Raman spectroscopy and the Photoluminescence (PL) properties of Er3+ ions implanted in nano tetragonal structure BaTiSnO3 powders at (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mol. %) assigned as (BaTS0E*), (BaTS0.5E*), (BaTS1E*), (BaTS1.5E*) and (BaTS2E*), respectively prepared with the aid of modified sol-gel Process (M.S.G.P.), calcined in air at 1050 degrees C. According to Raman spectroscopy, replacing Ti ions with Er ions improves the crystallinity and Raman signals. Moreover, the presence of the nano-crystalline phase, measured at 55 nm by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), for (BaTS1.5E*) is recorded. Three excitation wavelengths, namely 514, 765, and 777 nm, have been used for PL studies. The excitation by Laser sources at (lambda) equal to 765 and 777 nm, respectively, yields the same common emission bands of Er3+ at about (1500-1550) and 1560 nm, representing electronic transition starting from 4I13/2 and ending in the ground state 4I15/2. They are the famous peak emissions that are promising for use in wave-guiding photonic applications and optical amplifiers. Additionally, there appear to be two more sharp bands at 1024 and 1048 nm, suggesting that this chemical may be used as an infrared laser source.

AbstractThe focus of the current work is the study of the effect of the photo-catalytic activity of ZnO nanoparticles. The photocatalytic destruction of methylene blue dye, a common water contaminant, was used to assess the photocatalytic efficiency of the ZnO nanoparticles from its aqueous solution by using ZnO nanoparticles thin film under UV light and laser irradiation. Sol–gel methods prepared ZnO nanoparticle thin films. X-ray diffraction and a field-emitted scanning electron microscope were utilized to examine the structure of the produced ZnO nanoparticles. An extended characterization by laser-based fluorescence and UV–visible spectroscopic techniques. The effects of operational parameters such as photo-catalyst load and contact time on photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue were investigated. The recent study’s findings showed that irradiation with a UV laser increases with power density 25 µW/cm2, the photo-catalytic rate. The UV spectra show decay for the band at 664nm decreased and the concentration of M.B. in monomer form decayed to 26% of the original concentration in 24 h, while the band at 612 which is related to the dimer M.B. molecules was not affected. The laser irradiation did the same for monomer M.B. molecules in only 3 h, while the dimer decreased to 28% of its original concentration. The reaction mechanism has been discussed by molecular modelling. Quantum mechanical calculations at B3LYP/6-311g(d,p) level indicated that methylene blue changed from dimers to monomers in the existence of ZnO. The current results present a method for degrading M.B. not only in wastewater but also in the industrial waste scale.

Nanotechnology research offers advancements in materials and industrial uses such as nano-electronics, medical sciences, fuel, biology, and technological innovation. The most often employed nanomaterial is Graphene oxide (GO), which has been regarded as a dominant progenitor for many specialized industries. The current work aims to establish a new, cost-effective, easy, and straightforward GO synthesis method. Laser spectroscopy and even traditional tools have been utilized for characterization. The prepared GO has been confirmed by XRD and FT-IR spectroscopy. Laser spectroscopy based on confocal microscopes like Raman micro-spectroscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) has been used to ensure the synthesis of GO. Also, it could help in the detection of the prepared layer thickness. Raman spectroscopy detects the number of GO layers, which is one on average, while the Raman mapping shows a good distribution of GO on the substrate. Based on excitation with a 455 nm pulsed laser, FLIM shows that mono GO layers cover most of the surface while only a tiny area contains more than a single layer. The novel aspect of this work is the method of preparation and the way of utilizing both FLIM and Raman to detect the number of GO layers. The prepared GO could be used in many applications like solar cells and filtration.

In this study, a new approach methodology is employed to modify the structural, optical, and photoluminescence properties of Ni2O3/SnO2(NO/TO) nanocomposites. The effects of temperature and laser irradiation on a specific system were analyzed and described using XRD, XPS, and TEM. The diffraction patterns indicate the presence of two distinct phases within the NO/TO system. The XPS results reveal a robust underlying interaction between Ni2O3 and SnO2, exhibited by the observed shifts in the peak positions of Ni 2p, Sn 3d, and O 1 s. The TEM images demonstrate the formation of hexagonal and half-hexagonal forms with varying orientations, as well as the emergence of elongated tetragonal shapes, upon increasing the temperature to 900 degrees C. the notable enhancement in light absorption, with the absorption bands spanning a wide range in the UV-vis spectra, specifically from approximately 300 nm to around 800 nm in the near-infrared (NIR) region. The broad range of PL emission bands identified by this mixture of nanoparticles, expanding from the UV to the near and intermediate IR regions, demonstrated that NO/TO nanocpomposites are considerably defective. The NO/TO nanocomposites exhibit efficient multi-color band emissions at ambient conditions, rendering them promising contenders for deployment in optoelectronic nanodevices, including blue, yellow, and white band emission light-emitting diodes and NIR luminescence bioimaging.

Sodium borophosphate parent glass in conjugation with other derived samples containing adaptable amounts of bismuth oxide at the expense of phosphate partner was prepared via the ordinary melt-quenching technique. Synthesized samples were investigated using Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The undercover or overlapped peaks were estimated using the deconvolution analysis technique (DAT). The collected IR spectra refer to the presence of combined PO4 and BO3+BO4 groups besides the presence of Bi-O vibrations upon the addition of Bi2O3. The assignments of the IR peaks are facilitated by the conduction of deconvolution processes. The density of the studied glass was estimated and some selected physical parameters including molar volume and packing density were calculated.Gamma-ray shielding competence of studied borophosphate glasses has been explored through user online friendly software (Phy-X/PSD) in combination with their abilities to act as shielding candidates as a function of Bi2O3 content. In addition, linear and mass attenuation coefficients (mu m) combined with other physics parameters were calculated to assess the proper action of bismuth oxide in the shielding mechanism. Sample NABP10Bi enriched with Bi2O3 possessed the highest values of LAC, MAC, and Zeff. The HVL parameter followed the trend that was considered to be dependent on the bismuth oxide concentration.

Green fluorite samples from Homret Akarem, eastern desert Egypt, were investigated by laser-based Raman spectroscopy to study the effect of rare earth elements (REEs) and natural radiation from the surrounding environment on their physico-chemical properties, taking into consideration the geological setting. Geochemical data of trace elements display fluorite enrichment with Y, Pb, Sr, Sn, and other REEs. XRD showed lattice parameters with values higher than those for synthetic fluorite due to the substitution of Ca by Sr and less likely by radiation from U. A considerable shift in the binding energy (BE) for Ca and F obtained from the XPS spectrum indicates that U carried by the hydrothermal solutions formed a discontinuous thin film on the surface of fluorite. Laser-Raman spectroscopy showed strong peaks below 500cm−1 and both shallow and weak peaks above 500cm−1. The strong peaks indicate that the substitution of Ca by Sr, point defects, and natural radiation caused by U have a stronger effect on the crystal structure than REEs. Raman spectroscopy supported the initial reports of uranium minerals like Rutherfordine, Kasolite, Soddyite, and Uranophane-alpha.

Glasses that contain Erbium oxide as a dopant exhibit garnered considerable interest for its use in photonic applications, primarily because of the intra-4f sublevel transitions of Erbium ions, which enable emission in the technologically significant 1.5 μm communications window. In this work, a series of Erbium oxide doped sodium lithium borate glasses were synthesized via melt quenching with compositions xEr2O3-(55-x)B2O3-25Li2O-10Na2O-5CaO-3SrO-2Al2O3 (x = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 5 mol%). An investigation was conducted to examine the consequences of Er3+ on the crystal structure and laser spectroscopy. Furthermore, the optical properties of the samples that were created. XRD analysis showed degradation of the glass network with increasing Er2O3 content due to disruption of boroxol rings. FTIR spectra indicated variations in BO3/BO4 ratios and Er-O vibrations with doping. Absorption spectra revealed characteristic Er3+ f-f transitions and a redshift in the UV edge. The bright field imaging proved the effect of Er3+ on the homogeneity of the surfaces. Meanwhile, 3D laser Raman mapping chemically proves the good distribution of Er2O3 on the glass surface. With an excitation under 980 nm, visible emissions at 550 and 660 nm, along with NIR emission at 1550 nm arising from Er3+ 4f levels, were observed. The results demonstrate that Er3+ doping effectively modifies the glass structure and optical properties. The borate glass host provides an excellent platform for customized erbium-doped photonic devices operating in the telecom C-band.

The effect of the changes in buffer concentrations or any additives like surfactants in the protein samples during the analysis on the single-biomolecule diffusion is one of the hidden points in the single-molecule time-resolved measurements. In the current work, phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) labeled with Atto-647 has been investigated on the single molecule level while it diffuses in Na 2 CO 3 buffer at concentrations that vary from 10 mg/l up to 50 mg/l. The fluorescence lifetime of PGK labeled with Atto-647 in 50 mg/ml Na 2 CO 3 has been measured, and it was found to be 2.7 ns. The fluorescence cross correlation of the diffused protein has also been measured, which confirms that the used samples are at a single molecule level. Time decay fluorescence anisotropy has been performed for PGK labeled with Atto-647 in different concentrations of Na 2 CO 3 , and the results confirmed that there is a clear impact on the molecular translational and rotational diffusion even with slight changes in the buffer concentration.

Applications of lasers in phototherapy have been the trend for the last few decades. The photodynamic therapy process normally depends on photosensitizers and laser beams. Through this study, indocyanine green has been used as a photosensitizer, which is normally activated using laser lines between 750 and 805 nm. The activity of the indocyanine green to do fluorescence by other pulsed laser sources has been tested by fluorescence technique, and it has been proven that the laser lines at 810, 940, and 980nm are able to excite the indocyanine green with different extents. The indocyanine green activation has been tested by several laser lines (810, 940, and 980 nm) commonly used as surgical lasers. The generated oxygen has been measured after irradiating the indocyanine green with the different laser lines. A comparison has been made between laser irradiation as a pinpoint and a broad beam. It is found that the wide beam is more effective in activating oxygen production. In the end, it is concluded that lines 810 and 940nm were effective in activating the used dye, while the 980nm activity did not show enough efficiency.

Abstract Chemotaxis is the biologically intrinsic navigation towards or away from chemical stimuli; it is a crucial behavioral response for animals when interacting with their environment. It facilitates the location of sustenance, hosts, and other vital environmental signals. While prior research has predominantly concentrated on the chemotactic behaviors of free-living and entomopathogenic nematodes in response to volatile soil constituents, the current investigation extends this understanding to parasitic nematodes. Specifically, we examine Syphacia obvelata, a member of the Oxyuridae (Nematoda) known for parasitizing the vertebrate cecum. Employing laser surgery, we selectively ablated the olfactory receptors (amphids) to ascertain the reliance of S.obvelata's chemotactic behavior solely on stimuli from these sensory structures. This research, conducted in Egypt, pioneers the adaptation of laser surgery for the targeted incapacitation of sensory receptors in parasitic nematodes. The successful ablation and subsequent behavioral alteration highlight laser microsurgery's ability to ablation minuscule receptors on a motile parasitic worm, promising a valuable tool for comprehending such intricate parasitic species behavior and offering new vistas for parasitological research and potential control strategies.

Smart nano-composites Phospho-silicate (SiO2-P2O5) prepared in monolith form containing 16 mol% P2O5, and doped with different mol% of Er3+ ions between 0.5 and 5 mol%; the composite has been synthesized by Sol-Gel technique, and subsequently annealed at 850 degrees C. X-ray diffraction patterns show the structural properties of the mentioned prepared samples, giving rise to the crystallite sizes to increase in a range between 18, and 20.8 nm as the molar percent of the Er3+ ion increase from 0% to 5%. The morphology, and surface morphology of the prepared samples were characterized using TEM, and FESEM, respectively. The Raman analyses show that the active Raman bands are corresponding to silicate, and phosphate. These bands were enveloped by the strong asymmetric vibrations of Er2O3 at 420, and 840 cm-1, their Bose-Einstein corrected intensities increased gradually by increasing the Er3+ ions concentration in the regions from 3400 up to 3450 cm-1, and 3550 up to 3700 cm-1. The optical studies show that the refractive index increased by increasing Er3+ ions concentration, from 1.7 up to 1.8 for as the concentration of Er3+ ions increase. The photoluminescence are exhibiting an emission with splitting at 1545, and 1555 nm, which is related to the intra 4F transition. It has been found that the optimal doping content of Er is 1 mol% then, after quenching caused by OH groups in Er3+ ions doped Phospho-silicate at higher concentrations. It is obviously that 1 mol% of Erbium ions is a suitable candidate for photonic applications such as Laser waveguide, and optical amplifier.

Selected four gilt-bronze statuettes have been studied after excavation from the burial environment.Soil deposits and corrosion forms were observed on the surface disfiguring the gold layer.Confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy and Portable Xray fluorescence (pXRF) were used to identify the molecular structure and elements distribution over the statuette's surfaces.Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) has been utilized to recognize the surface/interface state before the conservation treatment and takes the high-resolution imaging.Chemical analyses indicated that it was made of leaded bronze.A high lead content in the statuettes was reflected by lead corrosion products admixed with green chloride and carbonate salts of copper.Conservation treatment was accomplished using fine and appropriate mechanical tools to recover all the gilding remains and surface details.Finally, the protection process of statuettes was accomplished using two layers of Permalac.

Abstract Selected four gilt-bronze statuettes have been studied after excavation from the burial environment. Soil deposits and corrosion forms were observed on the surface disfiguring the gold layer. Confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy and Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) were used to identify the molecular structure and elements distribution over the statuette’s surfaces. Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) has been utilized to recognize the surface/interface state before the conservation treatment and takes the high-resolution imaging. Chemical analyses indicated that it was made of leaded bronze. A high lead content in the statuettes was reflected by lead corrosion products admixed with green chloride and carbonate salts of copper. Conservation treatment was accomplished using fine and appropriate mechanical tools to recover all the gilding remains and surface details. Finally, the protection process of statuettes was accomplished using two layers of Permalac.

Phosphosilicate thin film and monolith co-doped with Er3+-Yb3+ were prepared by self-modified Sol-Gel. Spin coating was used to deposit the prepared samples. The calculated crystallite sizes were found to be 26 and 28 nm for (S22P0.5E0.5YM) sintered at 500 and 1000 C, respectively. A thickness of 1.6 mu m was obtained for (S22P0.5E0.5YM). Laser-based Raman microspectroscopy presents the homogenous distribution of the Er3+& Yb3+ ions. The Er3+& Yb3+ absorption coefficients were measured. The radiative properties for the metastable level I-4(13/2) were determined using The Judd-Ofelt model. The electron relaxation time (tau r) slightly increased with the Yb3+ ions concentration up to 19.41 ms. Photoluminescence increased with increasing the Yb3+ ions. Pumping the 4F transition I-4(13/2) -> I-4(15/2) of Erbium ions with 650 nm laser emits at around 1500 nm. This study introduces promising results for the prepared samples to support the planar optical waveguide amplifier system that could be used in communication and laser applications. However its cost-effectiveness, on site measurability is still an interesting matter challenge.

The purpose of this work was to examine the photocatalytic activity of Chitosan/Zn- gel blend film. It is well known that Chitosan can do photo-degradation; Zinc gel was added as a blend to enhance the photo-catalytic behavior of chitosan. Their photocatalytic activities were estimated by the degradation of the used dye from its solution by using the Chitosan/Zn-gel blend film. The influence of operating parameters such as Zn-gel concentration was thoroughly examined to obtain the optimum conditions for photo-catalytic degradation. The particle size for Zn-gel and the dielectric properties for Chitosan/Zn-gel blend was measured. The kinetics and color photo-degradation efficiency has been calculated based on spectrophotometry. It is found that the prepared blinds are very efficient as photo-catalytic media for the Methyl Orang; the color removal efficiency reached 87% which is great, especially since no complicated preparation followed and also no special irradiation only the sunlight The epsilon ' and epsilon '' were measured in a frequency range extending from 1 Hz up to 100 kHz. The frequency enhancement results in collapsing of the epsilon ' amounts for all mentioned prepared samples and the epsilon ' appeared independent of frequency.

Giza plateau in Egypt is famous for its pyramids and tombs which were built and carved into the rock. The pyramid of Queen Hetep Heres, the mother of King Khufu, encountered several erosion factors. From a simple visual examination, it is noted that Hetep Heres' pyramid has many problems that affect its sustainability. Different samples have been taken from the eroded areas. The external state that was investigated by a stereo microscope shows erosion and damage. The internal and structural states were investigated by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, EDAX, and laser-based Raman microscope. This study confirms the need to interfere with the surrounding urban area to decrease the frictions and the strong need to continue developing the Giza Plateau to decrease the environmental effects on the whole archeological buildings found in one of the most important plateaus in the world.

Background: This study was designed to investigate the in vitro bioactivity of a new dual cured calcium silicate cement (TheraCal PT) compared to its light cured (TheraCal LC) and chemically set (Biodentine) counterparts. Materials and Methods: The study is an in vitro original research article. Prepared cements discs were immersed in deionized water. Ca2+ release was evaluated using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry while pH was assessed using a pH meter after 1, 14, and 28 days. Discs for surface characterization were immersed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and were examined using an environmental scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray (ESEM/EDX), immediately after setting and at 1, 14, and 28 days intervals after that. Attenuated total reflectance (ATR)/Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy analyses were performed after setting and after 28 days storage in PBS. Statistical analysis was performed using the two-way repeated measure analysis of variance test followed by Bonferroni test for multiple comparisons (P < 0.05). Results: Biodentine exhibited the highest mean values for Ca2+ release (792,639,278 ppm) and pH (10.99, 12.7, 11.54) at all time intervals. ESEM/EDX displayed a continuous layer of calcium phosphate formed by Biodentine and TheraCal LC while TheraCal PT developed scarce interrupted precipitates after immersion in PBS. ATR/FTIR and Raman spectroscopy for the formed precipitates confirmed the presence of phosphate and Ca (OH) 2 in Biodentine, TheraCal LC and TheraCal PT. Conclusion: TheraCal PT exhibited limited in vitro bioactivity which may limit its prognosis in clinical applications for vital pulp therapy. TheraCal LC is considered a potential bioactive calcium silicate cement despite its lower Ca2+ release compared to Biodentine. Highest bioactivity was observed in Biodentine.

Nuclear energy level distribution has been discussed and some mathematical models which describes the energy level distribution of the protons and neutrons for the even protons and even neutrons number, also the Yrast line has been introduced. Ruthenium isotopes 100 Ru and 102 Ru energy level distribution have been calculated by the nuclear softness model, variable moment of inertia model, Anharmonic vibratormodel (AVM1 and AVM2), exponential model (expmodel) and interaction boson model (IBM) in O6. Experimental results have been used to calculate the unknown factors of the used equations. Finally, the energy levels have been calculated for both isotopes and the higher energy levels which needs very high energetic bombardment to the nuclei if we need to get it experimentally.

The functionality of biomaterials is providing some advantages which enable it for targeted application these advantages are limited by the available techniques which is a topic of research to continue in the establishment of spectroscopic tools for investigation to follow up the changes in this critical and vital field of research.Biomaterials and biological Molecules investigation needs certain care according to their sensitive role in one hand and low detection limits on the other hand.Many spectroscopic tools are already introduced including Raman technique, fluorescence as well as techniques based on single molecule detection.The introduced techniques depending on conventional spectroscopic methods also it depends on imaging.Biomaterials are achieved after blending and/or introduction of matrix include part or full metal oxides nano materials in order to facilitate the process of functionalization based on the desired applications.