为研究海湾内外三倍体福建牡蛎(Crassostrea angulata)的养殖效果,随机采集了连江黄岐湾湾内和湾外同批延绳平挂养殖的9 月龄三倍体福建牡蛎各85 个.应用单因素方差分析、多元回归分析、通径分析对壳长(XL)、壳宽(XW)、壳高(XH)、全重(TW)和肉重(MW)形态指标进行分析.结果表明:除壳高外,湾外牡蛎其余指标均显著大于湾内牡蛎,湾外牡蛎外形更圆,肥满度更高.通过多元回归分析建立了壳形态对全重的最优回归方程.通径分析表明,湾内和湾外牡蛎壳长、壳宽和壳高均可对全重产生直接正向效应,效应大小依次为壳长＞壳宽＞壳高;湾内和湾外牡蛎壳长对全重的决定系数均最大,分别为0.226 和0.236.全重的相关系数R2约为0.842,略小于0.850,基本上可以确定壳长、壳宽和壳高是决定全重的主要因素,但其也受壳质量和肥满度等其他因素的影响.

为研究链状裸甲藻(Gymnodinium catenatum)对翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)摄食的影响,设置试验组和对照组,采用链状裸甲藻和中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)投喂翡翠贻贝,开展1h和长期(38 d)清滤率试验.结果表明:翡翠贻贝无论是摄食产毒藻或无毒藻,随着藻细胞密度的升高,清滤率的变化均呈先升高后降低的趋势,峰值出现在藻细胞密度接近赤潮基准密度时.试验组和对照组翡翠贻贝清滤率的最高值分别为(3.04±0.02)、(3.70±0.03)L/(g·h),与对照组相比,试验组翡翠贻贝清滤率显著下降(P＜0.05),表明链状裸甲藻对翡翠贻贝的摄食产生了影响.长期滤食链状裸甲藻的翡翠贻贝的清滤率基本保持在初始水平,与短期滤食相比无显著变化.

为研究链状裸甲藻所产麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish toxins,PST)在翡翠贻贝体内的累积、转化和排出规律,设置试验组和对照组,采用链状裸甲藻和中肋骨条藻投喂翡翠贻贝,开展短期累积(12 h)、长期累积(10 d)和排出(28 d)试验.结果表明:翡翠贻贝具有较强的毒素累积能力,内脏团是PST累积的主要部位,PST含量与产毒藻密度呈显著正相关关系.当链状裸甲藻密度为1.0×106 cells/L时,贻贝内脏团PST含量累积2h已接近食用贝类毒素安全标准,累积8h超标.当产毒藻密度为5.0×105 cells/L时,贻贝内脏团PST含量累积2d超标,累积8 d达到峰值(3 590.4±545.7)μg/kg.贻贝对PST具有累积快排出慢的特点,内脏团PST含量在排出16d达标,排出速率先快后慢.内脏团对PST的累积和排出速率显著高于闭壳肌和其他组织,闭壳肌和其他组织则无显著差异.PST进入贻贝体内后发生了代谢转化,贻贝可能将产毒藻中膝沟藻毒素GTX3转化为GTX2,N-磺酰氨甲酰基膝沟藻毒素C2转化为C1,部分C1转化为脱氨甲酰基膝沟藻毒素2(dcGTX2),并将高毒的石房蛤毒素(STX)转化为较低毒的脱氨甲酰基石房蛤毒素(dcSTX).贻贝对dcSTX有较强的累积能力且排出能力较弱,肝胰腺和肾可能是PST累积的主要部位.该研究可为贝类脱毒与净化、赤潮减灾和水产品质量风险防控提供基础数据和理论依据.

In order to examine the toxic effects of p-xylene on the hepatopancreas of Haliotis discus hannai, a subchronic toxicity test was carried out for 21 days by setting 4 concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg·L-1) and the control group. DNA damage in hepatopancreas cells of H. discus hannai was analyzed by comet assay. The CASP analysis software was used to analyze the damage indices, including tail rate, tail length, percentage of tail DNA, and olive moment. The results showed that DNA damage in hepatopancreas cells occured in all exposed groups, with different degrees of damage. The DNA damage of hepatopancreas cells was aggravated with the increase of exposure concentration. High concentration of p-xylene could induce apoptosis, showing a certain dose-damage effect. Short-term exposure to medium concentration of p-xylene could cause DNA damage in hepatopancreas cells of H. discus hannai, and the damage degree increased with the extension of exposure time, showing a certain time-damage effect. However, the damage indices of DNA decreased after prolonged exposure, which might be related to the DNA repair mechanism of the cell and the metabolic mechanisms of the detoxification system. In conclusion, p-xylene could induce oxidative damage in hepatopancreas cells of H. discus hannai, resulting in DNA fragmentation. Prolonged exposure to high concentration of p-xylene could lead to apoptosis.

The concentration and spatiotemporal distribution of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), including hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), were analyzed in bivalves from Fujian southern coastal areas. The concentrations of HBCD and TBBPA ranged from ND (not detected) to 5.540 ng·g−1 (ww) (median of 0.111 ng·g−1) and ND to 0.962 ng·g−1 (ww) (median of ND), respectively. In addition, α-HBCD was found as the predominant diastereoisomer in all the studied samples, followed by β-HBCD and γ-HBCD. The spatial distribution of BFRs showed a peak distribution, with the content being higher in the marine environment of Xiamen and Quanzhou, in South Fujian, and lower toward the marine environment of Zhangzhou, and Putian. BFRs contamination level was correlated to the bay geographical location and proximity to local industries. Furthermore, the results of the study showed a seasonal variation pattern: summer > autumn > spring > winter. This study provides base information on the contamination status of these BFRs in the marine environment of southern Fujian.

对池塘养殖仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)过程中4种附着基(扇贝笼、 编织袋、 遮阳网和空心砖)及其底栖微藻的种类组成、 细胞密度和生物量变化进行分析,并研究不同附着基对仿刺参生长和存活的影响.结果显示:4种附着基上底栖微藻以硅藻占绝对优势,扇贝笼、 编织袋、 遮阳网和空心砖上底栖微藻生物量的平均值分别为3.46、2.46、2.77和3.82μg·cm-2;4种附着基上仿刺参的生长和存活情况存在显著差异,其中空心砖上的仿刺参生长较为缓慢,但成活率(66.5％)和产量(192.8 g·m-2)最高,扇贝笼上仿刺参的成活率(48.7％)和产量(169.8 g·m-2)仅次于空心砖,编织袋和遮阳网附着基上仿刺参的成活率和产量都较低.研究结果表明,池塘养殖仿刺参稚参的产量和成活率与附着基上底栖微藻的生物量密切相关.

以皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)为受试生物,采用半静态生物测定方法,研究了苯、 甲苯、 邻二甲苯、 间二甲苯和对二甲苯对皱纹盘鲍的急性毒性效应,获得了5种苯系物对皱纹盘鲍的24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h半致死浓度(LC50).研究表明,苯系物对皱纹盘鲍的毒性作用存在明显的剂量-效应相关关系,苯系物对皱纹盘鲍的96 h LC50分别为苯33.37 mg·L-1、 甲苯25.24 mg·L-1、 邻二甲苯15.61 mg·L-1、 间二甲苯12.84 mg·L-1、 对二甲苯4.81 mg·L-1;5种苯系物对皱纹盘鲍均为高毒物质,毒性大小顺序为:对二甲苯>间二甲苯>邻二甲苯>甲苯>苯.

针对福建等海域养殖皱纹盘鲍度夏死亡率高的现象,试验研究了不同盐度、温度和溶解氧条件,对皱纹盘鲍幼鲍和1龄鲍死亡率的影响,并根据试验结果设定了皱纹盘鲍海上养殖盐度、温度和溶解氧预警阈值.结果表明:低盐胁迫对皱纹盘鲍的死亡率影响显著,在水温24～27℃时,盐度20是幼鲍和1龄鲍试验组和对照组死亡率有显著差异的临界点,盐度预警阈值为22;高温胁迫对皱纹盘鲍的死亡率影响显著,温度28℃是幼鲍和1龄鲍试验组和对照组死亡率有显著差异的临界点,温度预警阈值为27℃;皱纹盘鲍有较强的耐低氧能力,在水温26℃,盐度为30,溶解氧低于2.0 mg/L时,开始大量死亡,溶解氧预警阈值为3.5 mg/L;高温胁迫和低盐胁迫对皱纹盘鲍的死亡率有显著的交互作用,温度升高,低盐耐受能力下降.

建立高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时定量检测双壳类动物中六溴环十二烷(HBCD)、四溴双酚A(TBBPA)方法.样品经正己烷和二氯甲烷混合液(1:1,V/V)提取,浓硫酸除脂,硅胶固相萃取柱净化,Thermo Hypersil Gold C18色谱柱分离,水和甲醇-乙腈梯度洗脱,电喷雾负离子模式下以多反应监测方式检测,内标法定量分析.结果表明,六溴环十二烷(α,β,γ-HBCD)和四溴双酚A在0.5~100 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好(R2>0.995),方法定量限(S/N≥10)为0.05μg/kg.在0.05~0.5μg/kg添加水平内,平均回收率为70.5%~92.4%,日内相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.4%~9.1%,日间RSD为6.3%~10.2%.

According to the investigation results of Dongshan Bay and its adjacent sea area in May and August2011,DIN、DSi、SRP、TN、TP、COD、DOC、TOC、Chl-aand species richness of phytoplankton associated with eutrophication were analyzed with principal component analysis(PCA).Three principal components(PCs)were extracted with principal component analysis:Chl-a,TP,DOC and COD for PC1,N nutrients and silicon nutrients for PC2 and SRP for PC3.Distribution of PC1、PC2、PC3and CPC in spring and summer show the high eutrophication risk regions,where are in Zhangjiang Estuary and Bachimen adjacent areas.The correlation analysis with salinity show that eutrophication pressure is mainly from Zhangjiang in Dongshan Bay,and it is enhanced in summer.COD and phytoplankton may be dominating factors in assessing the variation of eutrophication in Dongshan Bay and its adjacent area.

Pollution and ecological degradation of marine fishery environment are the major restraining factors for sustainable development of Fujian marine fishery.Ecological environment research on marine fishery waters plays an important role in the protection of marine fishery resources and fishery environment.And these researches offer a theoretical and technological support for healthy and sustainable development of marine fishery.According the research data of Fujian marine fishery waters ecological environment in recent years,we summarized the current situation,and analyzed the present and future development trends of marine fishery ecological environment research.

Red tides occur frequently in Fujian coastal waters.Indeed,more than 180 red tides occurred from 1962 to 2008.There are 124 potential red tide causative species,27 of which already caused red tides in the coastal waters of Fujian.In this study,red tides caused by Skeletonema costatum,Chaetoceros spp.,Noctiluca scintillans,Prorocentrum donghaiense,Karenia mikimotoi,Gymnodinium spp.and Phaeocystis globosa in Fujian coastal waters are described.Specifically,the cause and ecological characteristics of these red tide species are analyzed and discussed.The most frequent red tide causative species,Noctiluca scintillans,and Karenia mikimotoi,induced heavy economic losses in aquiculture.Red tide frequently occurred during spring and summer,from April to July.Ningde coastal waters,which center on the Sishuang Archipelago,Western Xiamen Harbor and Pingtan coastal waters were the areas in which red tides most frequently occurred.Many factors may influence the occurrence of red tides,including water temperature,salinity,weather,and hydrodynamic and nutrient conditions.

Distribution characteristics and survival state of organisms from ballast water samples collected from 12 exotic ships(including 8 container ships and 4 bulks) entering 4 major ports of Fujian between 2006 and 2007 were studied.The results show that rich diversity and high abundance of organisms in ballast water of exotic vessels entered Fujian.A total of 240 taxa belonging 86 genera of 7 phytoplankton phyla(including 60 red tide species),and 52 taxa(including planktonic larva) belonging 30 genera of 5 zooplankton phyla were found.The average abundance of size-fractionated organisms concentrated through a series of sieves(20,77,and 160 m mesh) were 38858.3 and 782.3 ind./ m3 of zooplankton(particle size of 77~160 m and 160 m,respectively),and 3625.0 and 134.1 cells/dm3 of phytoplankton(particle size 20～77μm and 77～160μm,respectively).The distribution characteristics and survival state of organisms are correlated the age and salinity of ballast water.The potential invasion risk of discharge of organisms from exotic ship′s ballast water to Fujian waters were assess roughly.

This paper was based on the data from phytoplankton net samples collected in Jiuzhen Bay during the period of May,August,November 2001,the horizontal distribution and seasonal variation of the species composition and cells abundance of phytoplankton were discussed,and their relation to the environmental factors were studied.The results showed that there were 131 species belonging to 46 genera(3 phylums) of phytoplankton in investigational area,the mean value of the total number of phytoplankton was 2.18×105cell/m3~5.75×107cell/m3,and the average cell number was 2.02×107cell/m3,the maximum appeared in May 2001 and its minimum appeared in November 2001.The composition and abundance of the phytoplankton had correlation with water temperature,salinity,concentrations of DIN and PO4-P,and the quantity of cultural shellfishes.

This article reported the experiment on the growth and survival of the young Babylonia aerolata(mean body weight=17.2mg、mean shell length=4.13mm) in different density,rate of daily water exchange,daily feeding rate.The results showed that,when the density was 0.6×104/m2,B.aerolata grown quickly,the average body weight was 24.4mg/d,the survival was highest,the average survival was 95.9%,under conditions of 0.6～4.0×104/m2 density and 100～400% water exchange.However,when water exchange achieved 100%,growth and survival of B.aerolata did not increase obviously.It indicated that the appropriate conditions were density 0.6×104/m2 or slightly higher,daily water exchange 100～200%,daily feeding rate 6～7%.

1 引言 三沙湾(由东吾洋、官井洋和三都澳等几个部分组成)位于福建省东北部沿海,四周群山环抱,海岸线曲折,水域辽阔,是个天然良港.三沙湾历史上水质优良,水产资源丰富,是中国著名的大黄鱼产卵场,曾经有许多洄游性经济类鱼虾在这里产卵繁育.但近些年来富营养化问题日趋严重,赤潮时有发生,给三沙湾的环境生态造成了危害.

In this paper,the multi-year variations in water quality,culture capacity(nutrinet,chlorophylla and primary productivity) and phytoplankton diversity in the Luoyuan Bay are analyzed by comparing the data observed in 2004 with the historical data,and the ecological harm conditions in the sea area are evaluated by using the potential ecological harm index method.It is shown from the analysis results that the concentrations of inogranic nitrogen and active phosphate in seawater of the Luoyuan Bay exceeded the seawater quality standards of the second category,the ecological harms of heavy metals in sediments from the sea area were slight except that the pollution of Hg and Cd in sediments was serious,and the contents of microelements in the surface sediments from the Luoyuan Bay were in normal range.The cage culture in the Luoyuan Bay has exceeded its environmental carrying capacity,and the cultured area has an expanding trend,so it is necessary to regulate the cage culture area and quantity,improve the structure of culture species and carry out the ecological culture so as to achieve the sustainable development of cage culture.

有害有毒赤潮是伴随人类经济社会的发展、影响日益扩大的一种海洋灾害.近年来随着经济高速发展、人口不断增加、我国沿海富营养化日趋严重、环境恶化,有害赤潮发生的频率、规模、危害增加,对我国的海域生态环境、渔业生产带来严重的破坏,特别是有毒赤潮,直接威胁人类的健康.因此如何快速检测有害有毒赤潮,以便采取防御措施,减少损失和危害,是赤潮研究中一项重要内容.

本文依据2000~2001年福建主要港湾水产养殖容量研究的调查资料,分析并评价了诏安湾的环境质量。结果表明:诏安湾的DO、pH值、COD和活性磷酸盐基本符合Ⅱ类海水水质标准,而无机氮严重超标。潜在富营养化因素,应加强污水排放的治理和海域环境保护。

通过现场对湄洲湾叶绿素a含量和初级生产力、浮游植物有机碳含量、养殖贝类滤水率和有机碳含量及其含壳重与鲜组织重比值、潮间带、潮下带底栖滤食性动物和吊养区附着滤食性动物的现存量等生态参数的调查和检测,采用营养动态模型和沿岸海域能流分析模型估算该海域贝类生态容量,进而扣除野生滤食性动物现存量,估算贝类养殖容量;同时应用方建光模型估算贝类的养殖容量;还采用统计分析法估算贝类及其各养殖品种的适养殖面积,目的在于控制该海域贝类的养殖量和对各种贝类养殖量进行优化配置。三种模型估算的贝类养殖容量为235487~263676 t,平均247116 t,906104×104个~1014567×104个,平均950850×104个;贝类适养面积为6867hm2,其中牡蛎(O streidae)5420hm2,缢蛏(Sinoncvacula constricta)880hm2,翡翠贻贝(Perna viridis)20hm2,菲律宾蛤仔(Ruditapes pholippinarum)460hm2,泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)7hm2。1999年贝类养殖面积已超过了估算的适宜养殖面积815hm2,应予以削减。