GENERAL COMMENTARY article Front. Pharmacol., 24 May 2022Sec. Ethnopharmacology https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.870855

The Joint United Nations Program on AIDS/HIV (UNAIDS) 90-90-90 human 44 immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 2020 control targets have been replaced by the ambitious 45 six "95" targets to end the HIV disease pandemic by 2025 [1]. The 95-95-95 HIV control 46 targets is the core of the six 95% HIV control targets, and is an updated goal compared to the 90-90-90 goal at meeting the needs of people living with HIV (PLWH). While, the 48 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic led to a "build back better" approach to 49 setting the 2025 HIV control targets.The first three "95" targets have been heavily impact by the COVID-19 pandemic, which

Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp (DCS) is a rare skin disease and understudied. The aim of the study was to collect the demographic, clinical features and laboratory tests of patients with DCS in a dermatology outpatient clinic. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a department of dermatology in Beijing. Patients whose diagnoses have included DCS were selected from July 2021 to December 2021. DCS patients were stratified according to whether they were follicular occlusion triad (FOT) or not. There were 169 patients with DCS included. All 169 patients were male, and the median patient age was 32 years. The most common comorbidities in this study were seborrheic dermatitis (10.65%). Over 1/3 of patients had elevated white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil counts, and 12 of 18 patients had dyslipidemia. CD8+ T cell counts increased in 15 of 26 patients while CD4+ T/CD8+ T ratios were all normal. DCS mainly affects men in their thirties. More research about DCS is needed to clarify the clinical significance of laboratory tests.

HIV-1/Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum) coinfection has become a global challenge, and three monocyte subsets express varying levels of the chemokine receptors CCR2 and CX3CR1. We recently evaluated the association between monocyte subsets and regulatory T cells in HIV-infected individuals with syphilis. Currently, the dynamic changes of CCR2 and CX3CR1 on monocyte subsets during HIV-1 and syphilis coinfection have not been fully investigated. In this study, cell surface staining was used to explore CCR2 and CX3CR1 expression on three monocyte subsets during HIV-1/T. pallidum coinfection. We found that CCR2 densities on the classical monocyte subsets decreased in acute HIV-1 infected (AHI) patients, chronic HIV-1-infected individuals without antiviral therapy (ART) (CHI+ ART-), chronic HIV-1-infected individuals receiving ART (CHI+ART+), rapid plasma reagin-positive (RPR+) individuals, CHI+ ART- plus RPR+ (CHI+RPR+ ART-) individuals, and CHI+ART+ plus RPR+ (CHI+RPR+ART+) individuals. CX3CR1 density increased on the three monocyte subsets during HIV-1 and/or T. pallidum infection. CX3CR1 density on the intermediate and non-classical monocyte subsets in CHI+ ART- individuals was lower than that in CHI+ART+ individuals, and CX3CR1 density on the three monocyte subsets in CHI+ART+ individuals was higher than that in CHI+RPR+ART+ individuals. Our data provide new insight into the roles of CCR2 and CX3CR1 on three monocyte subsets in HIV-1 and T. pallidum pathogenesis.

近年来梅毒发病率有所增长,梅毒患者的血清固定发生率居高不下,给临床诊断和治疗带来了挑战.但血清固定的发生机制尚不明确,目前认为与其相关的临床因素有年龄、性伴数量、治疗前快速血浆反应素(rapid plasma reagin,RPR)滴度、吉海反应、治疗方案等,相关的分子免疫学因素有趋化因子水平、Toll样受体(toll-like receptor,TLR)表达水平、相关细胞因子、T细胞亚群、菌株等.本文就血清固定发生的相关临床、免疫因素及可能机制的研究进展进行综述.

目的 探讨免疫印迹法(Western blots,WB)检测HIV抗体不确定带型的转归及其与疾病分期的规律,为HIV感染的实验室诊断提供线索.方法 回顾性分析2015年9月至2017年12月首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院艾滋病确证实验室131例首次HIV抗体WB检测结果为不确定的病例的临床资料,分析不同带型的临床转归,及其与初筛S/CO值、CD4+T细胞计数以及临床分期之间的关系.结果 WB不确定带型共10种,按条带个数分为1条带、2条带和3条带3种类型,其HIV阳转率差异有统计学意义(x2=30.31,P=0.00);WB不确定病按例临床转归结果分为阳性和阴性,两者初筛S/CO值分别为30.70±28.39和2.82±5.74(F=25.81,P=0.00),CD4+T细胞计数分别为(328.83±250.63)个/μl和(569.92±143.06)个/μl,差异均有统计学意义(F=4.75,P=0.03);将阳转病例分为急性期组和艾滋病期组,急性期组的不确定带型为p17、p24、gp160、p51 p66、p24gp 160、p 17p24gp 160,艾滋病期组带型为gp 120gp 160和gp41 gp 120gp 160,两组初筛S/CO值和CD4+T细胞计数差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05),两组HIV-1 RNA定量差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 WB不确定带型随条带数增加,阳转率增高,结合初筛S/CO比值和CD4+T细胞计数,根据WB不确定带型可判断其临床转归和分期.

根据细胞表面CD14和CD16的表达,单核细胞可以分为经典亚群(CD14++CD16-)、中间亚群(CD14++CD16+)和非经典亚群(CD14+CD16++).在HIV-1感染中,单核细胞3个亚群的频率变化与疾病进展密切相关.趋化因子受体CCR2和CX3CR1介导了单核细胞3个亚群在HIV-1感染中的迁移.单核细胞亚群表达CCR2和CX3CR1的改变被认为参与了HIV-1相关性疾病的发病机制.本文主要对单核细胞亚群表面CCR2和CX3CR1的表达在HIV-1感染中,尤其是HIV-1相关性疾病中的变化进行综述.

小柴胡汤是中国汉代医家张仲景所著《伤寒杂病论》(后世分为《伤寒论》和《金匮要略》)中的名方.近年来,笔者采用小柴胡汤治疗皮肤病效果较好,介绍如下: 例1 庞某,女,44岁,农民,2017年5月首诊于中国中医科学院广安门医院南区皮肤科,焦虑状态.主诉:外阴瘙痒不适,伴有增生物一个月余.

AIDS是由HIV感染所致的慢性传染病,已成为严重威胁我国人民健康的公共卫生问题.为了提高对皮肤性病合并AIDS的诊治意识,防止漏诊误治,现总结我院收治的3例分别合并梅毒、关节病型银屑病及寻常疣的AIDS患者的临床资料,并结合文献复习,报告如下. 病例资料 例1男,25岁,因“全身红斑丘疹10余天”于2015年2月就诊.就诊时形体消瘦,神态疲惫.自诉10d前口唇部位出现红斑丘疹,渐蔓延至全身,无痛痒感.就诊前3d,口唇部位出现糜烂溃疡伴疼痛,多家医院诊断为湿疹,外用药无效.既往体健,同性接触史多年.皮肤科情况见全身弥漫性红斑,手足部位红斑较少、颜色浅,以面颈、躯干部为重,面部大量红斑,红斑中央糜烂、黄痂,右下唇3 cm×3 cm盘状溃疡、血痂,中央凹陷明显、周边隆起,似梅毒硬下疳,躯干部位红色及紫红色斑,压之褪色,见图1.

ObjectiveAfter highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) 6 months, a comparative study of HIV RNA levels in plasma and seminal plasma of HIV patients was made. Also a comparative study of HIV DNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and seminal plasma of HIV patients was made.MethodsHAART 6 months after HIV in blood RNA decreased to undetectable in 16 patients of semen and blood samples were detected by real-time quantitative PCR in plasma and seminal plasma HIV levels of RNA, PBMC and DNA levels in sperm cell HIV.ResultsHIV RNA was detected in 15 cases of seminal plasma in 16 patients, and HIV DNA was detected in PBMC and sperm cells, and there was no significant difference between the two groups.ConclusionsHIV RNA and HIV DNA could be detected in most of the patients after 6 months of HAART.

艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)病人(简称HIV/AIDS病人)精液中的病毒载量,是HIV传播的重要影响因素之一.有效抗反转录病毒治疗(ART)可使HIV/AIDS病人血液中的病毒载量达到检测不到水平,然而部分男性病人,尤其男男性行为者(MSM) HIV/AIDS病人精液中仍有较高浓度的HIV.研究表明,病人的高危性行为、性传播疾病、生殖道炎症、CD4+T淋巴细胞计数及巨细胞病毒复制等因素,可能会增加精液中的HIV载量,从而增加HIV的传播风险.因此,防治艾滋病要加强相关影响因素的控制,如改善MSM病人高危性行为,预防和治疗性传播感染及生殖道炎症,提高CD4+T淋巴细胞计数等.

The risk of sexual transmission of HIV is strongly correlated with amounts of genital HIV RNA. Few studies have reported amounts of HIV RNA and HIV DNA in semen in HIV-infected Chinese patients undergoing antiviral treatment (ART). In this observational study, the amounts of HIV RNA and HIV DNA in semen were assessed after six months of ART in HIV-infected Chinese individuals, when HIV RNA was undetectable in blood . This study included 19 HIV-infected Chinese men undergoing ART for six months. Amounts of HIV in paired semen and blood samples were assessed using real-time PCR. The C2-V5 region of the HIV envelope (env) genes was cloned and sequenced and genotype and co-receptor usage predicted based on the sequence. It was found that HIV RNA was undetectable in the plasma of most patients (17/19), whereas HIV RNA could be detected in the semen of most patients (16/19). HIV DNA could be detected in both semen and blood. Genetic diversity of HIV between the seminal and blood compartments was identified. Thus, amounts of HIV RNA and HIV DNA remain high in semen of HIV-infected Chinese patients after six months of ART treatment, even when HIV RNA was undetectable in blood.

Background: A major question when attempting to eradicate and treat HIV-1 infection is how to reactivate latent proviruses. Stimulating HIV-1-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) has been shown to facilitate the elimination of the latent viral reservoir after viral reactivation. Regulatory T (Treg) cells are known to be capable of lowering both HIV-specific immunoreactions and general immune activation during HIV-1 infection. It was hypothesized that the depletion of Treg cells could increase the HIV-1-specific cytolytic T lymphocyte response and reactivate HIV-1 p24 production. Methods: Treg cells were isolated by isolation kit according to the surface marker of Treg cells. Real-time PCR method was used to quantify HIV-1 DNA. P24 antigens in the cell culture supernatant was done by ELISA. Cells activation and HIV specific HIV-1 CD8+ T cells were analyses using a FACSCalibur flow cytometer and CELLQUEST software. Results: This study included both HIV-infected patients who were antiviral treatment-naïve and patients with sustained viral responses to antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 1 or 5 years. It was found that the HIV-DNA levels in Treg cells were approximately 10-fold higher than those in non-Treg CD4+ cells and that the depletion of Treg cells could enhance the frequency of HIV-1-specific CTL and immune activation after 5 years of effective ART. Conclusions: CD4+CD25+CD127 regulatory cells play multiple roles in maintaining HIV-1 p24 production in long-term ART patients. Treg cells may be a target for eliminating the latent HIV reservoir after effective long-term ART.

To strengthen medical students’ humanistic quality education is an inevitable trend of the development of the society in the 21st century ,many higher medical colleges and universities take va‐rious measures in succession ,Integrate into the humanity quality education in specialized course edu‐cation ,we discuss from the following aspects of the patriotism education ,Chinese traditional culture education ,the cultivation of the fear of life ethics morals ,dedication to service ,in medical students , Aimed at promoting students establish a sense of service and dedication ,to form the fear of life care patient’s noble character ,motivate students strive for the realization of the great revival of the Chi‐nese nation .

A rare subset of IL-10-producing B cells, named Breg, was recently identified in mice and humans. Currently, there are no unified cell surface markers to identify Breg, and the relationship between the frequency of Breg and HIV disease progression in chronic HIV infection is unclear. In the present study, we determined whether the cell surface markers of Breg reported for other diseases are suitable for identifying Breg in HIV-infected patients. In addition, we examined the relationship between Breg and HIV disease progression. We found that Breg frequency correlated positively with viral load and negatively with CD4 count in chronic HIV infection. Following antiretroviral treatment, the CD4 count increased and the frequency of Breg decreased stepwise. There was no difference in IL-10 expression of CD1d(hi) or CD1d(lo) cells isolated from HIV-infected patients. Therefore, CD1d may not be a marker of Breg in HIV-infected patients.

OBJECTIVE:Study on quality of life of asymptomatic HIV infected persons with traditional Chinese medical, which can provide the clinical basis for improving the quality of life.METHOD:This study applied a randomized, double-blind, and placeb-parallel control designed method to select 1 200 persons in the asymptomatic period of HIV infection as the subjects. The subjects were randomly divided into the treatment group and the control group at the ratio of about 2:1. According to the results of monthly differential diagnosis of TCM, the test group and the control group were given homologue Chinese drugs preparations and model Chinese drugs. The total study period was 18 months. Using PRO scale and the world health organization AIDS determination of quality of life short scale form (WHOQOL-HIV-BREF) to investigate asymptomatic HIV infected persons, according to different times, we calculated the total score and each domain score of quality of life of the treatment group and control group, we did statistical analysis.RESULT:Form the PRO scale,we can see that the treatment group showed a trend of stability, compared with the control group with significant statistical difference (P < 0.05) after 6 months; from the WHOQOL-HIV scale analysis, we can see that compared with before treatment, the quality of life of the treatment group was increased, the difference was significant (P < 0.05), but the quality of life of the control quality of life was decreased, the differences was significant (P < 0.05).CONCLUSION:Dialectical therapy of Chinese medicine can significantly improve the patient's quality of life, which can provide the basis for the prevention and control policy formulation and implementation with asymptomatic HIV infected persons.

Objective To investigate the therapic efficacy of Qingre Huashi formula combined with metronidazole treatment for bacterial vaginosis. Methods 300 patients with bacterial vaginosis treated in our department from July, 2011 to July, 2013 were randomly divided into observation group and control group. The observation group was given Qingre Huashi formula with metronidazole therapy, while the control group was treated with conventional western medicine. Clinical efficacy of two groups was compared after 3 courses of treatment. Results The total effect ive rate of observation group is significantly higher than that of the control group, the difference between groups was statistically significant( P 0. 05). Conclusion Qingre Huashi formula combined with metronidazole treatment can effectively relieve the clinical symptoms, is an effective therapy for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis.

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of qi-boosting spleen-fortifying therapy combined with highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART)on human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(HIV/ AIDS).Methods Totally 86cases of HIV/AIDS were randomized into the treatment group and control group,with 43cases in each.The treatment group was given qi-boosting spleen-fortifying formulas combined with HAART.The control group was given HAART.Observed indicators including CD4+T cell count,symptom and sign integral,Karnofsky performance scale(KPS)and liver function before,6months and 12months after treatment.The therapeutic effect was judged after 12-month treatment.Results There were 5cases(11.63%)and 6cases(13.95%)of endpoint events occurred in the treatment group and control group respectively,with no significant difference between groups(P0.05).The symptom and sign scores were significantly decreased but the KPS scores were significantly increased in both groups after 6-month and 12-month treatment(P0.05).There were significant differences between groups in the symptom and sign scores and KPS scores after 6-month treatment(P0.05),but there was no significant difference between groups after 12-month treatment(P0.05).The CD4+ T cell count was significantly increased in both groups after 6-month and 12-month treatment(P0.05),but with no significant difference between groups(P0.05).The level of Alanine aminotransferase(ALT)was significantly decreased in the treatment group but significantly increased in the control group after 6-month and 12-month treatment(P0.05).There was no significant difference between groups in ALT after 6-month treatment(P0.05),but with a significant difference between groups after 12-month treatment(P0.01).Conclusion The combo therapy of qi-boosting spleen-fortifying therapy and HAART can relieve symptoms and signs,improve quality of life and reduce liver damage.

B细胞在免疫系统中可以发挥多种功能,主要是通过递呈抗原和产生抗体起到免疫调节作用.B细胞与其他淋巴细胞相似,既可以诱发疾病,也可以阻止疾病的发展、减轻疾病的严重性[1].如在自身免疫性疾病中,B细胞释放自身抗体损伤靶组织,因此,被认为是致病因素;但是,其所释放的自身抗体也可以通过清除凋亡细胞、减少自身抗原负载,从而对机体起到保护性作用.此外,B细胞还能够产生不同的促炎细胞因子,其中包括B1细胞产生的肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、干扰素γ (interferonγ,IFNγ)和白介素-12(IL-12);B2细胞产生的IL-4和IL-13[2].以上特性使B细胞在免疫调节中具有多效性,这些具有调节功能的B细胞被称之为调节性B细胞(regulatory B cell,Bregs),现将对Bregs的自身免疫与免疫调节机制做一综述.