A lichia é uma fruta muito apreciada no mundo. No Brasil, seu cultivo é recente e o Estado de São Paulo é um dos principais produtores dessa fruta, por haver condições climáticas ideais para sua exploração. Esse boletim técnico traz todas as informações necessárias para a exploração racional e econômica da lichieira. Esta obra faz parte da "Série Produtor Rural", editada desde 1997 pela Divisão de Biblioteca da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz"/USP e tem como objetivo publicar textos acessíveis aos produtores com temas diversificados e informações práticas, contribuindo para a Extensão Rural.

Reliable analytical methods are the basis for the elucidation of phenolic compounds in foods. This study aimed to optimize and validate a method for determining 42 phenolics using reverse-phase (RP) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to diode-array-detector-DAD. The performance of two RP columns was evaluated. The 150x4.6 mm 3-μm column showed superior separation quality, whereas 35 of the 42 phenolics showed a separation resolution ≥1.5. The method's linearity, precision (coefficient variation< 3.09%), recovery (87.5-103.2%), specificity, limits of detection (0.04-0.25 mg/L), and quantification (0.06-0.25 mg/L) had acceptable ranges. Thirty phenolics were quantified in Citrus peels, mainly flavanones, flavanols, flavonols, and phenolic acids, highlighting the high values of hesperidin (535-35070 mg/kg) and naringin (26-36466 mg/kg). Lemon peels named 'Lisboa,' 'Thaiti,' 'Thaiti-2000', and 'Thaiti-2001' presented the main phenolics associated with antioxidant capacity. The presented method was robust for determining 42 phenolic compounds, offering a new approach for bioactive compound quantification in food matrices.

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges worldwide, as well as one of the largest producers of orange juice. Alcoholic fermented beverages have been considered a marketable alternative for oranges. In this study, four S. cerevisiae commercial yeasts were evaluated for metabolites generated during orange juice (cv. 'Pera D9 ') fermentation. Alcohols, sugars, and organic acids were evaluated by HPLC-DAD-RID during fermentation, and phenolic compounds were analyzed in fermented orange. Orange juice and fermented oranges were also sub-jected to digestion simulations. The yeasts presented an adequate fermentation activity, based on sugar con-sumption, and high ethanol (>10.5%) and glycerol (4.8-5.5 g/L) contents. The yeast strains T-58 and US-05 produced high levels of lactic acid. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity did not differ amongst yeasts, presenting hesperidin levels between 115 and 127 mg/L, respectively. The fermented orange showed a >70% bioaccessibility, compared to juice, especially for catechin, epigallocatechin-gallate, procyanidin-B2, rutin, and procyanidin-B1.

Citrus fruit have a lengthy post-harvest lifetime, however owing to water loss, they lose firmness and luster on the skin after being picked. In light of the foregoing, this study aimed to assess the effects of coatings on the post-harvest conservation of 'Natal CNPMF 112' oranges under refrigerated settings using aqueous and alcoholic propolis extracts and carnauba wax. Fruit of 'Natal CNPMF 112' orange tree grafted on 'Rangpur' lime were treated with carnauba wax (100%) and alcoholic and aqueous propolis extracts (30%). The experimental design was totally randomized, with the plots consisting of the coatings plus the control (distilled water), and the subplots separated by the storage time (0, 10, 20, and 30 days) at 12 degrees C +/- 2, with the exception of weight loss, which was assessed at three-day intervals (0 to 30 days). Loss of fruit mass, average fruit mass, soluble solids, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, maturity index, pH, and technical index were all examined. According to the findings, the alcoholic extract of propolis produced decreased fruit mass loss, a high maturity index, and balanced acidity. The coatings used in the postharvest conservation of refrigerated 'Natal CNPMF 112' oranges had no effect on the other parameters. As a result, propolis alcoholic extract is suggested for the preservation of 'Natal CNPMF 112' orange.

Os frutos cítricos apresentam prolongado período pós-colheita, no entanto, devido à perda de água, após colhidos, perdem a firmeza e ficam com pouco brilho na casca. Face ao exposto, objetivou-se neste trabalho determinar os efeitos dos revestimentos na conservação pós-colheita da laranja ‘Natal CNPMF 112’ com utilização de extratos de própolis aquoso e alcoólico e a cera de carnaúba em condição refrigerada. Frutos da laranjeira ‘Natal CNPMF 112’, enxertada em limoeiro ‘Cravo’, foram tratados com cera de carnaúba (100%) e extratos de própolis alcoólico e aquoso (30%). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo em parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas constituídas pelos revestimentos mais a testemunha (água destilada), e as subparcelas pelo período de armazenamento (0, 10, 20 e 30 dias) a 12 ºC ± 2, com exceção para perda de massa, a qual foi avaliada a intervalos de três dias (0 a 30 dias). Avaliaram-se: perda de massa dos frutos, massa média dos frutos, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, ácido ascórbico, índice de maturação, pH e índice tecnológico. Conforme os resultados, observou-se que o extrato alcoólico de própolis promoveu menor perda de massa do fruto, bom índice de maturação e acidez equilibrada. As demais características não foram afetadas pelos revestimentos utilizados na conservação pós-colheita da laranja ‘Natal CNPMF 112’ refrigerada. Portanto, recomenda-se o extrato alcoólico de própolis para a conservação da laranja ‘Natal CNPMF 112’.

This work provides the first screening of 22 Citrus cultivars grown in a semi-arid tropical region based on their most relevant phytochemical and polyphenolic features through a multivariate approach. Multivariate chemometric analysis through PCA analysis were used combined to reach grouping of the Citrus fruits and unveil the main characteristics associated with the fruits identity and origin region. Citric acid was the dominant organic acid (4.43-140.54 g L-1), representing 93.9 % of total organic acids quantified in the samples. Glucose and fructose corresponded, respectively, to 51.2 and 48.8 % of the total sugars quantified in samples. Hesperidin was the predominant flavonoid identified in all Citrus, particularly in oranges, while in pomelos, naringin was the major polyphenol. The results showed that most phenolics are related to Citrus identity, as PCA revealed the grouping of samples according to the species or variety. The associations found for the Citrus obtained from the same semi-arid tropical location could be used as basis for authentication of these Citrus samples, as judged by the distinctions found between the phenolic profiles, sugars and organic acids. This could be used for other fruits upon verification of their polyphenolic association with location and climate.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the fruit quality of Tahiti acid lime and Sicilian lemon trees grownon different rootstocks and planting spacings in the semi-arid region of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Twoexperiments were conducted, using Tahiti acid lime tree scions (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) (1) and Sicilian lemontrees scions [Citrus limon (L.) Burm] (2). A randomized block design was used, with a 6×2 factorial arrangement consisted of six rootstocks: Cravo Santa Cruz lemon (Citrus limonia Osbeck), Swingle citrumelo [Citrus paradisi Macfaden × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Rafinesque], Indio citrandarin and Riverside citrandarin [Citrus sunki (Hayata) hort. ex Tanaka × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Rafinesque], Hybrid TSKC × (LCR × TR) - 059 [Citrus sunki (Hayata) hort. ex Tanaka × (Citrus limonia Osbeck × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Rafinesque)], and Sunki Tropical tangerine [Citrus sunki (Hayata) hort. ex Tanaka]; and two planting spacings: 6.0 × 4.0 m and 6.0 × 2.0 m, with three replications and four plants per plot. The physical and chemical characteristics of fruits were evaluated. Most quality characteristics of Tahiti acid lime and Sicilian lemon are not affected by the different rootstocks and spacings used, but the fruits present excellent quality for the national and international markets. Tahiti acid lime plants grown on less vigorous rootstocks under denser spacings have fruits with higher pH, whereas those grown on more vigorous rootstocks have fruits with thicker mesocarps and lower soluble solid contents. The use of Sunki Tropical tangerine rootstock results in bigger Sicilian lemons, however, with lower soluble solid contents, whereas an opposite result is found with the use of Swingle citrumelo rootstocks.

As frutas nativas passaram a ser vistas como uma excelente alternativa para a região Nordeste, especialmente a umbugueleira. Os frutos das Spondias sp. são apreciados pelos consumidores devido aos compostos bioativos, o que tem favorecido agregar valor aos produtos e aumentar a renda familiar. No entanto, pesquisas sobre qualidade de frutos são necessárias e importantes, já que os resultados obtidos são ainda inconsistentes. Face ao exposto, objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar as características físicas e químicas de frutos de umbugueleira no semiárido pernambucano. O trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Química da Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. Utilizou-se fruto no estádio maduro, com coloração da casca amarela. Foram selecionadas quanto à uniformidade, em seguida, realizou-se a caracterização física e química da massa do fruto, formato do fruto, rendimento de polpa, casca e de semente, teor de sólidos solúveis (oBrix), acidez titulável, pH, e o índice de maturação (relação SS/AT), respectivamente. Utilizou-se 20 repetições de 10 frutos. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de parâmetros descritivos e determinação dos coeficientes de correlação linear de Pearson. Com base nos resultados, observou-se que os frutos com maior comprimento e diâmetro obtiveram maior rendimento de polpa. A relação SS/AT apresentou maior correlação com os sólidos solúveis do que a acidez dos frutos, sendo mais representativa que a medição isolada desses parâmetros, uma vez que o índice de maturação é uma das formas mais adequadas para avaliar o sabor.

?Pera? orange is a scion variety widely grown in commercial orchards of various citrus-producing regions in Brazil due to the good acceptance of its fruits by the consumer market, both for fresh consumption and industrial processing. The development of clones or selections occurs by genetic mutations within genetic improvement studies with the different varieties, consisting of the selection of plants with superior quality and production characteristics to the variety of origin. In this perspective, this study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of four ?Pera? orange selections (?D9?, ?D12?, ?D25?, and ?C21?) grafted on two rootstocks (Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) and ?Volkamer? lemon (Citrus volkameriana Tan. and Pasq.), under the semi-arid conditions of the Sao Francisco Valley, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized, in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement, with the first factor corresponding to the orange selections (?Pera D9?, ?Pera D12?, ?Pera D25?, and ?Pera C21?) and the second factor corresponding to the Rangpur lime and ?Volkamer? lemon rootstocks, using five replications of 10 fruits. The physical characteristics evaluated were: fruit mass (g), diameter, and length (mm); fruit firmness (Lb), peel thickness (mm), number of seeds, and juice yield (%). The chemical parameters were determined through the contents of vitamin C, soluble solids (oBrix), and titratable acidity (g of citric acid 100 mL-1), also calculating the maturation index (SS/TA ratio). The interaction between rootstock varieties and orange scions (selections) induced differences in the physical and chemical attributes of fruits, with the Rangpur lime rootstock inducing better fruits for the orange selection ?Pera D-9?, which showed the highest values of fruit mass and diameter, associated with thicker peels, lower soluble solids content, lower acidity, and higher vitamin C content, while inducing higher values of fruit length and soluble solids content in the fruits of the orange selection ?Pera C-21?, and lower number of seeds and higher juice yield for the orange selection ?Pera D-12?. Based on these results, under these conditions, the physical and chemical characteristics observed in the fruits of the ?Pera? orange selections meet the standards required by the market of fresh fruits.

Abstract The production of mandarins is incipient in Northeastern Brazil in spite of the large regional market. Few studies have reported the performance of mandarins under the tropical conditions in Brazil, considering that, in general, the quality and yield of these fruits are more expressive in regions of subtropical and Mediterranean climates. In this work, tree size, fruit production and quality of four mandarin hybrids (‘Piemonte’ mandarin-tangor, ‘Murcott’ tangor and ‘Page’ and ‘Nova’ tangelo-mandarin) grafted on ‘Rangpur’ lime rootstock in Umbaúba, State of Sergipe, Brazil, were evaluated. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replicates and three trees per plot. Planting was carried out in 2008 at tree spacing of 6.0 x 3.0 m in rainfed cultivation system. ‘Piemonte’ mandarin-tangor was more productive than ‘Murcott’ tangor and ‘Nova’ and ‘Page’ tangelo-mandarin, under the conditions evaluated in Umbaúba up to the eleventh year after planting. Regarding fruit quality, ‘Piemonte’ mandarin-tangor and ‘Page’ tangelo-mandarin can be indicated both for fresh consumption and for processing due to their higher total soluble solids, ratio and vitamin C content in relation to ‘Murcott’ tangor.

As larvas de Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) ocasionam injúrias em diferentes plantas do gênero Citrus (Rutaceae), reduzindo taxa fotossintética e desenvolvimento de novas brotações, ocasionando seca e queda das folhas afetadas, além de facilitar a penetração de Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, bactéria causadora do cancro cítrico. Diante disto, conhecer a variação sazonal da praga pode otimizar seu manejo. O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar a dinâmica populacional das larvas em plantas de laranja De Russas [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] ao longo de 12 meses. Realizaram-se amostragens quinzenalmente, registrando-se o total de brotações contendo minas ou larvas, número de folhas com larvas por brotação, além do número de larvas, minas e pupas por folha. O desenvolvimento das laranjeiras foi registrado por avaliações biométricas, enquanto dados meteorológicos foram utilizados para gerar um gráfico da incidência em função da condição climática. Constatou-se que a oferta de alimento (novas brotações) ao longo do ano, apesar de influenciar na ocorrência do minador, não foi o fator mais significativo, verificando-se que a densidade populacional variou principalmente devido a temperatura e umidade. Os maiores índices de larvas e pupas foram registrados nos primeiros meses, resultando em 43% de brotações atacadas e até 3 minas por folha. As condições que propiciaram maiores densidades populacionais foram temperaturas próximas à 26 °C, precipitações de 60 mm e umidade relativa de 60%. O que na prática pode otimizar o manejo integrado de pragas, permitindo a adoção de técnicas preventivas para manter as populações de minador dos citros abaixo do nível de controle.

a diversificação, principalmente com porta-enxertos resistentes ou tolerantes.Diante disto, o trabalho teve objetivo de avaliar e caracterizar a emergência

A laranja ‘de Russas’ é uma variedade tradicional adaptada ao semiárido com potencial de atender o mercado de frutas de mesa. O trabalho avaliou o desenvolvimento de laranjeiras pés francos na fase vegetativa, comparando-as com clones BRS Russas sobre porta-enxertos, e na fase reprodutiva, utilizando quatro intervalos de idade para determinar a curva de crescimento. Analisaram-se a altura (H); diâmetros (DL e DR) e volume médio da copa (V3); diâmetro do caule (D) e razão de compatibilidade copa/porta-enxerto (IC). As laranjeiras pés francos apresentaram desenvolvimento vegetativo inferior ao dos clones BRS Russas na fase juvenil, indicando que a ausência da juvenilidade proporcionada pelo uso de mudas enxertadas, entre outros fatores, como a alta afinidade entre os clones e os porta-enxertos, pode ter favorecido a formação das copas dos clones, destacando-se o desenvolvimento do clone BRS Russas 04 sobre os citrandarins ‘Indio e San Diego’ diante dos estresses abióticos típicos do semiárido cearense. As laranjeiras pés francos em período produtivo apresentavam alto vigor, com predomínio de crescimento vertical, apesar de ganharem em diâmetro e volume de copa à medida que envelhecem e estabilizam a produção, permitindo a obtenção de produtividades mais elevadas e retorno econômico significativo na citricultura tradicional. Palavras-chave: agricultura familiar, citros, diversificação, melhoramento genético. DEVELOPMENT OF ORANGE TREES VARIETY 'RUSSAS' FEET FRANCS AND CLONES GRAFTED IN THE SEMIARID OF CEARÁ, BRAZIL ABSTRACT: The 'Russas' orange is a traditional variety adapted to the semiarid region with the potential to meet the fruit market. The study evaluated the development of ‘Russas’ orange feet francs in the vegetative stage, comparing them with clones BRS Russas on different rootstocks, and the reproductive stage, using four age intervals to determine the growth curve. We analyzed the height (H); diameters (DL and DR) and average volume of the canopy (V3); stem diameter (D) and reason of compatibility canopy/rootstock (IC). The orange feet francs presented below the vegetative development of the BRS Russas clones in juvenile phase, indicating that the absence of juvenility afforded by the use of grafted seedlings, among other factors, such as the high affinity between the clones and rootstocks, may have favored the formation of the canopies of the clones, highlighting the development of the BRS Russas 04 clone on the 'Indio and San Diego' citrandarins before the abiotic typical of semiarid. The orange feet francs in the productive period presented high force, with predominance of vertical growth, despite the gain in diameter and canopy volume as they grow older and stabilize production, allowing you to obtain higher yields and significant economic return in citriculture traditional. Keywords: family farming, citrus, diversification, genetic improvement.

This chapter is a review on citrus-producing areas in Brazil with emphasis on the tropical zone. Considering the degrees of latitude, the citrus industry can be classified into four major regions: (1) South, represented by the State of Rio Grande de Sul with temperate climate; (2) São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Paraná States in the central part of the country, where the major citrus-processing industries are established under subtropical conditions; (3) Amazon basin, the northern part of Brazil around the Equator; and (4) Northeast, the typical tropical region. For each region, data are presented as to the geographical position, climate and soils, area harvested production volume and yield. A strong climatic influence on fruit quality can be observed. There is a tendency for fruits to be smaller in size, but with a longer maturation and life periods on the trees, as they are produced at increasing distances from the equator.

The 'Russas' orange is a traditional variety adapted to the semiarid region with the potential to meet the fruit market. The study evaluated the development of aussas' orange feet francs in the vegetative stage, comparing them with clones BRS Russas on different rootstocks, and the reproductive stage, using four age intervals to determine the growth curve. We analyzed the height (H); diameters (DL and DR) and average volume of the canopy (V-3); stern diameter (D) and reason of compatibility canopy/rootstock (IC). The orange feet francs presented below the vegetative development of the BRS Russas clones in juvenile phase, indicating that the absence of juvenility afforded by the use of grafted seedlings, among other factors, such as the high affinity between the clones and rootstocks, may have favored the formation of the canopies of the clones, highlighting the development of the BRS Russas 04 clone on the 'Indio and San Diego' citrandarins before the abiotic typical of semiarid. The orange feet francs in the productive period presented high force, with predominance of vertical growth, despite the gain in diameter and canopy volume as they grow older and stabilize production, allowing you to obtain higher yields and significant economic return in citriculture traditional.

O cultivo de citros ainda apresenta como uma de suas vulnerabilidades a baixa diversificação de variedades-copas e porta-enxertos, como constata-se nos principais polos citrícolas, onde predominam as laranjas Pêra, Valência e Natal (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), geralmente, enxertadas sobre clones nucelares de limão Cravo (C. limonia Osbeck), que têm sido largamente recomendados por sua alta compatibilidade, e capacidade de inferir precocidade e produtividade à copa, além de resistência à seca e ao vírus causador da tristeza. Entretanto, o limão Cravo apresenta susceptibilidade aos fungos causadores da gomose (Phytophthora spp.) e da verrugose (Elsinoe fawcettii), ao declínio e a morte súbita dos citros (MSC), além de intolerância aos viróides da exocorte e xiloporose. Sendo assim, diversificar pode elevar a segurança da cadeia produtiva, assim como, disponibilizar uma maior variedade de frutos cítricos ao consumidor, e potencialmente, elevar a rentabilidade por unidade produtiva. Diante disto, o trabalho teve objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial de tangelo Page [C. clementina hort. ex Tanaka × (C. paradisi Macfad. × C. tangerina Tanaka)] e pomelo Flame (C. paradisi Mcf.) sobre diferentes porta-enxertos cítricos através de avaliações biométricas periódicas. As combinações entre tangelo Page e os citrandarins Indio e Riverside, e do pomelo Flame sobre tangerina Sunki tropical, e os citrandarins San Diego e Indio, tiveram os desenvolvimentos iniciais mais elevados, demonstrando vigor considerável diante das condições edafoclimáticas do semiárido cearense, diferindo estatisticamente das demais combinações para altura, diâmetro e volume de copa, com alta afinidade entre copa e porta-enxerto, sendo alternativas para diversificar o cultivo de citros em condições similares.

ABSTRACT To understand the production cycle of a particular cultivar in a given region, it is necessary to obtain information related to its phenology and the accumulated degree days. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the phenological cycle of citrus species grafted onto two rootstocks and grown in the Low-Middle Region of the São Francisco River Basin, in particular with respect to accumulated degree days. The experiment was conducted using ‘Rubi’ and ‘Pera D-12’ oranges and ‘Page’ mandarins. Two rootstocks were used, namely ‘Cravo’ and ‘Volkameriano’ lemon species that were drip irrigated in the Campo Experimental de Bebedouro, an experimental field owned by Embrapa Semiárido. ‘Page’ mandarins with ‘Cravo’ or ‘Volkameriano’ rootstocks exhibited a subperiod (0-10) of 183.32 and 181.24 days, respectively. Meanwhile, ‘Pera D-12’ and ‘Rubi’ oranges with ‘Cravo’ rootstocks had values of 249.57 and 178.58 days, respectively, while those with ‘Volkameriano’ rootstocks had values of 226.35 and 200.41 days, respectively. The accumulated degree days were measured from the initial sprouting to harvesting, which took place when the fruits presented a soluble solids/titratable acidity ratio equal to or greater than 12. ‘Page’ mandarins required 2,720 degree days, whereas ‘Pera D-12’ and ‘Rubi’ oranges required approximately 3,390 and 2,280 degree days, respectively. Finally, ‘Pera D-12’ and ‘Rubi’ oranges with either rootstock presented cycles characterized as mid-season and precocious, respectively, while ‘Page’ mandarins had precocious cycles.

Tahiti acid lime is the most cultivated lime tree in the Northeast region of Brazil. The present study aimed to investigate the initial development of CNPMF 01 Tahiti acid lime tree clones grafted on rootstocks in the semiarid region of Ceará. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design, using the nuclear clones CNPMF 01 Tahiti acid lime on different rootstocks, according to the treatments: T1 - Rangpur Santa Cruz lime lime; T2 - Sunki Tropical Tangerine; T3 - Citrandarin Indio; T4 - Citrandarin Riverside; T5 - Swingle Citrumelo. Four seedlings were transplanted per treatment, in a soil classified as Typical Orthic Hydromorphyc Vertisol (SiBCS), spaced 5 x 4 m. We evaluated the height (H), diameter between plants and between rows (Dl and Dr), using the data to calculate the average canopy volume (V3), and measured the diameter of the stem 5 cm above (D↑) and below (D↓) grafting, conducting biometric evaluations at 18, 24 and 30 months after transplantation. The treatments T1 and T4 showed the best results, reaching the following final values: height: T1 = 2.12 m and T4 = 2.12 m; diameter between plants: T1 = 3.53 m and T4 = 3.17 m; diameter between lines: T1 = 3.63 m and T4 = 3.17 m; canopy volume: T1 = 14.40 m3 and T4 = 11.29 m3; stem diameter (D↑ and D↓): T1 = 104.40 mm and 114.16 mm, T4 = 80.76 mm and 74.56 mm. The Citrandarin Riverside and Rangpur Santa Cruz lime rootstocks induced greater adaptation and vegetative development of the nuclear clone of CNPMF 01 Tahiti acid lime tree, as reported in the literature, while Swingle Citrumelo led to the lowest measures.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as caracteristicas fisicas de lima acida ?Tahiti? provenientes de diferentes cultivares de porta-enxerto.