C-glycosyl flavones rarely accumulate at high levels in rice seeds, and the genetic basis underlying their biosynthesis and regulation remains poorly understood. The rice yel-sdj mutant, carrying a mutation in DE-ETIOLATED 1 (OsDET1), shows elevated accumulation of C-glycosyl flavones in the embryo and pericarp, providing a useful system for dissecting the molecular mechanisms controlling these metabolites. Here, we performed comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, together with genome-editing-based functional validation, to identify key genes involved in C-glycosyl flavone biosynthesis in rice seeds. Transcriptomic profiling of developing seeds revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between wild-type and yel-sdj were significantly enriched in secondary metabolite and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways. Several genes associated with C-glycosyl flavone biosynthesis, including the rice C-glycosyltransferase (OsCGT), were upregulated in developing yel-sdj grains. To validate its function, we generated OsCGT knockout lines in the yel-sdj background. Loss of OsCGT markedly reduced the accumulation of C-glycosyl flavones, particularly isoorientin, in the embryo and restored embryo coloration to a wild-type-like phenotype. In contrast, despite the significant reduction in C-glycosyl flavone accumulation, pericarp pigmentation was not obviously altered, and embryo lethality was not rescued. These findings demonstrate that OsCGT is essential for C-glycosyl flavone biosynthesis in yel-sdj seeds, particularly for isoorientin accumulation in the embryo, and indicate that embryo lethality is a fundamental consequence of the OsDET1 mutation rather than OsCGT-dependent flavone accumulation. This study expands current understanding of flavonoid regulation in rice seeds and identifies OsCGT as a potential target for metabolic engineering to improve the nutraceutical and functional value of rice grains.

With roughly 19.3 million new cases and 10 million deaths from cancer in 2020. Cancer is one of the leading causes of the global increase in mortality rates. Approximately 90 % of cancer fatalities are caused by metastases, which are the hallmark of the spread of cancer throughout the body and are essential for cause-associated mortality. Cancer patients suffer from a high degree of depression, anxiety, and cognitive disorders due to neuroinflammation as one of the major mechanisms. This review presents an update of the well-studied pathways involved in cancer progression and metastasis. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR), rat sarcoma (RAS), WINGLESS-related integration site/β-catenin (WNT/β-catenin), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and Notch pathways are among the signaling pathways implicated in neuroinflammation and cancer. Owing to their multifunctionality and ability to deliver chemotherapeutic agents specifically to tumor sites, nanomedicine has drawn much attention as a means of overcoming the main obstacles in cancer therapy strategies caused by drug resistance, increased tumor heterogeneity, and enhanced systemic toxicity. Enzyme inhibitors, including small molecules, natural phytochemicals, and synthetic compounds, need to specifically target cancer cells to improve their therapeutic benefits, as they possess poor solubility, causing side effects, and low bioavailability. Thus, the development of bioengineered nanoparticles, formulations, and nanovehicles is required to improve therapeutic benefits for patients.

This study analyzed the metabolite profiles and antioxidant capacities of two waxy and non-waxy Korean red rice accessions newly bred. Fifteen phenolic compounds were detected in the rice samples. Accession1 had high fatty acids, phytosterols, and vitamin E; accession3 had high vitamin E and phytosterol; and accession4 had a high total flavonoid. The correlation analysis findings from this study validated the positive association between all the metabolites and antioxidant activity. in silico results revealed that protocatechuic acid had a docking score of -9.541, followed by luteolin, quercetin, and caffeic acid, all of which had significant docking scores and a significant number of contacts. Similarly, molecular dynamics simulations showed that phytochemicals had root mean square deviation values of <2.8 & Aring; with Keap 1, indicating better stability. This study provides valuable insights into potential directions for future investigations and improvements in the functional qualities of other colored rice varieties.

Beetroot is rich in various bioactive phytochemicals, which are beneficial for human health and exert protective effects against several disease conditions like cancer, atherosclerosis, etc. Beetroot has various therapeutic applications, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and analgesic functions. Besides the pharmacological effects, food industries are trying to preserve beetroots or their phytochemicals using various food preservation methods, including drying and freezing, to preserve their antioxidant capacity. Beetroot is a functional food due to valuable active components such as minerals, amino acids, phenolic acid, flavonoid, betaxanthin, and betacyanin. Due to its stability, nontoxic and non-carcinogenic and nonpoisonous capabilities, beetroot has been used as an additive or preservative in food processing. Beetroot and its bioactive compounds are well reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, antimicrobial, antiviral, etc. In this review, we provided updated details on (i) food processing, preservation and colorant methods using beetroot and its phytochemicals, (ii) synthesis and development of several nanoparticles using beetroot and its bioactive compounds against various diseases, (iii) the role of beetroot and its phytochemicals under disease conditions with molecular mechanisms. We have also discussed the role of other phytochemicals in beetroot and their health benefits. Recent technologies in food processing are also updated. We also addressed on molecular docking-assisted biological activity and screening for bioactive chemicals. Additionally, the role of betalain from different sources and its therapeutic effects have been listed. To the best of our knowledge, little or no work has been carried out on the impact of beetroot and its nanoformulation strategies for phytocompounds on antimicrobial, antiviral effects, etc. Moreover, epigenetic alterations caused by phytocompounds of beetroot under several diseases were not reported much. Thus, extensive research must be carried out to understand the molecular effects of beetroot in the near future.

Tropical fruits are defined as fruits that are grown in hot and humid regions within the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, covering most of the tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, Africa, Central America, South America, the Caribbean and Oceania. Depending on the cultivation area covered, economic value and popularity these tropical fruits are divided into major and minor tropical fruits. There is an annual increment of 3.8% in terms of commercialization of the tropical fruits. In total 26 minor tropical fruits (Kiwifruit, Lutqua, Carambola, Tree Tomato, Elephant apple, Rambutan, Bay berry, Mangosteen, Bhawa, Loquat, Silver berry, Durian, Persimon, Longan, Passion fruit, Water apple, Pulasan, Indian gooseberry, Guava, Lychee, Annona, Pitaya, Sapodilla, Pepino, Jaboticaba, Jackfruit) have been covered in this work. The nutritional composition, phytochemical composition, health benefits, traditional use of these minor tropical fruits and their role in food fortification have been portrayed.

The impact of biotic and abiotic stress on tea not only reduces yield but also influences flavour, aroma, and phytochemical composition. The tea mosquito bug (TMB) is the major biotic stress that affects the growth, yield, and quality of tea. In this study, we have studied the impact of biotic stress induced by TMB on three Indian tea cultivars: UPASI-2, CR-6017, and ATK-1. The content of antioxidant enzymes and phytochemical composition were found to be increased upon TMB infestation in all tea clones compared to the control. The UPASI-2 tea cultivar showed an effectively increased level of antioxidant enzymes and phytochemicals. HPLC and LC-MS analysis showed a differential production of various secondary metabolites like catechin ("flavan-3-ols") and phenolics in control and infected tea clones. Altogether, the specific induction of various antioxidant enzymes, catechins, and phenolics contribute to the defense response of tea plants toward TMB infection. In addition, the analysis of transcriptional variation of key flavonoid genes (PAL, DFR, CHI, F3H, and 4CL) showed induction in infected plants compared to the control.

Miscanthus, is a promising bioenergy crop, considered superior to other bioenergy crops because of its higher water and nutrient use efficiency, cold tolerance, and higher production of biomass. Broadleaf weeds and grass weeds, cause major problems in the Miscanthus field. A field experiment was conducted in 2018 and 2019, to assess the effects of pre-emergence (alachlor and napropamide) and post-emergence herbicides (nicosulfuron, dicamba, bentazon, and glufosinate ammonium) on broadleaf and grass weeds in M. sinensis and M. sacchariflorus fields. The weed control efficiency and phytotoxicity of pre- and post-emergence herbicides were evaluated at 30 days after treatment (DAT) and compared to those of the control plots. The results showed wide variations in the susceptibility of the weed species to the treated herbicides. Treatment with nicosulfuron 40 g.a.i.ha−1 provided the most effective overall weed control (with 10% visual injury), without affecting the height and biomass of neither Miscanthus species in the field. Post-emergence herbicides such as glufosinate ammonium 400 g.a.i.ha−1 and dicamba 482 g.a.i.ha−1 were effective and inhibited the growth and density of the majority of weeds to a 100%; however, they showed significant phytotoxicity (toxicity scale of 1–10) to both species of Miscanthus. The application of glufosinate ammonium caused severe injuries to the foliar region (90% visual injury) of both Miscanthus sps. Comparatively, M. sinensis showed a slightly higher tolerance to the herbicides nicosulfuron, bentazon and napropamide with 10% visual injury at the recommended dose than M. sacchariflorus. The present study clearly showed that infestation of broadleaf and grass weeds in Miscanthus fields can cause significant damage to the growth and biomass of Miscanthus and applying pre-emergence and post-emergence herbicides effectively controls the high infestation of these weeds.

Interest in colored rice has been increasing due to its health benefits. This study examined the metabolite profiling of CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) mutated rice seed (yel-mutant). The wild-type (WT) and the yel-mutant having yellow (y)- and purple (p)-pericarp variants from Chucheong (cc) and Samkwang (sk) cultivars were investigated for differences in bioactive metabolite profiles and free radical scavenging activity. The total fatty acid content decreased by >50% in the yel-mutant against the WT, while no significant difference was observed between yellow- and purple-pericarp variants (p < 0.05). The yel-mutant of both cultivars showed significantly higher flavone contents than their WT (non-detected). Most of the metabolites examined were highly produced in the yel-cc-p and the yel-sk-y than in the other phenotypic variants studied. This study provides further useful information for colored rice breeding by revealing the detailed biofunctional metabolic profile under COP1 mutation in colored rice.

Genetic transformation has emerged as an important tool for the genetic improvement of valuable plants by incorporating new genes with desirable traits. These strategies are useful especially in crops to increase yields, disease resistance, tolerance to environmental stress (cold, heat, drought, salinity, herbicides, and insects) and increase biomass and medicinal values of plants. The production of healthy plants with more desirable products and yields can contribute to sustainable development goals. The introduction of genetically modified food into the market has raised potential risks. A proper assessment of their impact on the environment and biosafety is an important step before their commercialization. In this paper, we summarize and discuss the risks and benefits of genetically modified plants and products, human health hazards by genetically transformed plants, environmental effects, Biosafety regulations of GMO foods and products, and improvement of medicinal values of plants by the genetic transformation process. The mechanisms of action of those products, their sources, and their applications to the healthcare challenges are presented. The present studies pointed out the existence of several controversies in the use of GMOs, mainly related to the human health, nutritions, environmental issues. Willingness to accept genetically modified (GM) products and the adoption of biosafety regulations varies from country to country. Knowledge about the gene engineering technology, debate between the government agencies, scientist, environmentalist and related NGOs on the GM products are the major factors for low adoptions of biosafety regulation. Therefore, the genetic transformation will help in the advancement of plant species in the future; however, more research and detailed studies are required.

Background: S-Allylcysteine (SAC), an organosulfur phytochemical sourced from aged garlic extract, is well known for its varied biomedical applications, such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and detoxification mechanisms. Despite this, the scientific findings on the defensive impact of SAC against kidney failure (KF) are still unclear. Therefore, in the current investigation, the animal model of KF was induced by adenine in Wistar rats, and the animals were divided into four groups as control, KF induction using adenine, SAC treated KF rats for an experimental duration of 8 weeks. Methods: KF progression was assessed by various serum and tissue markers, and the results demonstrated that the renal functions’ markers, KIM-1 (kidney injury molecule-1), cystatin, NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin), were found increased in adenine-treated rats compared to control. In addition, the inflammatory markers, matrix proteins, and fibrosis signatures explicated by RT-PCR, ELISA demonstrated a profound increase. On the other hand, rats received SAC mitigated KF considerably (p < 0.001) with restored cellular functions. Besides, SAC pre-treatment abrogated the cytokines and pro-inflammatory signals (COX-2 and PGE2) in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: Furthermore, the fibrosis signaling markers mediators, such as SMAD-2,-3 were increased with associated matrix proteins. Thus, the present study substantiated that SAC possesses a significant renoprotective effect that might have been demonstrated by the inhibition of the TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway.

In this world, unnoticed sound that disturbs frequently is called as noise. It is one of the main reasons for reducing the environment quality of human being. This effect can be minimized by using acoustic absorbent material in different areas where the sound absorption is required. In textile, acoustic property of non-woven is better than the woven fabric. The non-woven fabrics were developed using the needle punching technique using kapok, jute, flax, viscose, polyester, polypropylene, and recycled polyethylene terephthalate (R-Pet) fibers. Sound absorbency parameter was tested by sound absorption tester specially designed for this purpose. The effects of fiber type, number of layers in the fabric, thickness of the sample, areal density, air permeability, and pore size on sound absorption capacity were investigated in this research work. Experimental results show that 100% kapok non-woven fabric with its high compact structure, higher thickness, lesser air permeability, and less average flow diameter exhibit good sound absorption property than other samples, and it is best-suitable for interior in automotive applications for noise control.

Cancer is one of the dreadful diseases worldwide. Surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, are the three basic standard modes of cancer treatment. However, difficulties in cancer treatment are increasing due to immune escape, spreading of cancer to other places, and resistance of cancer cells to therapies. Various signaling mechanisms, including PI3K/Akt/mTOR, RAS, WNT/β-catenin, TGF-beta, and notch pathways, are involved in cancer resistance. The adaptive inflammatory response is the initial line of defence against infection. However, chronic inflammation can lead to tumorigenesis, malignant transformation, tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. The most commonly dysregulated inflammatory pathways linked to cancer include NF-κB, MAPK, JAK-STAT, and PI3K/AKT. To overcome major hurdles in cancer therapy, nanomedicine is receiving much attention due to its role as a vehicle for delivering chemotherapeutic agents that specifically target tumor sites. Several biocompatible nanocarriers including polymer and inorganic nanoparticles, liposomes, micellar nanoparticles, nanotubes, and exosomes have been extensively studied. Exosome has been reported as an important potential system that could be effectively used as a bioinspired, bioengineered, and biomimetic drug delivery solution considering its toxicity, immunogenicity, and rapid clearance by the mononuclear phagocyte system. Exosome-mimetic vesicles are receiving much interest for developing nano-sized delivery systems. In this review, exosomes in detail as well as certain other nanocarriers, and their potential therapeutic roles in cancer therapy has been thoroughly discussed. Additionally, we also reviewed on oncogenic and tumor suppressor proteins, inflammation, and their associated signaling pathways and their interference by exosomes based nanomedicine.

Purpose The textile industry is one of the largest and most important industrial sectors in India. Because the textile industry consumes large quantities of water and produces highly polluted water discharge, its environmental impact is high. Water is expensive to use, treat and dispose of. Therefore, water conservation and reuse are critical necessity for the textile industry because decreasing water and wastewater treatment and recycling costs can be beneficial. Design/methodology/approach This research neutralized the pH during dyeing industry wastewater treatment. The system should be robust to erroneous sensor measurements. A pH meter was developed and used to monitor the pH of wastewater hourly before and after HCl treatment. Findings HCl was used to neutralize the pH of wastewater from 9 to 7.5. The amount of HCl was optimized depending on the wastewater. Three wastewater treatment methods were used, namely, HCl, wash water and reverse osmosis (RO) treatments. The HCl treatment was the most effective for decreasing the pH; the wash water treatment was the most effective for decreasing the total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS) total hardness and chemical oxygen demand; and the RO treatment was the most effective for decreasing the biochemical oxygen demand, TDS, TSS, total hardness and Cl− concentration. Originality/value The pH should be monitored during the textile dyeing because the addition of color to textile fabrics is the most effective at neutral pH. This study evaluated several parameters of wastewater, including pH, color, TSS and TDS. The fabricated digital pH meter provided superior results than conventional measuring devices. The goal was to maintain a neutral pH during dyeing and recycle wastewater to improve environmental sustainability. The newly developed digital pH meter was less expensive and more precise than traditional pH meters. Before reusing and recycling, wastewater underwent ultrafiltration and RO treatment.

Green synthesis of nanoparticles by eco-friendly methods is a recent technique which draws the attention of researchers because of the reward over many conventional chemical methods. The present work focuses on aqueous Limonia acidissima leaf extract in synthesizing silver nanoparticles and its applications in a simple way. The silver nanoparticles formed were characterized by Infrared, Ultra violet-visible, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopic, and atomic force microscopic techniques. The powder X-ray diffraction studies and transmission electron microscopic images reveal that the silver nanoparticles synthesized were approximately 10-40 nm and have a spherical structure. The nanoparticles were assayed for their antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity. The antimicrobial studies for the silver nanoparticles show a maximum zone of inhibition of 8.8 mm for Bacillus subtilis bacteria and 8.5 mm for Candida albicans fungi at 3 and 1 mu g/mL respectively. In silico ADMET studies reveal that the toxicity, bioactivity, pharmacokinetics and drug-likeness properties of Limonia acidissima leaf extract is good. The molecular docking studies show that the microbial activity is high for Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans showing the coincidence of the in silico and in vitro studies as expected. The free radical scavenging activity of nanoparticles is 80 for 100 mu g/mL. The 50% of inhibition of silver nanoparticles against human breast cancer cell lines is 18 mu g/mL. It is evident that silver nanoparticles would be helpful in treating cancer cell lines and have great perspectives in the biomedical sector.

Chrysanthemum indicum is an important ornamental and medicinal plant that is often difficult to propagate commercially because of its poor germination and low seed viability. This plant is mostly propagated by cutting, but the rooting is slow and non-uniform. The present investigation evaluated the regeneration capacity of stem cutting by examining the influence of auxins, growth medium, temperature, and explant type on adventitious root formation in C. indicum. The auxin-treated cuttings were planted in different growth substrates under greenhouse conditions. Among the different auxins tested, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) more effectively induced roots. The cutting position of stock plants influenced rooting capacity. Cutting the stock plants from the apical region enhanced root number and length in the explants. Among the different explant types, apical stem cuts with 2000 ppm IBA produced a significantly higher number of adventitious roots when grown in vermiculite and perlite (V + P) at a ratio of 1:1 at 25 °C. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed that protocatechuic acid, gentisic acid, chlorogenic acid, biochanin A, salicylic acid, caffeic acid, glycitein, and luteolin were the most dominant phenolic compounds present in C. indicum. These results indicate that IBA treatment promoted the synthesis and accumulation of phenolic compounds in C. indicum stem cuttings at the time of root formation. The present results demonstrate that applying auxins is essential for early root initiation and higher rooting success and thus may be beneficial for vegetative C. indicum propagation.

Purple waxy corn is a good source of antioxidant compounds such as anthocyanins and polyphenols. Promotion of its use requires an appropriate assay to determine antioxidant activity. The aim of this study is to verify compatibility of the antioxidant activity assays by comparing five different assays in daily kernel samples of the fresh purple waxy corn during grain filling. The levels of antioxidants measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and chemiluminescence showed significant positive correlations with the levels measured by the other assays ( r = 0.761–0.893; p < 0.01) and with anthocyanin content ( r = 0.798–0.924; p < 0.01). Reducing capacity of 2,2ʹ-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and total phenolic content also showed significant correlations ( r = 0.764; p < 0.01). However, during late grain filling, the levels of antioxidants measured by all methods showed strong correlations with each other ( r > 0.699; p < 0.05). The inconsistencies among the measurements are largely dependent on the developmental stage of the corn kernel. The combination of at least two assays is required to ensure reliable antioxidant activity estimates, especially for early grain-filling stages. These results will inform efforts to promote fresh purple corn as a source of antioxidants.

INTRODUCTION:Fragrance is an important economic and quality trait in rice. The trait is controlled by the recessive gene betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (BADH2) via the production of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP).OBJECTIVES:Variation in BADH2 was evaluated at the population, genetic, transcriptional, and metabolic levels to obtain insights into fragrance regulation in rice.METHODS:Whole-genome resequencing of the Korean World Rice Collection of 475 rice accessions, including 421 breeding lines and 54 wild accessions, was performed. Transcriptome analyses of a subset of 279 accessions, proteome analyses of 64 accessions, and volatile profiling of 421 breeding lines were also performed.RESULTS:We identified over 3.1 million high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Korean rice collection. Most SNPs were present in intergenic regions (79%), and 190,148 SNPs (6%) were located in the coding sequence, of which 53% were nonsynonymous. In total, 38 haplotypes were identified in the BADH2 coding region, including four novel haplotypes (one in cultivated and three in wild accessions). Tajima's D values suggested that BADH2 was under balancing selection in japonica rice. Furthermore, we identified 316 expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), including 185 cis-eQTLs and 131 trans-eQTLs, involved in BADH2 regulation. A protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) analysis revealed the presence of trans-pQTLs; 13 pQTLs were mapped 1 Mbp from the BADH2 region. Based on variable importance in projection (VIP) scores, 15 volatile compounds, including 2AP, discriminated haplotypes and were potential biomarkers for rice fragrance.CONCLUSION:We generated a catalog of haplotypes based on a resequencing analysis of a large number of rice accessions. eQTLs and pQTLs associated with BADH2 gene expression and protein accumulation are likely involved in the regulation of 2AP variation in fragrant rice. These data improve our understanding of fragrance and provide valuable information for rice breeding.

The progress of transition metal complexes having anticancer activity has greater influence in cancer therapy. With the anticipation of investigating the anticancer activity and property of the transition metal complexes, Ni(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) metal complexes of 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (1H2NA)/2-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid (2H1NA) with aminoguanidine of ratio 1:1:2 were synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic studies like IR, UV-Vis, Thermal analysis, powder XRD, molar conductivity measurements, antimicrobial, and anticancer studies. Simple salts of 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (1H2NA)/2-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid (2H1NA) with aminoguanidine were also prepared in different ratios viz, 1:1 and 1:2. It is characterized by spectroscopic measurements IR, UV, TG-DTA, powder XRD, molar conductivity measurements, and cytotoxic effects were also studied. Nanometal oxides of zinc complexes were prepared and surface morphological studies were investigated. The functional groups were confirmed from IR spectroscopy data. Band gap energies of all the synthesized compounds were calculated from UV-Visible spectroscopy. Various decomposition steps and the thermal stability of the compounds were determined from thermal analysis. From the molar conductivity measurements, it is confirmed that the compounds are electrolytes. SEM and TEM images confirm the rod and hexagonal shape of the respective nanometal oxides. The complexes and nanometal oxides show significant activity against antimicrobials like Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Aspergillus fumigates. The results of present research show that, the synthesized ligands and metal complexes at lower concentration predominantly shows higher cytotoxic activity against cancer cellular lines like MCF-7 and A-549 (human breast cancer cells and human lung cancer cells, respectively). DFT computational studies were carried out using GAUSSIAN 09 W software to understand the bonding mode and chemical parameters of the complexes were calculated using frontier molecular orbital studies.

The complete medium used for mushroom cultivation is important for reliable crop production. We aimed to identify how the origin of Agaricus bisporus grown in Korea was affected by complete media produced in different geographical regions using stable isotope ratios (SIRs). We found that the SIR features of A. bisporus significantly depended on the complete media origin used; in particular, it appeared the high delta S-34 in the Chinese complete medium, low delta S-34 in the Dutch complete medium, and high delta N-15 in the Korean complete medium (P < 0.05). The support vector machine method appeared better geo-origin classification of A. bisporus by the complete media compared to a linear discriminant analysis. A large-scale study should be conducted to establish a reliable origin identification model for A. bisporus grown in complete media to improve the global mushroom marketplace.