The objective of this study was to determine the effects of different bale density and the number of stretch film layers on chemical composition and quality of sorghum bale silage. In this research, Early Sumac variety of sorghum was used as the silage material, bale silage as the silage making technique and silage stretch film as the wrapping material. Research was arranged as 2 x 3 factorial following a completely randomized experiment design and four replications were carried out. Sorghum bales were carried out on two different densities (450 and 650 kg/m(3)) and were wrapped in three different numbers of stretch film layers (2, 3 and 4 layers). Sorghum bales were stored outside for 120 days and opened after the ensiling period and were subjected to physical evaluation and chemical analysis. According to the results of the physical evaluation, it was determined that all sorghum silages were of very good quality class. Bale density and the number of stretch film layer was determined to have an insignificant effect on the physical evaluation (P > 0.05). According to the results of chemical analysis, increased bale density and the number of stretch film layers decreased pH values and increased dry matter content of silage. From the results, it was concluded that increasing bale density and the number of stretch film layers would have a positive effect on the quality of sorghum silage.

Bu calisma misir silaji yapimi sirasinda silolardan sizma yoluyla ortaya cikan misir silaj suyunun, yabanci ot mucadelesinde biyoherbisit olarak kullanilabilirligini arastirmak amaciyla yapilmistir. Biyoherbisit olarak etkinligini test etmek amaciyla misir silaj suyu ve saf su, degisik oranlarda karistirilarak alti farkli karisim hazirlanmis, hazirlanan bu karisimlar ile iki asamali bir deneme yurutulmustur. Birinci asamada petri kaplari icine konulan 10 adet misir ve 50’ser adet Amaranthus retroflexus L. ve Chenopodium album L. yabanci ot tohumlarina, bu karisimlardan 10’ar ml uygulanarak, kultur bitkisi ve yabanci ot tohumlarinin uygulanan karisima gore cimlenme yetenegi saptanmistir. Ikinci asamada yine petri kaplari icinde yurutulmus, petri kaplari icine konulan yabanci ot tohumlarina, sonbaharda toprak isleme oncesi ve ilkbaharda tohum yatagi hazirligi oncesini simule etmek uzere iki defa hazirlanan bu karisimlardan 10’ar ml uygulanmis, daha sonra silajlik misir tohumlari ekilmistir. Ekim sonrasi-cikis oncesi ve silajlik misirlar 20 cm boya ulastiginda iki defa daha biyoherbisit uygulamasi yapilarak toplam dort uygulama sonunda kultur bitkisi ve yabanci otlarin cimlenme ve gelisme durumlari incelenmistir. Calisma sonucunda %80 saf su+%20 misir silaj suyu uygulamasinin, %100 saf su uygulamasina gore kultur bitkisi cikisini %20 oraninda artirdigi ve yabanci ot cikisini %20 oraninda azalttigi saptanmistir. Anahtar kelimeler: Misir silaj suyu, Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L., biyoherbisit. The Investigation of Corn Silage Effluent on Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Chenopodium album L. Control as Bioherbicidal Abstract: This study is conducted to investigate the utility of corn silage effluent formed by draining from the silos during silage making as a bioherbicide at the weed control. To test the efficacy as a bioherbicide, corn silage effluent and pure water is mixed in different ratios and hence six different mixtures were prepared and a two-stage experiment is conducted with these mixtures. In the first stage 10 corn seed and 50 weed seed of Amaranthus retroflexus L. ve Chenopodium album L. 10 mg of each mixture is applied to these seed and the ability of germination of corn and weed seeds is determined. In the second stage amount of 10 ml of each mixture is applied to the weed seeds placed in petri cups to stimulate before tillage in the fall and before seed-bed preparation in the spring and then the seed of corn were sown. Bioherbicide is applied twice one after sowing before emergence and the other when the corn reached 20 cm height and then the germination and growing of the corn and weed are examined. At the and of the study the application of the mixture of pure water of 80% and corn silage effluent of 20% increased the emergence of corn at 20% and decreased the emergence of weed at 20%with respect to the application of pure water of 100%. Key words: Corn silage effluent, Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L., bioherbicide

Bu calisma sorgum-sudanotu melezi silajinin yem niteligi uzerine hasat donemi, kiyma boyutu ve sikistirma basinc degerlerinin etkilerini belirlemek amaciyla yapilmistir. Calismada Grazer N2 cesidi silajlik sorgum-sudanotu melezi kullanilmistir. Sut ve hamur olum donemlerinde silaj makinasi ile hasat edilen bitki, hasat aninda ortalama 1 ve 4 cm boyutlarinda kiyilmis ve elde edilen hasil, 60 lt hacimli plastik variller icinde basinci ayarlanabilir hidrolik pres ile 1, 2 ve 3 MPa basinc degerlerinde sikistirilarak doldurulmus ve 60 gun sureyle fermantasyona birakilmistir. Fermantasyon sureci sonunda sorgum-sudan otu silajlarinin kimyasal analizleri yapilmis ve silaj yem kalite siniflari belirlenmistir. Hasat doneminin ilerlemesi, silajlarin kuru madde orani ve pH degerini artirirken, ham protein, ADF, NDF ve laktik asit degerlerini dusurmustur (p 0.05), sut olum donemindeki silajlarin pH degerini artirmistir (p < 0.05). Elde edilen silajlarin tamami, Flieg puanlama sistemine gore pekiyi kalite sinifinda silajlardir. Calisma neticesinde sorgum-sudanotu melezi silaji yapimi icin, hamur olum doneminde hasat yapilmasi, materyalin 4 cm boyutunda kiyilmasi ve 1 MPa basinc ile sikistirilmasinin uygun olacagi kanaatine varilmistir.

The objective of this study was to determine the influence of mixing a turf-type ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and corn (Zea mays) forage and applying different levels of compression on silage quality and chemical composition. Treatments were arranged as 5 x3 factorial following a completely randomi7ed design of experiment. Factors include the different mixing ratios of the two silage materials viz. ryegrass and corn at 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, or 0:100, which were ensiled in quadruplicate in plastic drums (60L capacity) at varying compression levels (viz. 10, 20 or 30 bars). After 60 days of ensiling, nutrient composition and fermentation end products were evaluated. Regardless of compression level, silage from pure 100% ryegrass achieved the highest pH (4.90) and lowest concentration of lactic acid (0.64% DM). Mixing at least 25% corn with ryegrass lowered pH, increased lactic and acetic acid of the resulting silage than pure ryegrass alone. An interaction effect between mixing ratio and compression levels was observed only for pH and DM. Increasing compression level consequently resulted to silage with lower pH especially as more corn was added to ryegrass. Our findings show that the addition of corn (minimum of 25%) in ryegrass produced silage with better quality than pure ryegrass, and that increasing the compression level packed more DM in the silo and enhanced fermentation through lowered pH.

Moisture-dependent frictional and aerodynamic properties of safflower seeds The seeds of two safflower cultivars were investigated in order to determine their frictional and aerodynamic properties as a function of moisture content. The coefficients of dynamic friction of cultivars on aluminium, plywood, fibreglass and steel surfaces increased by 87, 56, 78, and 129% for cv. Remzibey-05 seed, and by 91, 31, 71, and 131% for cv. Dinçer seed, respectively, between the initial and final moisture content levels. The terminal velocities of the Remzibey-05 and Dinçer seeds increased by 15 and 11%, respectively, with increase in moisture content between the initial and final levels.

The dimensions, mass, and shape are the most commonly measured physical properties of fruits. The size and shape features of 10 common walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars grown in Turkey were investigated using an image processing technique. The walnut cultivars produced nuts longer than wide and wider than thick in shape except cvs. Bursa-95, Hartley, and Sebin. The thickness of cv. Sebin was 1.07 times greater than its width. All cultivars were spherical as determined by their shape index except cv. Bursa-95 (1.32). The highest values for shape factors were obtained from the horizontal orientation, followed by the suture and vertical orientations. Mean values for mass, volume, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, and surface area ranged between 11.42 and 18.28 g, 23.84 and 48.32 cm(3), 35.71 and 45.89 mm, 83.0 and 94.1%, and 42.73 and 66.16 cm(2) among cultivars, respectively, and cv. Sen-1 had the highest values for all of these parameters. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Bu calisma farkli hasat donemi, kiyma boyutu ve sikistirma basincinin misir silajinin fermantasyon niteligi uzerine etkilerini belirlemek amaciyla yapilmistir. Sut ve hamur olum donemlerinde silaj makinasi ile hasat edilen silajlik misir, hasat aninda ortalama 1 ve 4 cm boyutlarinda kiyilmistir. Elde edilen misir hasili 60 lt hacimli plastik variller icinde, basinci ayarlanabilir hidrolik pres ile 1, 2 ve 3 MPa basinc degerlerinde sikistirilarak silolanmis ve fermantasyona birakilmistir. Altmis gunluk fermantasyon sureci sonunda, misir silajlarinin kimyasal analizleri yapilmis ve silaj yem kalite siniflari belirlenmistir. Hasat doneminin ilerlemesi, kiyma boyutunun buyutulmesi ve sikistirma basincinin artmasi silajlarin kuru madde duzeyini artirmistir (P

The objective of the present study was to determine the changes that occur in corn (Zea mays) and sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) silages during exposure to air, and to try to elucidate the factors that exert silage aerobic stability. Two corn and two sorghum ensiling experiments were performed in mini-silos. After a storage period of 5 months, the various silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test in bottle systems, which lasted 7 days. In these bottles changes in pH, production of CO2, numbers of yeasts and molds serve as spoilage indicators. Changes in chemical components during aerobic exposure were also followed. The first corn silage was aerobically stable, whereas the second corn silage spoiled; pH values for the unstable silage increased from 3.6 to 4.1 and 5.9, and the CO2 production was 38 and 48 g kg-1 DM, after 4 and 7 days of aerobic exposure, respectively. The first corn silage that was aerobically stable contained high concentrations of acetic acid, whereas the second corn silage that spoiled had low concentrations of VFA. The two sorghum silages were more stable upon aerobic exposure in spite of their low content of acetic acid, and other volatile fatty acids (VFA), which are known inhibitors of fungi.

Bu calismada Erzurum yoresindeki silaj yapim tekniklerinin ve tuketim aliskanliklarinin saptanmasi amaclanmistir. Bu amacla silaj yapan 47 isletmede anket uygulamasi yapilmistir. Calismada isletmelerin yapisi, silaj yapimina yonelik makina varligi, uygulanan silaj yapim teknikleri, silaj tuketim aliskanliklari ile silaj yapim ve tuketiminde karsilasilan sorunlar ele alinmistir. Yorede silaj yapimi ve tuketimi 2000’li yillarda baslamasina ragmen hizla yayginlasmaktadir. En cok silaji yapilan bitki misirdir. Misirin yani sira yonca ve sorgum silaji da yapilmaktadir. Silaj buyuk oranda toprak ustu gecici silolarda ve geleneksel yontemlerle yapilmaktadir. Ureticiler silaji genellikle kendi ihtiyaclari icin yapmaktadir. Yapilan silajlar ozellikle sut sigirlarinin beslenmesinde kullanilmaktadir. Silajlik bitki yetistiriciliginde kus ve kargalarin tohumlara ve genc filizlere zarar vermesinin onemli bir sorun oldugu saptanmistir. Silaj yapim asamasinda silaj makinasi temini, tuketiminde ise kisin asiri soguk havalarda dondan olumsuz etkilenme, onemli sorunlar olarak one cikmaktadir.

Erzurum yoresinde bitkisel uretim yapan isletmelerde ortak makina kullanim olanaklarinin arastirildigi bu calismada; Pasinler ilcesinde tabakali sans orneklemesi yontemiyle secilen 227 isletmede anket uygulamasi yapilmistir. Isletmelerin arazi varligi, bitkisel uretim deseni, traktor, tarim alet ve makina varliklari ile mekanizasyon duzeyleri belirlenmistir. Isletme sahiplerinin bitkisel uretimde ihtiyac duyduklari alet ve makinalari nerelerden ve nasil temin ettikleri, makina temininde yasanan sikintilar ve ortak makina kullanimindan beklentiler tespit edilmistir. Bu tespitler dogrultusunda yore insanin endiselerini ortadan kaldiracak, beklentilerini karsilayacak bir ortak makina kullanim organizasyonun genel prensipleri ortaya konmaya calisilmistir.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of harvest stage, chopping length and compaction pressure on forage quality of sorghum-sudangrass silage. In this study, Grazer N2 variety hybrid sorghum-sudangrass was used as silage material. Sorghum-sudangrass has been harvested by silage machine both in the milk and dough stages and were chopped within 1 and 4 cm in size and stored in a silo in 60 liter plastic barrels in compression pressure values 1, 2 and 3 MPa. At the end of the fermentation process, chemical analyses of sorghum-sudangrass silage were done and silage quality classes were determined. The prolonged harvest time has increased dry matter and pH value of silage whereas decreased crude protein, ADF, NDF and lactic acid content (p 0.05) and it has increased pH value in milk stage (p<0.05). Silages obtained at the end of the study were to be found very good quality class according to the Flieg scoring system. As a result of the study was concluded harvest to be making at dough stage, the material chopping length is 4 cm and compaction pressure is 1 MPa for the making of sorghum sudangrass silage.

: The aim of the study was to determine the effect of harvest period, chopping length and compaction pressure on forage quality of sorghum silage. The cv. snow was used as plant material. Sorghum crop has been harvested both in the milk and dough periods and were chopped within 1 and 4 cm in size then stored in a silo in 60 liter plastic barrels in compaction pressure values of 1, 2 and 3 MPa. At the end of the fermentation process, chemical analysis of sorghum silage was done and silage fodder quality classes were determined. The prolonged harvest period and increased chopping length has increased dry matter and pH value of silage whereas decreased crude protein content. The increasing compaction pressure has increased dry matter and crude protein content of silages and decreased pH value. Silages obtained at the end of the study were to be found very good quality class according to the Flieg scoring system.

The objective was to study effects of cultivar, stage of maturity at harvest, wilting, and addition of lactic acid bacterial (LAB) inoculant at ensiling, and their interactions, on the aerobic stability of wheat silages. Wheat of two cultivars, harvested at the flowering or the milk stage of maturity were ensiled in mini-silos, either directly after cutting (DC) or after wilting (W). After 2–7 months of storage, silages were subjected to a 7-day aerobic stability test during which changes in chemical composition, dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (aNDF) digestibility, and temperature, as well as DM losses and CO2 production, were measured. Silages from wheat cultivar BH were relatively dry (DM between 287 and 430g/kg) and were mostly stable upon aerobic exposure. The flowering wheat of cultivar Galil was moister (DM of 199g/kg), and the DC silages were stable upon aerobic exposure. Silages of the wilted flowering wheat (DM of 370g/kg) spoiled and after 4 and 7 days, produced 15 and 76g/kg DM CO2, respectively. Silages from the milk stage of this cultivar, both DC and W were unstable, and a homofermentative LAB enhanced aerobic spoilage. Factorial analysis of variance was applied to the results with cultivar, stage of maturity, wilting and inoculant as main effects, as well as their interactions. Cultivar and LAB inoculant had effects on silage composition and aerobic stability, with stage of maturity having an effect on aerobic losses, whereas wilting did not have effects on aerobic spoilage indicators. The inoculant enhanced CO2 production in the silages prepared from the DC wheat of the flowering and milk stages, as compared with the respective non-inoculated control silages which contained high concentrations of VFA. However, in the wilted silages which contained less VFA, both control and inoculated silages deteriorated similarly with time of exposure to air.

This study was conducted to determine the feed qualities of sunflower silages produced with different chopping lengths and under different compaction values. Olivia species sunflower was used in the study. Sunflowers were harvested at the grain-dough maturity stage using silage machine. Dry matter rate on harvesting was 298.5 g/kg and plants were cut in the lengths ranging between 1 and 4 cm. Cut material was divided into three groups in three different plastic containers, which have the same volume of 60 L and these containers were applied to three different compaction values of 1, 2 and 3 MPa, respectively using a hydraulic press whose pressure values can be regulated. At the end of the fermentation period of 60 days, sunflower silages were analysed chemically. Mean dry matter content of total sunflower silages was 287.2 g/kg, mean pH value was 4.29, crude protein content was 95.5 g/kgDM, ADF content was 429.6 g/kgDM, and NDF content was 434.6 g/kgDM and Fleig score was 91.04. Larger chopping length increased the pH value of sunflower silage (p < 0.01) and ADF content (p < 0.05), while decreasing the Fleig score (p < 0.01). Under increased compaction values, pH values decreased (p < 0.05) and Fleig score increased (p < 0.01). It was consequently found in the study that sunflower silage with higher feed quality was obtained with the crops harvested at grain-dough maturity stage, cut into 1 cm length and compressed under 3 MPa.

The objective of this study was to determine the geometrical, gravimetrical, frictional, aerodynamic, colour, and mechanical properties of two common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars 'Hinis' and 'Ispir', which dominate bean production in Erzurum, Turkey. The average length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity, and projected area were found to be: 11.76 and 12.29 mm, 8.85 and 9.10 mm, 7.66 and 7.99 mm, 78.90 and 78.45%, and 92.02 and 99.37 mm(2) for 'Hinis' and 'Ispir', respectively. The average 1000 seed weight, bulk density, and porosity were determined as: 531.3 and '598.9 g, 835.8 and 872.7 kg m(-3), and 34.0% and 33.1% for 'Hinis' and 'Ispir', respectively. The average angle of repose and terminal velocity were 24.52 degrees and 19.46 degrees, and 11.42 and 11.80 m s(-1) in 'Hinis' and 'Ispir' respectively. The highest coefficient of dynamic friction was obtained with an aluminium surface in both cultivars as 0.227 for 'Hinis' and 0.199 for 'Ispir'. This was followed by fibreglass, steel, plywood, and glass surfaces. Both cultivars had white testae. The average value of rupture force, deformation at rupture point, energy absorbed, hardness, and toughness; along the X-direction were found to be: 145.9 and 118.4 N, 0.85 and 0.90 mm, 63.8 and 54.0 N mm, 171.0 and 132.5 N mm(-1), and 0.15 and 0.12 mJ cm(-3) for 'Hinis' and 'Ispir', respectively.