The effects of short interval dynamic loading and unloading on yarn and fabric wicking performance were evaluated at different cyclic load ranges using the conventional extension-recovery method on a modified Instron Tensile Tester. This was based on the principle that during use, the constituent yarns in a fabric are continuously stressed and relaxed as the garment shape changes. Results showed that the straining forces generated between the filaments of the yarns resulted in spasmodic pumping of the liquid which was dependent on the yarn and fabric construction, contact between the yarns, volume of liquid in yarns, and duration of the force applied.

Subsidence problems that may constrain, add to the costs of, or delay development are widespread in England. Extensive sources of information are available, such as datasets held by the British Geological Survey and the Coal Authority, but are not always used fully in planning for development and determining planning applications. Planning Policy Guidance (PPG) Note 14 on instability was published in 1990 and later augmented by a specific Annex 2 on subsidence and planning. That guidance improved the consideration given to subsidence in planning but key advances tended to be focused on specific areas selected by Government for demonstration projects and a major derelict land reclamation initiative. Elsewhere, implementation has been patchy. Although subsidence issues tended to be taken into account in areas of extensive past underground mining, appreciation of the issues has been more difficult to establish where potential subsidence relates to isolated mining or natural underground cavities. Recent reform of the planning system has led to continuing replacement of PPGs by a new series of Planning Policy Statements (PPSs). There are currently no plans to bring PPG 14 or its annexes into a PPS format and, therefore, a risk that it will gradually be forgotten and that good planning responses to subsidence may decline. Sustainability appraisal of spatial plans and environmental impact assessments of development proposals could help to ensure that this important issue is not overlooked, but existing guidance on assessments does not refer explicitly to subsidence.

In view of the interest in wicking as an alleged comfort feature for active and leisure wear an analysis of the wicking and liquid retention properties of nylon 6.6 continuous and textured filament yarns commonly used for lightweight high performance woven fabrics was carried out taking into consideration the effects of yarn structure and static tension. The yarn wicking performance was significantly affected by the tension applied and the twist inserted. The heterogeneity of pore size, shape and orientation affected the penetration of the liquid into the yarn structure and hence its liquid retention properties as exhibited by the textured continuous filament yarns. Microscopic examination of the yarns showed unsaturated, saturated and dry zones.

One hundred and seventy-eight colostrum samples from 90 mares were evaluated for adequate IgG content (≥ 3800 mg/dl) using the GAMMA-CHECK-C test. A positive test is based on the ability of glutaraldehyde to react with gammaglobulin to form a solid clot. When the GAMMA-CHECK-C test was compared to colostral IgG values of ≥ or < 3800 mg/dl obtained by radial immunodiffusion and to a colostral specific gravity of ≥ or < 1.060 as measured by a colostrometer, the positive predictive value was 100% and 98.2% and the negative predictive value 88.9% and 95.7%, respectively. In this population of mares 11/80 had pre-suckle colostral IgG levels of < 3800 mg/dl. Three foals suckling colostrum positive to the GAMMA-CHECK-C test (IgG ≥ 3800 mg/dl) showed high levels of IgG as early as 3 hr post-suckle (740, 810 and 1400 mg/dl). One foal suckling colostrum negative to the GAMMA-CHECK-C test, who received no supplemental colostrum, had an IgG < 400 mg/dl at 24 hr of age. GAMMA-CHECK-C is a quick, easy and economical field test for the semi-quantitative determination of colostral IgG.

Newborn calves rely on the passive transfer of immunoglobulins from the cow via the colostrum. There is a significant correlation between early mortality and serum immunoglobulin content. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Gamma Check B field kit for detecting neonatal immunoglobulin in whole blood of dairy calves. This was done by comparing sample measurements of immunoglobulin (IgG) levels taken with the Gamma Check B kit and measurements taken by refractometer and by radial immunodiffusion.

Abandoned limestone mines in the West Midlands of England present a risk of subsidence to urban areas. Over £25M has been spent in the last 7 years on investigation, monitoring and mine infilling. The role of the independent Black Country Limestone Advisory Panel in advising the Secretary of State for the Environment has been crucial in developing the necessary strategy for action.

A Department of the Environment sponsored review of the stability and hydrogeology of deep quarries has shown that current geotechnical practice in the extractive industry ranges from good to non-existent. A similar state of understanding of geotechnical matters existed amongst Mineral Planning Authorities (MPAs). Some statutory bodies were much concerned with the variability of information supplied to them by MPAs with which they had to assess the short and long term security of their structures and services. The use of standoffs and clearances around the quarries is unreliable since each quarry has unique ground conditions. Consequently, guidelines have been prepared for the investigation of slope stability at quarry boundaries and to cover the inspection and assessment of existing quarry slopes. These guidelines seek to identify the steps that should be followed when designing and examining slopes.The information to be collected is noted, together with the presentation of the findings and the specifications of slope designs. An inspection report form which could be used in conjunction with statutory daily inspections, is presented. The authors hope that the guidelines will be used, and will form the basis for good practice within the extractive industry, and that MPAs will seek stability reports, prepared according to the guidelines, when there is justifiable concern about the long term security of neighbouring land.

Abstract There are many competing requirements for the use of land in the densely populated British Isles. Options are constrained by existing development, economics, the need to safeguard the environment and to reclaim damaged land, and the pressure for urban renewal. Land use planners attempt to balance the various issues and requirements and to identify the best possible solution. Geology, geotechnics, geomorphology, hydrogeology and related sciences can provide essential information on additional constraints to development (such as land instability, poor foundation conditions, active erosion and deposition, likelihood of land or water contamination, flooding and seismicity) and resources for development (including mineral and water resources, usable underground space and good foundation conditions). Recognition of these factors permits safer, more cost-effective planning and development and allows rational decisions to be taken on the exploitation or sterilization of the Earth’s resources. However, few planners and administrators have any training in these relevant sciences. Thematic geology mapping provides an important means of communicating facts and interpretations to planners but only if the results are presented in ways which can be readily understood and appreciated by non-specialists. The communication gap can only be bridged if earth scientists and planners cooperate in designing methods of map presentation.

Equine Veterinary JournalVolume 15, Issue S2 p. 135-137 Use of an indwelling nasolacrimal cannula for the administration of medication to the eye D. BROOK, D. BROOK 20515 Covina Hills Road, Covina, California 91724, USASearch for more papers by this author D. BROOK, D. BROOK 20515 Covina Hills Road, Covina, California 91724, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: November 1983 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1983.tb04577.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume15, IssueS2November 1983Pages 135-137 RelatedInformation

Journal Article An approach to the probability distribution of cusum run length Get access D. BROOK, D. BROOK University of Newcastle upon Tyne Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar D. A. EVANS D. A. EVANS University of Newcastle upon Tyne Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Biometrika, Volume 59, Issue 3, December 1972, Pages 539–549, https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/59.3.539 Published: 01 December 1972 Article history Received: 01 September 1971 Revision received: 01 May 1972 Published: 01 December 1972

On the distinction between the conditional probability and the joint probability approaches in the specification of nearest-neighbour systems Get access D. BROOK D. BROOK Statistical Laboratory, University of Manchester Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Biometrika, Volume 51, Issue 3-4, December 1964, Pages 481–483, https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/51.3-4.481 Published: 01 December 1964