fusiforme (SFP). Zebrafish embryos and human melanoma A375 cells were used to evaluate the depigmenting efficacy of SFP, while UVA-induced human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) were employed to assess its anti-photoaging activity. SFP significantly decreased melanin levels in both models in a dose-dependent and reversible manner by suppressing tyrosinase activity. In terms of anti-photoaging effects, SFP markedly suppressed UVA-induced matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) expression and elevated key ECM components, including type I collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid. In conclusion, SFP exerts dual beneficial effects by attenuating melanogenesis via tyrosinase inhibition and alleviating photoaging damage by suppressing MMPs to protect ECM. These results provide a scientific foundation for the use of SFP as a dual-purpose natural cosmetic ingredient with significant potential in the cosmetics sector.

To evaluate the ecological risk of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense on juvenile Mytilus galloprovincialis, mussels with an average shell length of 19.07 ± 1.38 mm were exposed to 500, 1250, and 4600 cells/mL of A. tamarense stock culture and cell-free filtrate for 12 d. Changes in antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT) and metabolism-related enzymes (GPT, AKP, AChE) of juvenile mussels under A. tamarense exposure were investigated. Additionally, transcriptome sequencing and qPCR validation were conducted on mussels exposed to 4600 cells/mL of A. tamarense stock culture at 8 h and 12 d. The results demonstrated that after 8 h of exposure to the 4600 cells/mL of A. tamarense stock culture, juvenile mussels exhibited increased SOD, CAT, GPT, and AKP activities, indicating a response to oxidative stress and toxic stimulation. Concurrently, detoxification genes (e.g., GST1) were rapidly upregulated, along with enhanced lipid catabolism and inhibition of apoptosis. The antioxidant enzyme activities and genes related to detoxification and lipid metabolism remained activated after 12 d of treatment. Furthermore, glycolysis-related genes and pro-apoptotic genes (e.g., CAS7/8) were partially upregulated to cope with prolonged stress. Although AChE activity remained suppressed under high-density whole-cell exposure, disrupting nervous system function, signaling pathways linked to immune defense and stress response integration were activated. This study elucidates the time-dependent toxic effects of A. tamarense on juvenile M. galloprovincialis, provides critical data for evaluating the potential risks of HABs outbreaks to marine ecosystems, and contributes to the development of optimized management strategies for shellfish aquaculture during red tides.

Shanghai's extensive coastline and offshore marine areas feature diverse ecosystems. This study aimed to determine the current status, spatial distribution, and total capacity of marine carbon storage in Shanghai. Surveys were conducted on oyster reefs, phytoplankton, and fish populations from August to November 2022, with samples collected to quantify biomass and carbon content. The carbon storage of oyster reefs, phytoplankton, and fish was found to be 2.045 × 105 tC, 5113.19 kgC, and 56.6014 tC, respectively. The spatial distributions exhibited significant heterogeneity, influenced by substrate type, nutrient concentrations, and fishing activities. The total marine carbon storage capacity in Shanghai's offshore waters was estimated at 2.045 × 105 tC, highlighting a pathway for achieving regional carbon neutrality goals. This study enriches baseline data, elucidates carbon sequestration functions and spatial patterns, and provides scientific support for marine ecological protection and blue carbon resource utilization. Future research should investigate spatiotemporal variation mechanisms and potential regulation pathways.

本文研究了3种抗生素联合处理黄海绿潮浒苔(Ulva prolifera)形态及共附生细菌多样性的影响.将浒苔放散的配子加入到含有 3 种广谱抗生素(青霉素 G、硫酸新霉素、多黏菌素 B)的培养液中进行培养,与对照组相比,发现浒苔幼苗生长速度缓慢,且细胞变小,藻体无法形成正常形态.进一步采用16S rDNA 高通量测序分析抗生素处理藻体前后的共附生细菌多样性,发现抗生素处理后浒苔共附生细菌丰富度和多样性降低,其中 Maribacter 丰度降低.将藻体与形态发生化合物 thallusin(Maribacter spp.提取物)共培养,发现thallusin可促进藻体形态恢复和生长,推测抗生素可通过抑制Maribacter等细菌从而影响浒苔形态和生长,这将为浒苔共附生细菌功能的深入研究奠定一定基础.

The annual outbreak of green tides since 2007 has destroyed coastal waters' ecological environment and caused substantial economic losses. Ulva prolifera, known as the dominant species of green tides, is influenced by temperatures. Omics-based technology was used to analyze U. prolifera under 12 h of treatment at 30 °C in the work. High temperature has the following advantages, e.g., activating the abscisic acid signaling pathway, improving the heat tolerance of U. prolifera, up-regulating metabolites such as glycolipids, glyceroyl, and glutamic acid to maintain the stability and fluidity of cells, and reducing the stimulatory effect of external stress on cells. The key genes and proteins of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, and pentose phosphorylation pathways were inhibited; however, the key enzyme pyruvate phospho-dikinase of the C4 pathway was up-regulated. The C4 pathway was activated in U. prolifera in response to high-temperature stress and may play a key role in photosynthesis. Besides, U. prolifera metabolizing amino acids was active. High temperature inhibited genes and proteins related to DNA replication and cell cycle in the transcriptome and proteome as well as the growth and reproduction of U. prolifera.

Gene editing technology is regarded as a good news to save patients with genetic diseases because of its significant function of specifically changing genetic information. From zinc-finger proteins to transcription activator-like effector protein nucleases gene editing tools are constantly updated. At the same time, scientists are constantly developing a variety of new gene editing therapy strategies, in order to promote gene editing therapy from various aspects and realize the maturity of the technology as soon as possible. In 2016, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated CAR-T therapy was the first to enter the clinical trial stage, indicating that the use of CRISPR-Cas system as the blade of the genetic lancet to save patients is officially on the schedule. The first challenge to achieve this exciting goal is to improve the security of the technology. This review will introduce the gene security issues faced by the CRISPR system as a clinical treatment tool, the current safer delivery methods and the newly developed CRISPR editing tools with higher precision. Many reviews summarize the means of improving the security of gene editing therapy and the comprehensive delivery method, while few articles focus on the threat of gene editing to the genomic security of the treatment target. Therefore, this review focuses on the risks brought by gene editing therapy to the patient genome, which provides a broader perspective for exploring and improving the security of gene editing therapy from two aspects of delivery system and CRISPR editing tools.

为探究铜藻多糖（Sargassum horneri polysaccharides， SHP）对H 2 O 2 诱导的人角质形成细胞（HaCaT）氧化应激损伤的保护作用，测定了SHP对总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、DPPH自由基、羟自由基（·OH）和超氧阴离子自由基（■）的清除作用，以评价SHP的体外抗氧化能力，并建立H 2 O 2 诱导HaCaT细胞氧化损伤模型；通过测定细胞存活率、细胞活性氧以及酶活，评价SHP对HaCaT细胞氧化损伤的保护作用。结果表明，当SHP体积浓度为1 mg/mL时，DPPH的清除率为68%、·OH清除能力65.48 U/mL；在SHP体积浓度为3 mg/mL时，■清除能力为84.86 U/mL，T-AOC为33.55。SHP能显著提高H 2 O 2 诱导氧化损伤的HaCaT细胞活力，其中经体积浓度为100 μg/mL SHP处理后，HaCaT细胞存活率由56.85%提高到80.57%，并且显著降低细胞内ROS水平，提高细胞内SOD活力，减少细胞内MDA的含量（P＜0.05）。因此，SHP对H 2 O 2 诱导的HaCaT细胞氧化应激损伤具有保护作用，SHP可作为一种天然的抗氧化剂在化妆品以及药妆品领域具有广阔的应用前景。

The main algal species of Ulva prolifera green tide in the coastal areas of China are four species, but after reaching the coast of Qingdao, U. prolifera becomes the dominant species, where the light intensity is one of the most important influencing factors. In order to explore the effects of short-term high light stress on the internal molecular level of cells and its coping mechanism, the transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and lipid data of U. prolifera were collected. The algae were cultivated in high light environment conditions (400 μmol·m−2·s−1) for 12 h and measured, and the data with greater relative difference (p < 0.05) were selected, then analyzed with the KEGG pathway. The results showed that the high light stress inhibited the assimilation of U. prolifera, destroyed the cell structure, and arrested its growth and development. Cells entered the emergency defense state, the TCA cycle was weakened, and the energy consumption processes such as DNA activation, RNA transcription, protein synthesis and degradation, and lipid alienation were inhibited. A gradual increase in the proportion of the C4 pathway was recorded. This study showed that U. prolifera can reduce the reactive oxygen species produced by high light stress, inhibit respiration, and reduce the generation of NADPH. At the same time, the C3 pathway began to change to the C4 pathway which consumed more energy. Moreover, this research provides the basis for the study of algae coping with high light stress.

Abstract The experiment aimed to explore the possible life activities of Ulva compressa under different environmental conditions, e.g., light intensity and temperature stress. Orthogonal experiment of three temperature levels and three light intensity levels were designed, and there were a totally nine groups. The transcriptome of U. compressa was studied in specific genes after RNA extraction, sequencing, transcriptome assembly, annotation, and expression analysis. It was showed that U. compressa was selectively expressed condition-specific genes under certain conditions, thereby maintaining related life activities, which was different from the algae in the Yellow Sea green tide. Two categories of condition-specific genes were divided according to the results, wherein one type of genes was more obviously expressed under the influence of light, while the other one was obviously influenced by temperature. It seemed that these changes might benefit for U. compressa to temporarily increase the efficiency of photosynthesis and have more gene expression in terms of reproduction and nutrition, laying the foundation for further exploration of its environmental adaptability different from other algae.

为研究枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域不同季节碳通量及固碳能力,本研究在2020-2021年监测和分析了养殖海域温度、盐度、pH、总碱度(TA)及水体中溶解无机碳(DIC)、溶解有机碳(DOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)分布特征,估算了枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域表层海水二氧化碳分压(pCO2)及海-气界面二氧化碳交换通量(FCO2)值,并分析pCO2的影响因素,探讨枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域固碳能力.结果表明,枸杞岛海域表层海水4个季节的温度、盐度、pH、TA、DIC、DOC、POC的空间分布在季节上差异极显著(P＜0.01).枸杞岛海域pCO2全年的变化范围为65.19～719.1 μatm,水团混合和生物活动等是影响海域表层海水pCO2的重要因素.枸杞岛贻贝养殖海域FCO2值的变化范围为-63.75～99.18 mmol/(m2·d),四季变化极显著(P＜0.01),全年碳分布格局有较大差异,其中,春、夏、秋三季均为碳汇,分别为(-18.86±12)mmol/(m2·d),(-11.59±7.95)mmol/(m2·d),(-3.61±37.22)mmol/(m2·d),冬季为碳源[(78.24±5.09)mmol/(m2·d)]o 枸杞岛贻贝养殖区FCO2值均高于外海非养殖区,且达到显著水平(P＜0.05),是弱汇区.本研究区域内贝壳固碳量为18425.59 t,贻贝软组织固碳量为4973.97 t,单位面积贻贝固碳量达22.83 t/hm2.该研究可为贝类养殖碳汇评价提供参考.

Abstract Ulva prolifera is the main species of green tide algae in the Yellow Sea, China, and its growth process is significantly affected by light intensity. The work used four omics to reveal the molecular mechanism of U. prolifera responding to high light. Four-omics conjoint analysis showed the interconversion of sugars in the algae, fatty acid synthesis, steroid synthesis, photosynthesis, pyrimidine metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism. After 12 hours of high light, the photosynthetic capacity of U. prolifera increased and the carbon sequestration mode changed from C3 pathway to C4 pathway. At the same time, the glucose metabolism pathway was enhanced, but the energy metabolism pathway was weakened, and the overall energy consumption showed a decreasing trend. Different resistance modes have different response mechanisms to high light stress. In addition, the growth, development and reproduction of U. prolifera were inhibited, indicating that U. prolifera may be in a dormant state after 12 hours of hight light stress, reducing energy consumption caused by unnecessary developmental physiological processes. The response mechanism of U. prolifera to high light stress was preliminarily obtained through the combined analysis of four kinds of omics, which provided the basis for future research.

实验针对曲浒苔(Ulva flexuosa)光合作用系统对光照与温度变化的响应进行分子水平探究,从原初反应、电子传递、光合磷酸化到碳的固定等方面对曲浒苔光合作用响应机制进行解析.叶绿素合成基因在高温高光[30℃、400 μmol/(m2·s)]环境下表达下调.类胡萝 卜素合成基因在低温高光[4℃、400 μmol/(m2·s)]环境下表达下调.电子传递链、CF1F0-ATP合酶等基因对温度和光照变化的适应能力较弱,各实验组的相关基因表达量均呈现下调趋势.聚光复合体基因表达量上调.各实验组的光系统Ⅱ反应中心基因均下调,锰稳定蛋白则普遍上调.不同C4途径关键酶基因在各个环境中的变化趋势不一致.综合实验结果可以发现曲浒苔对于温度和光照变化具有一定的耐受度,分析得出温度对曲浒苔光合作用基因的影响较大,而且高温高光对曲浒苔的影响最显著.

Over the past decade, Ulva compressa, a cosmopolitan green algal species, has been identified as a component of green tides in the Yellow Sea, China. In the present study, we sequenced and annotated the complete chloroplast genome of U. compressa (alpha-numeric code: RD9023) and focused on the assessment of genome length, homology, gene order and direction, intron size, selection strength, and substitution rate. We compared the chloroplast genome with the mitogenome. The generated phylogenetic tree was analyzed based on single and aligned genes in the chloroplast genome of Ulva compared to mitogenome genes to detect evolutionary trends. U. compressa and U. mutabilis chloroplast genomes had similar gene queues, with individual genes exhibiting high homology levels. Chloroplast genomes were clustered together in the entire phylogenetic tree and shared several forward/palindromic/tandem repetitions, similar to those in U. prolifera and U. linza. However, U. fasciata and U. ohnoi were more divergent, especially in sharing complementary/palindromic repetitions. In addition, phylogenetic analyses of the aligned genes from their chloroplast genomes and mitogenomes confirmed the evolutionary trends of the extranuclear genomes. From phylogenetic analysis, we identified the petA chloroplast genes as potential genetic markers that are similar to the tufA marker. Complementary/forward/palindromic interval repetitions were more abundant in chloroplast genomes than in mitogenomes. Interestingly, a few tandem repetitions were significant for some Ulva subspecies and relatively more evident in mitochondria than in chloroplasts. Finally, the tandem repetition [GAAATATATAATAATA × 3, abbreviated as TRg)] was identified in the mitogenome of U. compressa and the conspecific strain U. mutabilis but not in other algal species of the Yellow Sea. Owing to the high morphological plasticity of U. compressa, the findings of this study have implications for the rapid non-sequencing detection of this species during the occurrence of green tides in the region.

随着化妆品行业的迅猛发展以及人们对美的追求,天然温和、绿色安全的环境友好型化妆品已经成为广大消费者的诉求.消费者更青睐于以天然产物为基础的化妆品,而不是合成化学品.随着天然产物化学和海洋生物资源技术的迅速发展,藻类(包括大型藻和微藻)生物活性物质已得到了广泛的应用.许多研究已经证明藻类活性物质具有保湿补水、抗氧化、抗衰老、美白抗皱、抗菌消炎和日 光防护等功效.因此,从藻类中提取的生物活性物质在化妆品行业中具有潜在的应用价值.为此,本文将从藻类活性物质的生物学功能以及藻类在化妆品中的应用和绿色生物提取技术进行综述,以期为藻类生物活性物质在化妆品行业的研究开发提供参考.

文章从生态学专业的自身特点出发,结合本校水域环境研究平台的实际,提出将《植物与植物生理学》课程从课堂理论和实验教学向第二课堂推进,并从水生植物生态修复水体、光合生理、结构成分分析及与环境相互作用等方面对第二课堂的具体实行策略进行初步探讨,以期将课程建设与学生发展,平台建设与专业发展等紧密联系起来.

A sulfated galactan LP-G2 was isolated and purified from red alga, Pyropia haitanensis. It was a branched polysaccharide with average molecular weight about 8381 Da, composed of Gal, Glc, GalA and Ara. The structure of LP-G2 was determined using IR and NMR spectroscopy. It was composed of →4)-β-d-galactose→4)-α-l-galactose-6- sulfate segments, with β-d-Glc and α-d-galactose unit substituted at the 6-position of α-l-galactose. Functional analysis showed that LP-G2 inhibited complement activation on both the classic and alternative pathways with CH50 value of 3.08 ± 0.25 mg/mL and AP50 value of 2.23 ± 0.20 mg/mL, respectively. Preliminary mechanism studies by using complement component depleted-sera indicated that LP-G2 selectively interacts with C1q, C2, C4 and C9. The results suggested that LP-G2 could be of potential benefits in treatment of the complement associated diseases.