This study aimed to investigate the reproductive morphological characteristics of the genus Pentactina, which comprises two species, in order to identify previously unstudied characteristics and elucidate their systematic implications within the tribe Spiraeeae. Floral elements and ovule characters were studied using microtome sections, and seed surface patterns were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that P. rupicola and P. schlothauerae shared identical reproductive morphological characteristics, including the dicotyledonous type of anther wall formation, tetrasporangiate anthers, a glandular tapetum, simultaneous cytokinesis, two-celled mature pollen at shedding time, anatropous and unitegmic ovules, two ovules per carpel, the development of the nucellar cap, a thin endosperm, a rectangular-reticulate seed surface sculpture pattern, and an endotestal type of seed coat. In conclusion, no distinct reproductive morphological differences were observed between the two species of Pentactina. Although Pentactina and Spiraea exhibit similar external morphological characters, they can be taxonomically differentiated based on reproductive morphological characteristics such as the number of ovules per carpel and the seed surface sculpturing pattern. These two reproductive morphological characteristics provide strong evidence supporting the transfer of Spiraea schlothauerae to the genus Pentactina. Therefore, the results of this study do not support Hutchinson's and Kalkman's taxonomic treatments as a synonym of Spiraea.

The family Schisandraceae comprises approximately 23 species across three genera worldwide. On the Korean Peninsula, the two species of Schisandra, S. chinensis, S. repanda, and the species of Kadsura japonica occur. Although many pharmacological studies have been conducted on S. chinensis, cytological studies remain limited. Thus, we conducted a cytogenetic study to examine the chromosome morphology and the locations of rDNA signals. Chromosome slides were prepared from the root tips of these three species to determine chromosome numbers. Additionally, fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed using 5S rDNA and 45S rDNA. All three species had a chromosome number of 2n= 28. Each species exhibited one pair of the 5S rDNA and one pair of 45S rDNA signals. Unlike S. chinensis and S. repanda, K. japonica possessed a pair of satellite chromosomes. The 5S rDNA signal was consistently observed on chromosome 5 in all three species. In contrast, the 45S rDNA signal was located on chromosome 7 in S. chinensis, but on chromosome 12 in S. repanda and K. japonica. The presence of the SAT chromosome can distinguish Kadsura from Schisandra. Furthermore, the position of the 45S rDNA signal could be used to differentiate between S. chinensis and S. repanda. The total chromosome number (2n= 28) and the presence of a 5S rDNA signal on chromosome 5 are thus considered symplesiomorphies in the chromosomal evolution of the Schisandraceae. The SAT chromosome of K. japonica is considered autapomorphic. In addition, the differing locations of 45S rDNA signals between the two Schisandra species suggest that Kadsura may be more primitive. Among Schisandra, species with a 45S rDNA signal on chromosome 7 are considered advanced. Thus, it can be inferred that chromosomes evolved to become shorter in length and lost the SAT chromosomes in Schisandraceae. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the evolutionary relationships within this family.

Paeonia suffriticosa is a woody peony that is an important medicinal plant in Korea, China, and Japan. Flavonoids are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites. We analyzed seven flavonoid compounds in various tissues of Korean landrace P. suffriticosa. Of these, flavonols were more abundant compared with other flavonoids in the roots, leaves, and petals, whereas flavones (apigenin and luteolin) were present in low abundance in all tissues. The root tissues generally contained higher flavonoid content compared with the other tissues. Because molecular analyses of the genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis genes have not been systematically conducted in P. suffriticosa, we performed a transcriptome analysis, which identified 34,629 unigenes in the transcriptome. Our functional matching results using the NCBI Nr and in EMBL-EBI EMBL Interpro databases were similar to those of previous reports in P. suffriticosa. The highest matching species for the annotated genes was V. vinifera, which was corroborated in reports from other Paeonia species. The genes encoding enzymes in the shikimate pathway and aromatic amino acids biosynthesis genes were identified from the transcriptome data. We also identified homologous genes in other Paeonia species as well as Arabidopsis and rice. The number of gene copies varied from one in DHQS and CS to seven to ten in 4CL. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that several conserved blocks were observed in 4CLs from nonvascular to vascular plants. A CHS analysis revealed that there were at least three homologs of CHSs in the genus Paeonia. The sequences of the catalytic residues, CoA binding sites, and structural activity of the CHSs were conserved from the basal plant of liverwort to vascular flowering plants. In a phylogenetic analysis of CHS and CHI, the CHSs from the major plant lineages formed their own cluster, whereas CHIs from diverse plant lineages were clustered together. Protein sequences were highly conserved among the CHIs within clades, but diverged between clades. Thus, CHSs of each major plant lineage may have evolved independently following divergence, whereas CHIs in each clade in the phylogenetic analysis may have evolved separately from basal plants to angiosperms.

To understand the phylogenetic relationships of Menyanthes and address the existing gap in the evolutionary study of embryological characteristics, we investigated and compared these characteristics with those of related families. Our objective was to deduce the character polarity of these characteristics. We analyzed the dicotyledonous type of anther wall, the development of an endothelium, and endosperm formation of the Cellular type. Our findings revealed that vascular bundles extending into the integument are an autapomorphy. Compared with the closely related genus, Nymphoides, Menyanthes share common embryological characteristics at the family level, except for three‐celled pollen at shedding time. Goodeniaceae and Asteraceae exhibited tetra‐sporangia, glandular tapetum, and other symplesiomorphic characters, while Menyanthes showed apomorphic characteristics such as unilocular ovary with two parietal placentae. Embryological characteristics of Menyanthaceae support its classification in Asterales in APG system IV. These findings indicate that Menyanthaceae is primitive relative to Calyceraceae, Goodeniaceae, and Asteraceae within Asterales. Our study strongly supports the APG system IV classification based on embryological characteristics, providing new insights into the evolutionary history of Menyanthaceae.

The Menyanthaceae, an aquatic plant family, is distinguished by extensive polyploidy and heterostyly. This study marks the first cytogenetic characterization of four Menyanthaceae species from Korea – Menyanthes trifoliata, Nymphoides peltata, N. indica, and N. coreana – employing fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 45S and 5S rDNA probes. All four species exhibit exclusively metacentric chromosomes, with M. trifoliata and N. peltata being hexaploid (2n = 54), N. coreana tetraploid (2n = 36), and N. indica diploid (2n = 18). FISH mapping revealed between one to four 45S rDNA loci and one to three 5S rDNA loci per species, showing that rDNA site number does not correlate directly with ploidy level. The karyotypic data suggest a conserved base chromosome number (x = 9) and largely symmetrical karyotypes across these species. Notably, M. trifoliata presents fewer rDNA loci than expected for a hexaploid, indicating genomic rearrangements and rDNA locus loss through diploidization. These observations highlight an evolutionarily stable genome structure in M. trifoliata, despite its polyploid nature. This study elucidates the chromosomal organization and evolutionary dynamics of the Menyanthaceae, emphasizing the role of polyploidy and rDNA evolution in genome structuring. The findings enhance our understanding of plant cytogenetics in aquatic ecosystems and serve as a foundation for further comparative genomic and evolutionary studies in Menyanthaceae.

Chromosome studies of Kirengeshoma palmata, a second-level endangered and rare species in China and Japan, have been creating misconceptions among researchers due to varying reports of 2n = 52 and 2n = 54 in relation to this species. Moreover, the karyotype of K. palmata has not been explained clearly thus far. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to confirm the exact number of chromosomes in K. koreana and K. palmata by securing this plant from Mt. Jirisan and Mt. Baekunsan on the Korean Peninsula and from Kochi and Miyazaki prefectures in Japan. In particular, enzyme digestion and scanning electron microscopy were utilized to determine most accurately the number of chromosomes for Kirengeshoma. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and flow cytometry were also undertaken to confirm the presence of polyploidy. The results of this study indicate that the controversial earlier finding of 2n = 52 chromosomes in Kirengeshoma is indeed accurate. The findings here also show that the total chromosome length ranges from 40.37 to 46.90 µm in K. koreana and from 42.12 to 48.32 µm in K. palmata. The average total chromosome length ranged from 43.52 ± 2.37 in K. koreana and 45.07 ± 2.58 µm in K. palmata. However, secondary constrictions were not present in the two species of Kirengeshoma. In the fluorescence in situ hybridization study, 5S and 45S signals were detected in one pair each in K. koreana and K. palmata, and K. koreana according to flow cytometry results also showed diploid peaks. Therefore, the previously reported claim that K. palmata was auto-tetraploid is not supported. Rather, the results here confirm that the two species of Kirengeshoma are diploid, supporting earlier results from a recent study of population genetics. Our results also strongly support the contention that Kirengeshoma is closely related to the genus.

BACKGROUND AND RESEARCH PURPOSE:Paeoniflorin and albiflorin are monoterpene glycosides that exhibit various medicinal properties in Paeonia species. This study explored the terpene biosynthesis pathway and analyzed the distribution of these compounds in different tissues of two Korean landraces of Paeonia lactiflora to gain insights into the biosynthesis of monoterpene glycosides in P. lactiflora and their potential applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Two Korean landraces, Hongcheon var. and Hwacheon var, of P. lactiflora were used for the analyses. Contents of the paeoniflorin and albiflorin were analyzed using HPLC. RNA was extracted, sequenced, and subjected to transcriptome analysis. Differential gene expression, KEGG, and GO analyses were performed. Paeoniflorin biosynthesis genes were isolated from the transcriptomes using the genes in Euphorbia maculata with the NBLAST program. Phylogenetic analysis of of 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DOXPS), geranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GPPS), and pinene synthase (PS) was carried out with ClustalW and MEGA v5.0. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:Analysis of paeoniflorin and albiflorin content in different tissues of the two P. lactiflora landraces revealed significant variation. Transcriptome analysis yielded 36,602 unigenes, most of which were involved in metabolic processes. The DEG analysis revealed tissue-specific expression patterns with correlations between landraces. The isolation of biosynthetic genes identified 173 candidates. Phylogenetic analysis of the key enzymes in these pathways provides insights into their evolutionary relationships. The sequencing and analysis of DOXPS, GPPS, PS revealed distinct clades and subclades, highlighting their evolutionary divergence and functional conservation. Our findings highlight the roots as the primary sites of paeoniflorin and albiflorin accumulation in P. lactiflora, underscoring the importance of tissue-specific gene expression in their biosynthesis. CONCLUSION:this study advances our understanding of monoterpene glycoside production and distribution in Paeonia, thereby guiding further plant biochemistry investigations.

Background: Lilium dauricum Ker-Gawl is an endangered plant, and it is highly valued as a medicinal plant owing to its excellent functionality.BRMethods and Results: L. dauricum leaf extract was shown to have high antioxidant activity and an inhibition concentration of 50% (ICSUB50/SUB)value of 71.8 ± 0.13 ㎍/㎖ was shown for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity. Its total phenol and flavonoid contents were 74.76 ± 0.24 ㎎·gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and 31.44 ± 0.27 ㎎·quercetin equivalent (QE)/g, respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) production was measured after oxidative stress was induced in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, and 200 ㎍/㎖ of leaf extract effectively inhibited NO production at a rate of 17.84 ± 0.18%. Gastric cancer cells (AGS) and lung cancer cells (A549) were treated with 200 ㎍/㎖ of bulb extract, the inhibition rate for gastric cancer cell growth was 48.12 ± 2.60% whereas the inhibition rate for lung cancer cell growth was 55.83 ± 4.08%.BRConclusions: These results provide basic research data that can be used to identify the active constituents present in L. dauricum leaf and bulb extracts for the development of anticancer drugs, antioxidants, and functional products.

Menyanthes trifoliata L., a heterostyly plant, is an endangered species in Korea. Floral morphology has been published for M. trifoliata, but few works have concentrated on pollen dimorphism differences accompanied by floral dimorphism. Here, we conducted a comparative morphological study of two morphs to investigate a dimorphism system with Korean populations. Pollen morphological characteristics were observed with a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. For the pin type, pollen size is 36.01 ± 2.01 µm, whereas for the thrum type it is 41.28 ± 2.58 µm in terms of the equatorial diameter. The two morphs have a small apocolpium field at 5.62 ± 0.30 for the pin type and 6.24 ± 0.70 for the thrum type. The configuration of the aperture was tricolpate with a striate ridge in the two morphs. However, they have different pollen shapes and sizes, stigma shapes, and apocolpium sizes. M. trifoliata only has different pollen sizes and shapes between European populations and Korean populations. Nevertheless, Korean populations also show pollen dimorphism correlated with their floral dimorphism.

Due to reproductive isolation, such as self-incompatibility, heterostyly, and higher genetic diversity within populations, the origin and evolution of buckwheat are difficult to study even though there are several cytological studies have been performed. In this study, Fagopyrum esculentum, F. esculentum ssp. ancestrale, F. tataricum, and F. tataricum ssp. potanini were used for karyotype analysis by double-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using 5S and 45S rDNA probes. The karyotype analysis revealed that F. esculentum and F. esculentum ssp. ancestrale have the same karyotype formula, 6m+2sm (satellite, SAT). Conversely, F. tataricum and F. tataricum ssp. potanini possessed differing karyotypes, 6m+2sm (SAT) and 6m+ 1sm+ 1sm (SAT), respectively. From the FISH analysis, F. esculentum and F. esculentum ssp. ancestrale represented three pairs of 5S and 45S rDNA signals. F. tataricum and F. tataricum ssp. potanini represented a pair of 5S rDNA signals equally. In addition, F. tataricum exhibited two pairs of 45 rDNA signals, and F. tataricum ssp. potanini showed a pair of 45S rDNA signals. Our results were consistent with previous studies suggesting that F. tataricum evolved from F. tataricum ssp. potanini. Additionally, we found that F. tataricum ssp. potanini has the fewest rDNA repeats in the cymosum group. These results can be used as basic cytological information for buckwheat research in the future.

Menyanthes trifoliata L., a heterostyly plant, is an endangered species in Korea. Floral morphology has been published for M. trifoliata, but few works have concentrated on pollen dimorphism differences accompanied by floral dimorphism. Here, we conducted a comparative morphological study of two morphs to investigate a dimorphism system with Korean populations. Pollen morphological characteristics were observed with a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope. For the pin type, pollen size is 36.01 ± 2.01 µm, whereas for the thrum type it is 41.28 ± 2.58 µm in terms of the equatorial diameter. The two morphs have a small apocolpium field at 5.62 ± 0.30 for the pin type and 6.24 ± 0.70 for the thrum type. The configuration of the aperture was tricolpate with a striate ridge in the two morphs. However, they have different pollen shapes and sizes, stigma shapes, and apocolpium sizes. M. trifoliata only has different pollen sizes and shapes between European populations and Korean populations. Nevertheless, Korean populations also show pollen dimorphism correlated with their floral dimorphism.

The basic information of ovule and seed characteristics was investigated for five monotypic and endemic genera in the Korean peninsula as categorized by the Flora of Korea category. The carpels and seeds were sectioned with a rotary microtome. Mature seeds were coated with platinum using an ion sputter and observed using a scanning electron micro-scope. As a result, Abeliophyllum was found to be anatropous and a unitegmic ovule, with a slightly colliculate seed surface and exotestal seed coat type. The ovule of Coreanomecon was anatropous and bitegmic, having a distinct echinate seed surface, and exo-endotestal seed coat type with a prismatic crystal in the mesotesta. The ovule of Hanabusaya was ana-tropous and a unitegmic, with a long reticulate seed surface sculpture, and distinct exotestal seed coat type. In addition, a wing developed at the opposite side of the raphe bundle. Megaleranthis was an anatropous and bitegmic ovule, having a small pentagonal disk shape, a concave seed surface and exotestal seed coat type. Finally, Pentactina was also anatropous and a unitegmic ovule, reticulate seed sculpture, and endotestal seed coat type. These data will be proving to be a source of good information for securing bio-sovereignty in the near future.

The genus Kirengeshoma, in the family Hydrangeaceae, is considered by some botanists to be monotypic while others divide it into two species, K. palmata, native to Japan and China, and K. koreana, native to South Korea. We have conducted a comparative pollen morphological study of five populations of the two putative species to investigate this question. Pollen morphological characteristics were observed with scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The pollen characteristics of all five populations were similar. All populations dispersed pollen as the monad and the pollen grain shape were either spheroidal or sub-spheroidal and approximately 12 to 18 mu m in diameter, falling in the small grain category. In all five populations, the pollen grains were iso-polar and radio-symmetrical, with tri-colporate apertures. Additionally, pollen surface sculpture patterns of all populations were semi-tectate and reticulate. As a result, the two putative species differed in that the pollen grains of K. palmata were smaller, and their endexine slightly thicker, than those of K. koreana. Despite these differences, we conclude that the similar pollen morphology of all the populations does not support separating them into two independent species. However, different species of angiosperms often have similar pollen morphology. Therefore, we suggest that the genus should be considered to consist of these two independent species unless further morphological or molecular evidence to the contrary is forthcoming.

The comparative leaf morphology and anatomy of ten species of family Calycanthaceae have been studied. Leaf anatomy is very comparable to each other in cell shape and their arrangement. Collected leaves were preserved in FAA and alcohol series were applied for LM and SEM. The layer of epidermis is two in Idiospermum and one in rest of other genera. The structure of vascular bundle is V-shape in Sinocalycanthus and Calycanthus whereas U-shape in Idiospermum and Chimonanthus. The density of trichome is higher in Calycanthus than other genera. The presence of trichome, stomata, epidermal layer, density of trichome and stomata, and leaf surface are represented the distinction among the genera. The adaxial surface of Idiospermum and Sinocalycanthus are smooth whereas of Calycanthus and Chimonanthus are rough. The crystals are present in Calycanthus, Sinocalycanthus and Chimonanthus whereas absent in Idiospermum. The shape of the vascular bundle, density of trichome, epidermal layer, and crystals play important role in the phylogenetic relationship of Calycanthaceae.

Miscanthus is a close relative of Saccharum and a potentially valuable genetic resource for improving sugarcane. Differences in flowering time within and between Miscanthus and Saccharum hinders intra- and interspecific hybridizations. A series of greenhouse experiments were conducted over three years to determine how to synchronize flowering time of Saccharum and Miscanthus genotypes. We found that day length was an important factor influencing when Miscanthus and Saccharum flowered. Sugarcane could be induced to flower in a central Illinois greenhouse using supplemental lighting to reduce the rate at which days shortened during the autumn and winter to 1 min d-1, which allowed us to synchronize the flowering of some sugarcane genotypes with Miscanthus genotypes primarily from low latitudes. In a complementary growth chamber experiment, we evaluated 33 Miscanthus genotypes, including 28 M. sinensis , 2 M. floridulus , and 3 M. ×giganteus collected from 20.9° S to 44.9° N for response to three day lengths (10 h, 12.5 h, and 15 h). High latitude-adapted M. sinensis flowered mainly under 15 h days, but unexpectedly, short days resulted in short, stocky plants that did not flower; in some cases, flag leaves developed under short days but heading did not occur. In contrast, for M. sinensis and M. floridulus from low latitudes, shorter day lengths typically resulted in earlier flowering, and for some low latitude genotypes, 15 h days resulted in no flowering. However, the highest ratio of reproductive shoots to total number of culms was typically observed for 12.5 h or 15 h days. Latitude of origin was significantly associated with culm length, and the shorter the days, the stronger the relationship. Nearly all entries achieved maximal culm length under the 15 h treatment, but the nearer to the equator an accession originated, the less of a difference in culm length between the short-day treatments and the 15 h day treatment. Under short days, short culms for high-latitude accessions was achieved by different physiological mechanisms for M. sinensis genetic groups from the mainland in comparison to those from Japan; for mainland accessions, the mechanism was reduced internode length, whereas for Japanese accessions the phyllochron under short days was greater than under long days. Thus, for M. sinensis , short days typically hastened floral induction, consistent with the expectations for a facultative short-day plant. However, for high latitude accessions of M. sinensis , days less than 12.5 h also signaled that plants should prepare for winter by producing many short culms with limited elongation and development; moreover, this response was also epistatic to flowering. Thus, to flower M. sinensis that originates from high latitudes synchronously with sugarcane, the former needs day lengths >12.5 h (perhaps as high as 15 h), whereas that the latter needs day lengths <12.5 h.

Selaginella tamariscina is a lycophyta species that survives under extremely dry conditions via the mechanism of resurrection. This phenomenon involves the regulation of numerous genes that play vital roles in desiccation tolerance and subsequent rehydration. To identify resurrection-related genes, we analyzed the transcriptome between dehydration conditions and rehydration conditions of S. tamariscina. The de novo assembly generated 124,417 transcripts with an average size of 1,000 bp and 87,754 unigenes. Among these genes, 1,267 genes and 634 genes were up and down regulated by rehydration compared to dehydration. To understand gene function, we annotated Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). The unigenes encoding early light-inducible protein (ELIP) were down-regulated, whereas pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein (PPR), late embryogenesis abundant proteins (LEA), sucrose nonfermenting protein (SNF), trehalose phosphate phosphatase (TPP), trehalose phosphate synthase (TPS), and ABC transporter G family (ABCG) were significantly up-regulated in response to rehydration conditions by differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis. Several studies provide evidence that these genes play a role in stress environment. The ELIP and PPR genes are involved in chloroplast protection during dehydration and rehydration. LEA, SNF, and trehalose genes are known to be oxidant scavengers that protect the cell structure from the deleterious effect of drought. TPP and TPS genes were found in the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways, which are essential sugar-signaling metabolites regulating plant metabolism and other biological processes. ABC-G gene interacts with abscisic acid (ABA) phytohormone in the stomata opening during stress conditions. Our findings provide valuable information and candidate resurrection genes for future functional analysis aimed at improving the drought tolerance of crop plants.

The pollen morphology of four species of Calycanthaceae is described based on the observation of scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. All pollens are monad, large grain category. The pollen grain was elliptic with disulcate. Surface ornamentation is smooth. Pollen grains of each species are from the genus Sinocalycanthus, Calycanthus, Chimonanthus and Idiospermum. The basic shape of the pollen grains is elliptical. The pollen is spheroid in Calycanthaceae except in Idiospermum, which represent boat-shape. The circular shape was in polar views in Chimonanthus but equatorial shape in Sinocalycanthus. Idiospermum and Chimonanthus were smooth exine with micro-perforation but rugose exine in Sinocalycanthus and Chimonanthus. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3763335

Miscanthus is a perennial wild grass that is of global importance for paper production, roofing, horticultural plantings, and an emerging highly productive temperate biomass crop. We report a chromosome-scale assembly of the paleotetraploid M. sinensis genome, providing a resource for Miscanthus that links its chromosomes to the related diploid Sorghum and complex polyploid sugarcanes. The asymmetric distribution of transposons across the two homoeologous subgenomes proves Miscanthus paleo-allotetraploidy and identifies several balanced reciprocal homoeologous exchanges. Analysis of M. sinensis and M. sacchariflorus populations demonstrates extensive interspecific admixture and hybridization, and documents the origin of the highly productive triploid bioenergy crop M. × giganteus. Transcriptional profiling of leaves, stem, and rhizomes over growing seasons provides insight into rhizome development and nutrient recycling, processes critical for sustainable biomass accumulation in a perennial temperate grass. The Miscanthus genome expands the power of comparative genomics to understand traits of importance to Andropogoneae grasses.

Cladistics analysis was carried out to find the correct phylogenetic relationship of the four genera of Calycanthaceae. Morphological and anatomical information from all aspect of the data were considered for the analysis. Siparuna guianensis (Siparunaceae) and Cinnamomum malabatrum (Lauraceae) were considered as out-group. Characters were selected mainly for reasonable argument of the similarity. Character-state transformation and discrimination of the genera were decided based upon the out-group comparison method. PAUP* (ver. 4.0) program was used for the dataset analysis and to make phylogenetic tree. The genera split into two separate genera Idiospermum + Chimonanthus and Sinocalycanthus + Calycanthus. Chimonanthus + Idiospermum are supported strict consensus tree with f-value calculation. Furthermore, Sinocalycanthus and Calycanthus are separated genera. Therefore, Calycanthaceae be redefined wide circumscriptions of the characters. The detailed investigation of the cladistics analysis revealed that the Sinocalycanthus and Calycanthus are the sole genus. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3908965 Keywords: Calycanthaceae, Characters and characters state, Cladistics, Out-group, Phylogeny