ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:Hot-Processed Virgin Coconut Oil (HPVCO) is a traditionally prepared form of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) obtained through a unique extraction method. This extraction is specific to certain villages in the state of Kerala, India.Traditionally, HPVCO has been used to treat various neurodegenerative diseases, however, experimental and mechanistic evidence for its role in Parkinson's disease (PD) is limited. AIM OF THE STUDY:The objective of the current research work is to assess the anti-Parkinson's activity of HPVCO in rotenone-induced SH-SY5Y cells, rat model of PD, and in silico models to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The components of HPVCO have been investigated by Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis. Neuroprotective activity was investigated in SH-SY5Y cell lines and rat models using the neurotoxin rotenone. In the in vitro study, HPVCO (50 μg/mL) was administered to SH-SY5Y cells stimulated by rotenone (10 μM). Neuroprotection was assessed using dopamine levels, antioxidant markers (ROS and SOD), and anti-inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and nitrite). In vivo, male Wistar rats (200-250 g, 10-12 weeks old) were treated with rotenone (2.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) for 10 days to induce PD, followed by daily oral administration of HPVCO (1306.4 mg/kg) for 21 days. On days 0, 7, 14, and 21, behavioral assays were performed, followed by histopathological evaluation. Antioxidant markers (ROS, SOD), anti-inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, nitrite), and dopamine levels were used to evaluate the neuroprotective effects. ADME analysis and network pharmacology were applied to identify potential therapeutic pathways related to lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and neuroregulation. RESULTS:GC-MS analysis revealed 26 pharmacologically active phytoconstituents with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective activities. In in vitro, HPVCO displayed significant neuroprotective activity by reducing oxidative stress (ROS and SOD), neuroinflammation (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and nitrite), and increasing dopamine levels. Biochemical, histopathological, and behavioral assays in in vivo, supported the in vitro study results. Network and ADME analysis aligns with the dysregulated pathways central to PD, such as oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and MAPK signaling. CONCLUSION:Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective bioactive compounds of HPVCO were identified through GC-MS analysis. Therefore, they might be accountable for the therapeutic benefits of HPVCO on PD.

Scylla serrata (Forskål, 1775), or mud crab or mangrove crab, is an euryhaline edible crab belonging to the family Portunidae. This edible crustacean is used as a delicious foodstuff throughout the world and plays a role in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases such as tuberculosis, rheumatism, dropsy, bone fracture, asthma, insomnia, rickets, epilepsy, and convulsions. This review compiles and critically examines the reported ethnopharmacological uses, chemical constituents, and pharmacological activities of Scylla serrata. All data presented in this paper were collected by utilizing the online databases during 2015–2025. Chemical analysis on Scylla serrata resulted in the presence of proteins, amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and minerals. Chemical constituents will fluctuate depending on the sex, size, and season. Antioxidant, anti-anemic, anticancer, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective activities are reported from the crab. A significant study conducted on Scylla serrata evaluated its antimicrobial activity. Scylla serrata antimicrobial protein (SSAP), chitin, haemocyanin (HC), Scylla serrata beta-glucan binding protein (Ss-β-GBP), scygonadin, Scylla-anti-lipopolysaccharide (Sc-ALF), Scylla crustin (Sc-crustin), lectin, antibacterial haemocyanin (AB-Hcy), and Ss-arasin are the significant antimicrobial compounds isolated from the crab. In vitro research found substantial evidence that Scylla serrata has antioxidant, antianemic, anticancer, antibacterial, and neuroprotective properties. However, all described pharmacological activities were conducted in vitro, indicating a need for further pre-clinical and clinical research. Potential chemical compounds from different parts of the crab may need to be identified, and their pharmacological properties must be established.

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has become a global concern. Many times the patients cannot tolerate the first line anti-Alzheimer’s drugs. This includes acetylcholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil. This shifts the focus on repurposing study with drugs which are expected to alleviate AD. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the synergistic therapeutic potential of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and rosuvastatin combination against donepezil. Methods: RT-PCR was performed to find the effects of individual drugs and drug combination on caspase-3 (amyloid beta1-42 induced), IL-1β and TNF-α expression. Nitric oxide, lipid peroxide level and acetylcholinesterase activity were measured by spectrophotometric method. Results: DHA and rosuvastatin combination was better than donepezil in suppressing expressions of caspase-3 (2^ΔΔCT values for gene expression 0.21 Vs 0.60), IL-1β (2^ΔΔCT values for gene expression 0.13 Vs 0.28) and TNF-α (2^ΔΔCT values for gene expression 0.04 Vs 0.27). Similarly, DHA and rosuvastatin combination was better than donepezil in inhibiting nitric oxide level (73.96% Vs 66.19%). However, donepezil was better than DHA and rosuvastatin combination in suppressing lipid peroxide (72.40% Vs 67.20%) and acetylcholinesterase (91.85% Vs 82.33%). Conclusions: DHA and rosuvastatin combination was better than donepezil in suppressing most of the study parameters associated with AD. DHA and rosuvastatin combination was synergistic and may emerge as a substitute for donepezil to treat AD. The significance of the finding lies in the fact that the data generated in this research will open newer horizons in AD research. Once proven effective, the combination may be tried to manage mild to severe AD in donepezil intolerant AD population.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:'Karkataka Taila (KT), an ancient Ayurvedic Rasayana comprising the edible freshwater crab Scylla serrata Forskal flesh, is still used by local traditional practitioners in Kerala state to treat tremors and palsy. In the scientific community, it becomes less exposed due to the lack of adequate scientific validations and brief reports. There has been no published research on the effectiveness of KT in treating Parkinson's disease (PD). PURPOSE:The purpose of the current research work was to investigate the anti-Parkison's potential of KT against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cell lines and rat model of PD and investigate underlying molecular mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS:The components of KT have been identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The neuroprotective activity of KT was assessed using SH-SY5Y cell lines and rats against rotenone-induced PD. The parameters used for asses the neuroprotection are antioxidant markers (ROS and SOD), anti-inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and nitrite), and dopamine levels. Behavioral evaluation and rat brain histopathology were carried out to further support the neuroprotection. RESULT:Analysis using GC-MS revealed 36 constituents in KT. In vitro, the KT displayed considerable neuroprotective effects in terms of decreasing oxidative stress (ROS and SOD), neuroinflammation (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and nitrite), and elevating dopamine concentration. In vivo data showing improvements in histopathological and biochemical parameters confirmed the in vitro study findings, and in terms of behavioral assays, KT displayed significant activity. CONCLUSION:GC-MS profiling was used to identify the bioactive compounds of KT with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. As a result, they may be responsible for the therapeutic effects of KT on PD.

BACKGROUND:Cancer is characterized as the leading cause of death, and the susceptibility of cancer cells to develop resistance due to long-term exposure to complementary chemotherapeutic treatment is referred to as multidrug resistance cancer cells (MDRC), which is a significant obstacle in the treatment of malignancies. Since complementary medicine lost its effectiveness, the development of potential alternative and novel therapeutic approaches has been elevated to a top priority in recent years. In this context, a bioactive protein lectin from plant and animal sources exhibits an invaluable source of anticancer agents with vast therapeutic potential. PURPOSE:This manuscript's primary purpose is to enlighten the evidence-based (from 1986 to 2022) possible molecular mechanism of alternative treatment approaches using lectins over the complementary medicines used for cancer treatment. METHODS:The PRISMA rules have been followed properly and qualitative and quantitative data are synthesized systematically. Articles were identified based on Clinical and preclinical reports published on lectin that investigated the in-depth cellular mechanisms, of reverse drug integrative oncology, as a nano-carried targeted delivery. Articles were systematically screened from 1986 to 2022 and selected based on electronic database searches, Medline (PubMed), Google Scholar, Web of Science, Encyclopaedias, Scopus, and ClinicalTrials.gov database. RESULTS:The search turned up 4,212 publications from 38 different nations, of which 170 reference articles were used in our analysis, in 16 combination therapy and their mode of action, and 27 clinical trial studies including dosage and mechanism of action were included. Reports from the 30 lectins belonging to 28 different families have been included. The reversal mechanism of lectin and alternative therapy against MDRC is critically screened and according to a few clinical and preclinical reports, lectin can suppress the overexpressing genes like P-53, EGFR, and P-gp, MRP, and ABC transporter proteins associated with intracellular transportation of drugs. Since, the drug efflux mechanism leads to MDRC, in this phenomenon, lectin plays a key role in reversing the efflux mechanism. Few preclinical reports have mentioned that lectin shows synergism in combination with complementary medicine and as a nano drug carrier helps to deliver to the targeted site. CONCLUSION:We have discussed the alternative therapy using lectin and an in-depth insight into the reversal drug resistance mechanisms to combat MDRC cancer, enhance the efficacy, reduce toxicity and adverse events, and ensure targeted delivery, and their application in the field of cancer diagnosis and prognosis has been discussed. However, further investigation is necessary in drug development and clinical trials which could be helpful to elaborate the reversal mechanism and unlock newer treatment modalities in MDRC cancer.

Every food source contains both edible and inedible waste components. Millions of tonnes of trash from the food business are made from fruits, and these wastes are containing higher-value medicinal components, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic contents, a huge amount of proteins and secondary metabolites. These bioactive phytoconstituents are being used for the treatment of many serious fatal diseases. So, utilizing the recovered bioactive molecules from food wastes as functional ingredients offers a long-term alternative source of therapeutically active components that will lead to the discovery of novel phytoconstituents or novel treatment approaches. The goal of this systematic study is to provide an overview of the jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam, Moraceae) edible byproducts, such as jackfruit seeds that are largely neglected. This seed contains numerous bioactive lead molecules, such as carbohydrate-binding protein jacalin, which exhibits potent anticancer activity against colon cancer, blood cancer and breast cancer as well as can enlighten the new possible treatment approaches in targeted therapy and photodynamic chemotherapy. Moreover, jackfruit waste seed can be taken as a dietary food, which is having property to prevent and treat cancer and other lifestyle diseases. The works that have been carried out to utilize jackfruit waste other than the juicy edible bulbs have been reviewed in this article.

A serious health threat affecting the T2DM group is evident more cases T2DM are diagnosed. In this research, we choose to research into all of this possible mechanism of 3T3-L1 Cell lines and Molecular Docking studies Schrodinger software identified Vitamin D, Omega -3 and 6 PUFAs (EPA DHA & AA) Compounds of hydrophilic and hydrophobic pocket throughout molecular modeling besides T2DM. A group of three analog VDRs is being developed for discovery treatment with T2DM. Its use as it was agreed to run a molecular cell culture and docking study. Recognize the binding method involving the compound in T2DM through ADME prediction. The molecular dynamics simulation was enhanced by confirmation of the strength of the possible composite binding. Based on the computational results, the Omega -3 and 6 PUFAs compound encourages energy interaction. The composite contains an in vitro anti-diabetic activity; the compounds have clearly shown that they are active on T2DM. Our studies provide vital information on the findings of the bimolecular T2DM inhibitors.

Background: The Siddha-based polyherbal formulation known as “Kabusura Kudineer (Marketed)" and developed as “HYDALJSS08” hydroalcoholic polyherbal formulation contains some fifteen plant materials in a dried raw form. Due to its immuno-booster properties, the Ministry of Ayush, Govt of India, highly recommended the use of "Kabusura Kudineer" during the pandemic of COVID-19. Objective: The present study intends to expand and validate the analytical profile for Andrographolides (AP), and isolated Andrographolides (AP) from the Andrographis Paniculata whole plant and in the Polyherbal Formulations (Marketed-Kabusura Kudineer, & Developed “HYDALJSS08”). Methods: One of the active components of “Kabusura Kudineer” marketed and developed as “HYDALJSS08” Hydroalcoholic Polyherbal formulation is kalmegh, also known as the king of bitter (Andrographis Paniculata-Acanthaceae). Kalmegh composes active principal components of Andrographolides (AP), which are proven for their Anti-viral and immunomodulatory activity. The preliminary identification of AP and the sample was carried out by TLC and FT-IR. The liquid chromatography was performed on a Zorbaz SB C8 (250*4.6mm & 5μm). The mobile phase incorporated pH 2.8 phosphate buffer with Acetonitrile: Methanol (60:30:10). The flow rate of the mobile phase was 1ml/min, and effluents were kept an eye on at 223 nm in a UV detector. The run time on the chromatogram was 10 min, and retention time was also observed. Results: The Rf value of Andrographolides (AP) was found to be 0.62. ICH guidelines were followed to carry out the Validation parameter. The retention time of AP was 2.5 min, and the Valid parameters of AP and system precision were as follows: SD (1831.11), % RSD (0.2), regression equations y = 41978 + x−10763, and correlation coefficient (R2) 0.9994. The adequate Linearity concentration was found to be 5 to 50 μg/ml, the value of LODs was 0.61μg /ml, LOQs was 2.01 μg/ml, method precision % RSD was 0.2, SD was 1597.1, and recovery was 99.9% and 101%. AP content found in a formulation (“Kabusura Kudineer” 1.48 μg/mL, developed “HYDALJSS08” Hydroalcoholic Polyherbal formulation-0.48 μg/ml) and isolated Andrographolides from Andrographis paniculata was 112.4μg/ml. Conclusion: The developed HPLC methods enabled simple, novel, rapid, easy, accurate, reproducible, and linear analysis of isolated andrographolides, and Siddha-based Polyherbal formulations.

The Siddha-based polyherbal formulation known as “Kabusura Kudineer (Marketed)” contains fifteen plants materials in dried raw form and The Ayush Ministry, Govt. of India highly endorsed for use of “Kabusura kudineer” during the pandemic of COVID-19, due to its immuno-booster properties. The current study aims to develop and document an analytical strategy for the estimation of gallic acid (GA) and methyl, ethyl acetate fraction of Terminalia chebula dried fruits and in polyherbal formulations (Marketed, & Developed). One of the active substances of Kabusura Kudineer and developed “HYDALJSS08” Polyherbal formulation is Myrobalan (T. chebula dried fruit-Combretaceae). Myrobalan restrains active principal substances are GA. GA is proven for its Anti-viral and immunomodulatory activity. During the pandemic of, COVID-19 ministry of Ayush, Govt of India highly recommended the immuno-booster Siddha-based polyherbal formulation “Kabusura Kudineer” for immune-boosting and treatment of COVID-19. TLC, and FTIR carried out the preliminary identification of GA and the sample. The HPLC method was developed on an Inertsil C18 (150*4.6 mm and 5 μm) column. The mobile phase was enhanced for water: Acetonitrile (50:50). The flow rate was 1-mL/min and was GA tracked at 272 nm in a UV detector. The total run time of the chromatogram is 8 minutes and the retention time of GA is observed. The Rf value of GA and sample was found to be 0.27. Validation was carried out according to ICH guidelines. The retention time of GA was 2.2 min, and the Valid parameter of GA is system precision, SD (14247.75), %RSD (0.9), Regression equation y = 25511 x−947505, Correlation coefficient (R2) 0.9999. The adequate Linearity concentration was found to be 50 to 150 μg/mL, LoDs (1.70 μg/mL), LoQs (5.16 μg/mL), Method precision %RSD (0.8), SD (11626.7), Recovery 99.8, and 101.1%. GA content was found in a formulation (“Kabusura Kudineer”- 1.39 μg/mL, developed “HYDALJSS08” Polyherbal formulation-379.4 μg/mL), and ethyl, methyl acetate fraction of T. chebula dried fruits was 105.59 and 29.17 μg/mL. The developed (HPLC) UPLC methods have enabled novel, simple, accurate, rapid, easy, reproducible, rugged, and linear analysis in these two fractions, and Siddha-based formulation “Kabusura kudineer” (Marketed), a developed “HYDALJSS08” Polyherbal formulation.

Introduction: Food and Nutrition security is the main problem faced by developing and underdeveloped countries. To minimize the loss of these potent foods, it is a great idea to use wild edible plants for nutrition security. The goal of the current study was to better understand the nutritional properties of Diospyros kaki, Pyrus pashia, Ficus semicordata, Diploknema butyracea, Pyracentha crenulata and Rubus niveus.Methods: To determine the nutritional content of the selected six wild edible fruits, nutritional parameters were evaluated. Macronutrients like proteins and carbohydrates and micronutrients like iron and zinc have been evaluated. Phytochemical fingerprinting have been evaluated by standard protocols for total phenol, flavonoid and tannin content was recorded in the ethanolic and aqueous extracts. DPPH free radical assay, NO assay, H2O2 assay were performed to determine free radical scavenging activity. The antibacterial screening was performed using ethanolic and aqueous extracts of fruits against five bacterial strains i.e. Salmonella typhimurium (MTCC 3224), Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 441), Klebsiella pneumonia (MTCC 3384), Pseudomonas aeriginosa (MTCC 424), Aeromonas hydrophilla (MTCC 646) using disc diffusion method.Results & Discussion: Ethanolic fruit extracts of 40mg/ml concentration exhibited the highest antibacterial potential against bacterial strains used and the maximum zone of inhibition observed in case of Rubus niveus against Salmonella typhimurium i.e 19.16±0.26 mm as well as high consistency of phytochemicals comparing with other fruits.

The present study aims to develop and document an analytical method for Berberine in the chloroform fraction of Cissampelos pareira (Menispermaceae)roots, Tinospora cordifolia (Menispermaceae) stems, and Polyherbal formulations (Marketed & Developed). During the pandemic Covid-19 ministry of Ayush, Govt of India was recommended a Siddha-based polyherbal formulation known as “Kabusura Kudineer” for immune booster and treatment of Covid -19. False pareira roots having active biomarker substances are BBE proved for its activity of Anti-viral, and immunomodulatory. Preliminary identification of Berberine in chloroform fraction of Cissampelos pareira roots, Tinospora cordifolia stems was done by the TLC, mobile phase used as a Toluene: Acetone: Water (5:15:1) and Chloroform: methanol (70:20). The UPLC was performed on a column, X Bridge BEH C18 Column, 130Å, 3.5µm, 4.6mm X 150mm, 1/pk and Solvent system were 0.1% Trifluoroacetic acid: Methanol (60:40). The effluents were observed at 272nm in UV detector. The Rf value of Berberine, Chloroform fraction of Cissampelos pareira roots was 0.23, and the Tinospora cordifolia stems was 0.63. The valid UPLC method parameter for BBE is system precision, SD (5433.07), the Regression equation was found y = 20570 x−182430, Correlation coefficient (R2) 0.9993. The adequate Linearity concentration was found to be 50 to 150µg/ml, LODs (4.02µg/ml), LOQs (12.17µg/ml), Method precision for intraday, Interday %RSD (0.7), (1.4), SD (16064.5), (32811.5), Recovery 98%, and 102%. BBE content was found in a formulation (“KabusuraKudineer” churna- 20.9360µg/ml, Developed Hydroalcoholic Polyherbal formulation - 21.4370µg/ml), and the Chloroform fraction of Cissampelos Pareira roots (CHFCP), Chloroform fraction of Tinospora cordifolia stems (CHFTC) was 28.9090µg/ml and 73.2050µg/ml. The developed liquid chromatography (UPLC) methods have enabled simple, rapid, easy, accurate, reproducible, and linear analysis of BBE in Chloroform fraction of velvet roots, Tinospora cordifolia stems, and Ayurvedic, Siddha -based Polyherbal formulations.

Parkinson's Disease (PD), known as Parkinsonism, is a neurodegenerative disease that mainly affects the elderly and is characterized by an extensive and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Owing to genetic, environmental, and lifestyle changes, the incidence of PD has recently risen among adults. The most widely used PD treatment strategies include the use of dopamine agonists, anticholinergics, and enzyme inhibitors. The aquatic flora and fauna have become the emerging source of novel, structurally diverse bioactive compounds and, at present, the researchers concentrate their efforts on isolating, characterizing, and identifying many secondary metabolites of different nature to treat various disorders, including, neuroprotective marine natural products (MNPs). The bioactive peptides, tannins, carotenoids, alkaloids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and sulfated polysaccharides from the MNP's and their synthetic derivatives have demonstrated important neuroprotective activity in preclinical studies through multiple mechanisms. An extensive literature survey was carried out, and published articles from PubMed, Scifinder, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus were carefully reviewed to compile information on the MNPs to treat PD. This current review focus on neuroprotective MNPs and their probable biological pathways to treat PD based on their structure and bioactivities reported from 1990 to 2020.

Antioxidant Potential and Type II Diabetes Related Enzyme Inhibition Properties of Raw and Processed Legumes in Indian HimalayasDibyendu Talukdar

In humans, the immune system serves as a protective barrier against infection; however, when the immune system is out of balance, it can harm the host. Immunomodulators are chemicals or medications that have been employed in the clinic to treat an unbalanced immune response. The majority of immunological medicines in clinical use are cytotoxic. They harm the patient's quality of life by causing various side effects and being associated with higher production costs, longer lead times, and a high failure rate. Furthermore, obtaining single-compound chemicals with low toxicity, high efficacy, and selectivity for specified disorders is difficult for researchers. As a result, techniques based on alternative medicine are gaining attraction in drug development, focusing on innovative natural compounds utilized to treat various disorders. Many plant molecules founded to have biologically beneficial properties. This review aimed to look at the immunomodulatory activity of plant-derived chemicals from widely-used plants.

Glucokinase is, an allosteric enzyme involved in glycolysis, is rapidly regulated in the liver through glucokinase regulatory protein and remains essential for blood glucose homeostasis. The present review provides brief information about the effects of a few selected plants and phytochemicals on human glucokinase activation and gene modulation. A thorough and relevant literature search from several scientific databases, comprising Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed, was carried out. We highlighted the seven plants (Acorus tatariowii Schott, Allium hirtifolium Boiss, Apache red maize, Mulberry species, Pterocarpus marsupium, Sapium ellepticum, Mangifera indica) and their phytoconstituents ( Tatanans A-C, alliogenin , gitogenin , kaempferol , quercetin and shallomin,1-deoxynojirimycin,cyanidin-3-rutinoside,resveratrol,cyanidin-3-glucoside,oxyresveratrol, lupeol, alpha-tocopherol, uteolin-7-glucoside, amentoflavone, and Mangiferin) on human glucokinase enzyme activation and gene modulation. This review concluded that investigation of glucokinase activators of plant origin is the major research focus in the management of type 2 diabetes.

The inhibition of calculi forming oxalate by dietary Basella rubra plant organs leaf and stem pod has been investigated. The weight reduction assay was studied. Also a concoction of the plant organs was tested. Leaf extract was found with considerable activity whereas the concoction seems to be not much active as the stem pod extract. Soluble oxalate of the plant organs are partially removed prior to extraction of active constituents. The active component/s seem to be a non-protein and non-tannin molecule/s that may act through inhibition of calcium accumulation there by proving the positive activity against the calculi or kidney stone. Regular consumption of leaf and stem pod extracts of our plant would be helpful in calculi prophylaxis.