ProblemProkineticin 2 (PK2), a pro‐inflammatory peptide, is highly expressed in primary spermatocytes. However, systematic research on PK2 and testicular inflammation is lacking to date.Method of studyAn experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) model was established to detect the expression of PK2 and its receptor (prokineticin receptor 1, PKR1) 50 and 80 days after immunization. PK2 siRNA sequence was injected into the rat rete testis to downregulate the expression of PK2. PK2 was over‐expressed in the testis by injecting PK2 protein through the rat rete testis at different concentrations. Testicular morphology and expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were detected after the intervention.ResultsResults showed that PK2 and PKR1 were upregulated in EAO at 50 days and downregulated at 80 days. PK2 over‐expression contributed to the apoptosis of spermatogenic epithelial cells and increased infiltration of the inflammatory cells, whereas PK2 under‐expression showed no change. Furthermore, iNOS expression was increased significantly when PK2 was over‐expressed.ConclusionThis finding demonstrated that the PK2/PKR1 signals may have an essential role in the regulation of testicular inflammation through iNOS. PK2 interference may represent a novel and promising therapeutic strategy for the clinical management of orchitis.

Toxicity of lead on male reproductive functions has raised wide public concern as environmental lead contamination remains common worldwide. Conflicting and controversial data are available regarding effects of lead on male fertility. More importantly, our knowledge on effects of lead on sperm DNA integrity is significantly limited. Thus, further studies should focus on this issue. In the current study, adult male mice were exposed to a series of lead acetate concentrations in drinking water for six weeks. Following administration, lead levels in blood, testicles, and epididymis were measured, and potential changes in morphology of testis and epididymis due to lead exposure were identified. We also analyzed sperm parameters, including sperm density, viability, motility, and morphology, to evaluate quality of sperm collected from epididymis. Especially, hypothetical influence of lead on sperm DNA integrity was also evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling, alkaline comet assay, and sperm chromatin structure assay. Lead exposure possibly exerted no effect on growth of mice because these animals acquired similar body weight gain during the experimental period. However, high lead concentrations (0.5% and 1%) in drinking water affected sperm motility and increased percentage of spermatozoa with abnormal morphology. In groups treated with 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% lead acetate, percentages of sperm cells showing DNA breaks and chromatin structure damage significantly increased. Altogether, lead exposure not only exhibits adverse effects on sperm physiological parameters, but also impairs DNA structure and integrity. These effects may lead to significant decline in male fertility.

Prokineticin 2, a newly discovered proinflammatory peptide, has been amply evidenced to be involved in the occurrence and progress of local and systematical inflammation. Although the presence of Prokineticn 2 in mammal testis has been documented clearly, research targeting the involvement of prokineticin 2 in testicular pathology, especially testitis, is rather scarce. Employing a lipopolysaccharide-induced testitis rat model, we for the first time demonstrated the expression and upregulation of prokineticin 2 in orchitis at several levels. Our effort also addressed the differential expression patterns of prokineticin 2 and interleukin-1β, a key inflammation indicator, during testitis suggesting Prokineticn 2 serves more than a proinflammatory factor in the context of testitis. Given one of the cognate receptors of prokineticin 2, prokineticin receptor 1 (PKR1) was also significantly upregulated in orchitis as discussed in the current study, it is very likely that PK2/PKR1 signaling contribute to the development of inflammation-related testicular diseases.

Sperm DNA integrity is an essential factor for accurate transmission of genetic information. Human sperm DNA damage is a common cause of male infertility but the exact mechanism remains poorly understood. Considering the vital role of microRNA (miRNA) in multiple pathophysiological processes, we hypothesised that testicular miRNA is involved in sperm DNA damage during spermatogenesis. Infertile patients with high sperm DNA fragment index (DFI; n=94) were selected from 1090 infertile men and a total of 18 testis-specific seminal miRNAs previously identified from human seminal plasma were chosen and tested. miR-29c and miR-424 were downregulated in men with high DFI. The inhibition of these two miRNAs in mice confirmed the role of miR-424 (murine homologue miR-322) in sperm DNA damage during spermatogenesis; by contrast, miR-29c exhibited a negative result. Thus, miR-424/322 is involved in sperm DNA damage. Furthermore, the dysregulation of this miRNA can induce DNA double-strand breaks during spermatogenesis.

The purpose of the study is to explore the function of P2X3 and NK1 receptors antagonists on cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced cystitis in rats.

Objective: To establish an experimental rabbit model of urethral stricture using holmium laser under direct urethroscopic visualization. Methods: Sixteen adult male New Zealand rabbits were divided into equally-sized control and experimental groups. All rabbits underwent retrograde urethrography and transurethral endoscopy with a 7.5 F urethroscope after intramuscular anesthetic injection. We used a holmium:YAG laser to injure the distal urethra in all rabbits in the experimental group under direct visualization. Thirty days after surgery, all animals were evaluated with retrograde urethrography and urethroscopy. The flow rate of the isolated urethras was measured to evaluate urethral stricture formation. Results: One rabbit in the experimental group (12.5%) died of infection 4 days after surgery. Thirty days after surgery, retrograde urethrography and urethroscopy revealed strictures in all seven surviving rabbits (87.5%) in the experimental group. The mean flow rate of the isolated urethras was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group. Conclusion: A rabbit model of urethral stricture can be successfully established using holmium laser under direct urethroscopic visualization, providing an ideal object for research concerning the pathogenesis and molecular biology of urethral strictures.

OBJECTIVE:To improve the reception and recruitment of sperm donors in sperm banks in China, and solve the problem of insufficiency in sperm donation.METHODS:We reviewed the recruitment of 1 145 men for sperm donation in the Human Sperm Bank of Hubei Province from September 2011 to April 2012, analyzed the reasons for those not included, and interviewed those included but unwilling to donate sperm.RESULTS:Among the 1 145 recruits, 551 (48.12%) were students and 594 (51.88%) were other individuals. After the first semen screening, 503 (43.93%) quitted, including 202 students (36.66% of the students recruited) and 301 others (50.67% of the other individuals recruited). After the second semen screening, 432 (37.73%) were excluded, and another 45 (3.93%) excluded after laboratory examination, including 16 cases of mycoplasma positive. Totally, 165 recruits (14.41%) passed the semen screening and laboratory examination, but only 144 of them (87.27%) completed, while the other 21 (12.73%) failed to complete the whole donation process.CONCLUSION:Low rates of screening qualification and donation process completion are common problems in human sperm banks. The rate of qualified sperm donors can be increased and the operational cost of the human sperm bank can be reduced by enabling the recruits to accomplish the whole donation process. Explanation at the reception, later interview with the recruits, and donors' trust in the sperm bank play important roles in raising the completion rate of sperm donation process.

目的:分析人类精子库的接待和招募工作质量,以及精源不足的问题. 方法:本研究对湖北省人类精子库2011年9月至2012年4月的1145例捐精者的招募工作进行统计,对捐精者淘汰原因进行分析,并对合格而未捐精者进行面谈和电话回访. 结果:1145例捐精者中,学生551例(48.12％),社会人群594例(51.88％);参与第一次精液质量检查后未继续捐精503例(43.93％),其中学生202例(占学生筛查人数36.67％),社会人群301例(占社会筛查人群50.67％);两次精液质量筛查均不合格432例(37.73％);实验室检查不合格45例(3.93％),其中解脲脲原体阳性16例;通过精液筛查和实验室检查的合格捐精者165例(14.41％),未能完成整个捐精流程21例(12.73％),最终完成捐献流程的捐精者144例. 结论:人类精子库普遍存在筛查合格率低、捐精完成率低,如能让捐精者有效地完成捐精流程,有利于提高捐精者合格率及降低精子库的运行成本;通过接待时的面谈和电话回访对他们不能按流程完成捐精的原因进行分析表明,精子库需加强招募工作及捐精者第一次来精子库时的讲解,提高捐精者对精子库的满意度和信任度,以提高捐精者完成捐精流程率.

Objective:To explore effects of intervention on contraceptive awareness,behavior and service utilization among high-income youth in Wuhan,in order to provide references for promoting appropriate technologies of contraception.Methods:Two hundred and thirty eight high-income youth were recruited with typical sampling.Seminars,promotional materials,professional websites and other intervention measures were conducted,and the contraceptive awareness,behavior and service utilization six months after the intervention were evaluated.Results:Data of 226 respondents were analyzed after the intervention.The awareness rate of more efforts of oral contraceptives,emergency contraception,the interval between contraceptive discontinuance and pregnancy,emergency contraception for condom breakage in the ovulation phase were 10.91%,12.30%,55.32%,12.56% before the intervention,and 22.31%,26.30%,71.19% and 22.42% after the intervention (P all <0.05) .About 89.24% of the high-income youth thought seminars and publicity materials could meet the demand for the knowledge of contraception,92.87% of them had viewed the professional website for the intervention,and 70.55% thought the professional website could provide the access to contraceptive services.Conclusion:Lack of awareness on contraception is found in high-income young people.Professional websites,publicity and education may significantly improve the awareness and service utilization on contraception among them.

The testis is an immune privileged organ where germ cells are protected from autoimmune attack to ensure its reproductive function. Immune tolerance is important for the normal development and function of the testis. Notwithstanding its immune-privileged status, the imbalance between the tolerogenic and the efferent limb of the testicular immune response may lead to autoimmune damage in inflammatory or infected circumstances. Testicular immune regulation is a complex system involving multiple factors and the study of the regulation mechanisms of the testis is of great significance for access to new therapeutic targets. Currently, testicular immunoregulation is thought to be related with blood-testis barrier, Sertoli cells, immune cells, cytokines and androgen.

尿道下裂是男性小儿泌尿生殖系统最常见的先天性畸形之一,其病因复杂,发病率呈逐年上升趋势.目前其病因学研究提示尿道下裂的发生是复杂的遗传因素、环境因素、内分泌因素及其他因素综合作用的结果.

Prokineticin2(PK2)是一种分泌性蛋白,属于Prokineticins家族.具有促进胃肠蠕动,调节昼夜节律和免疫反应,参与血细胞生成、嗅觉和促性腺激素释放激素系统的发育等生物学作用.近年来证实PK2是一个功能强大的炎性趋化因子,可促进炎性细胞增殖分化和细胞因子的分泌,在男性生殖领域的研究渐受关注.PK2主要在初级精母细胞中表达,睾丸虽是免疫豁免器官,但睾丸炎仍是引起男性不育的重要原因,PK2本身又是炎性趋化因子,明确其在睾丸正常生理和病理情况下的作用,将为睾丸炎所致男性不育更有效治疗方法的探究提供可靠的理论依据.

临床住院医师是医院人才梯队中最基础的部分,他们的成长与发展趋势关系到医疗队伍的整体素质,关系到医院的医疗质量,关系到医院的前途和命运.今天的住院医师水平,决定着医院明天的医疗水平.如何把住院医师培养成医德高尚、学风严谨、医术精湛、救死扶伤的医学人才,不仅关系到医院的医疗质量、声誉,乃至生存,而且对整个医疗卫生事业的发展有着积极的意义.我院自1995年探索性地展开临床住院师规范化培训工作以来,取得一定的效果.现就此工作进行回顾与探讨.

Hospital human management must be reform for hospital development. Our hospital develops standard for enrolment;trains more staff and improve benefit by talents; collects better and lies off worse with establishing incentive system; improve agentsystem of human management. A senior of reform show that thinking opening could develop better human management air. Toenhance leading and implement carefully and step by step are the important points. Total hiring by contract makes hospitaldevelopment actively.

现阶段,随着我国市场经济改革的逐步深入,企业劳动关系、管理者行为思维方式、管理模式等发生了重大的改变,企业在人力资源结 构、员工队伍稳定、劳资矛盾等问题表现相对突出。本文针对目前企业中存在的用人观,对如何加强新时期企业人力资源的管理进行了初步的探 讨,并提出具体改进的积极建议。