In order to accurately assess aggregate exposure to a fragrance material in consumers, data are needed on consumer habits and practices, as well as the concentration of the fragrance material in those products. The present study describes the development of Phase 2 Creme RIFM model by expanding the previously developed Phase 1 model to include an additional six product types. Using subject-matching algorithms, the subjects in the Phase 1 Creme RIFM database were paired with subjects in the SUPERB and BodyCare surveys based on age and gender. Consumption of the additional products was simulated to create a seven day diary allowing full data integration in a consistent format.The inhalation route was also included for air care and other products where a fraction of product used is inhaled, derived from the RIFM 2-box model. The expansion of the Phase 1 Creme RIFM model has resulted in a more extensive and refined model, which covers a broader range of product categories and now, includes all relevant routes of exposure. An evaluation of the performance of the model has been carried out in an accompanying publication to this one.

As part of a joint project between the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM) and Creme Global, a Monte Carlo model (here named the Creme RIFM model) has been developed to estimate consumer exposure to ingredients in personal care products. Details of the model produced in Phase 1 of the project have already been published. Further data on habits and practises have been collected which enable the model to estimate consumer exposure from dermal, oral and inhalation routes for 25 product types.. In addition, more accurate concentration data have been obtained which allow levels of fragrance ingredients in these product types to be modelled. Described is the use of this expanded model to estimate aggregate systemic exposure for eight fragrance ingredients. Results are shown for simulated systemic exposure (expressed as mu g/kg bw/day) for each fragrance ingredient in each product type, along with simulated aggregate exposure. Highest fragrance exposure generally occurred from use of body lotions, body sprays and hydroalcoholic products. For the fragrances investigated, aggregate exposure calculated using this model was 11.5-25 fold lower than that calculated using deterministic methodology. The Creme RIFM model offers a very comprehensive and powerful tool for estimating aggregate exposure to fragrance ingredients. (C) 2017 Published by Elsevier Inc.

Ensuring the toxicological safety of fragrance ingredients used in personal care and cosmetic products is essential in product development and design, as well as in the regulatory compliance of the products. This requires an accurate estimation of consumer exposure which, in turn, requires an understanding of consumer habits and use of products. Where ingredients are used in multiple product types, it is important to take account of aggregate exposure in consumers using these products. This publication investigates the use of a newly developed probabilistic model, the Creme RIFM model, to estimate aggregate exposure to fragrance ingredients using the example of 2-phenylethanol (PEA). The output shown demonstrates the utility of the model in determining systemic and dermal exposure to fragrances from individual products, and aggregate exposure. The model provides valuable information not only for risk assessment, but also for risk management. It should be noted that data on the concentrations of PEA in products used in this article were obtained from limited sources and not the standard, industry wide surveys typically employed by the fragrance industry and are thus presented here to illustrate the output and utility of the newly developed model. They should not be considered an accurate representation of actual exposure to PEA.

Exposure of fragrance ingredients in cosmetics and personal care products to the population can be determined by way of a detailed and robust survey. The frequency and combinations of products used at specific times during the day will allow the estimation of aggregate exposure for an individual consumer, and to the sample population. In the present study, habits and practices of personal care and cosmetic products have been obtained from market research data for 36,446 subjects across European countries and the United States in order to determine the exposure to fragrance ingredients. Each subject logged their product uses, time of day and body application sites in an online diary for seven consecutive days. The survey data did not contain information on the amount of product used per occasion or body measurements, such as weight and skin surface area. Nevertheless, this was found from the literature where the likely amount of product used per occasion or body measurement could be probabilistically chosen from distributions of data based on subject demographics. The daily aggregate applied consumer product exposure was estimated based on each subject's frequency of product use, and Monte Carlo simulations of their likely product amount per use and body measurements. Statistical analyses of the habits and practices and consumer product exposure are presented, which show the robustness of the data and the ability to estimate aggregate consumer product exposure. Consequently, the data and modelling methods presented show potential as a means of performing ingredient safety assessments for personal care and cosmetics products.

Intramedullary (IM) nails are commonly used in the fixation of long bone fractures such as fractures of the femur and tibia. They are commonly hollow, rigid rods made from 316L steel or titanium alloys. Static locked IM nails which ensure that both ends of the long bone do not move relative to each other have traditionally been used, however, recent research suggests that such rigid bone-nail constructs do not provide optimal conditions for bone healing. Dynamic fixation allows the bone fragments to move a prescribed distance relative to each other, thus causing micro-motions at the fracture site and stimulating healing via callus formation. This paper describes the development and proof of concept of a new dynamic IM nail, incorporating an internal mechanism which allows for a tailored micro-motion at the fracture site. In vitro bench testing using synthetic composite bones (Sawbones, USA) was carried out to compare the performance of the new device with standard IM nails under compression, four-point bending and torsional loads. It was found that the dynamic implant performed well in comparison the standard nail and provided the required micro motion at the fracture site.

Food consumption data are a key element of EFSA's risk assessment activities, forming the basis of dietary exposure assessment at the European level. In 2011, EFSA released the Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database, gathering consumption data from 34 national surveys representing 66,492 individuals from 22 European Union member states. Due to the different methodologies used, national survey data cannot be combined to generate European estimates of dietary exposure. This study was executed to assess how existing consumption data and the representativeness of dietary exposure and risk estimates at the European Union level can be improved by developing a 'Compiled European Food Consumption Database'. To create the database, the usual intake distributions of 589 food items representing the total diet were estimated for 36 clusters composed of subjects belonging to the same age class, gender and having a similar diet. An adapted form of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) method was used for this, with a number of important modifications. Season, body weight and whether or not the food was consumed at the weekend were used to predict the probability of consumption. A gamma distribution was found to be more suitable for modelling the distribution of food amounts in the different food groups instead of a normal distribution. These distributions were combined with food correlation matrices according to the Iman-Conover method in order to simulate 28 days of consumption for 40,000 simulated individuals. The simulated data were validated by comparing the consumption statistics of the simulated individuals and food groups with the same statistics estimated from the Comprehensive Database. The opportunities and limitations of using the simulated database for exposure assessments are described.

It is proposed that the external asymmetric formation of callus tissues that forms naturally about an oblique bone fracture can be predicted computationally. We present an analysis of callus formation for two cases of bone fracture healing: idealised and subject-specific oblique bone fractures. Plane strain finite element (FE) models of the oblique fractures were generated to calculate the compressive strain field experienced by the immature callus tissues due to interfragmentary motion. The external formations of the calluses were phenomenologically simulated using an optimisation style algorithm that iteratively removes tissue that experiences low strains from a large domain. The resultant simulated spatial formation of the healing tissues for the two bone fracture cases showed that the calluses tended to form at an angle equivalent to the angle of the oblique fracture line. The computational results qualitatively correlated with the callus formations found in vivo. Consequently, the proposed methods show potential as a means of predicting callus formation in pre-clinical testing.

Veterinary RecordVolume 172, Issue 3 p. 71-71 Research Carbon composition analysis of 12 selected stainless steel veterinary orthopaedic implants: a preliminary report W. McCartney MVB, Dipl (ECVS), DSAS(Orth), PhD, MRCVS, W. McCartney MVB, Dipl (ECVS), DSAS(Orth), PhD, MRCVS NOAH, 38 Warrenhouse Road, Baldoyle, Dublin 13, Republic of Ireland School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9 Republic of IrelandSearch for more papers by this authorA. Liegey BSc, A. Liegey BSc NOAH, 38 Warrenhouse Road, Baldoyle, Dublin 13, Republic of IrelandSearch for more papers by this authorB. MacDonald BEng, MSc, PhD, CEng, B. MacDonald BEng, MSc, PhD, CEng School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9 Republic of IrelandSearch for more papers by this authorD. Comiskey BEng PhD, D. Comiskey BEng PhD School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9 Republic of IrelandSearch for more papers by this authorE. Galvin BEng MSc, E. Galvin BEng MSc School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9 Republic of IrelandSearch for more papers by this author W. McCartney MVB, Dipl (ECVS), DSAS(Orth), PhD, MRCVS, W. McCartney MVB, Dipl (ECVS), DSAS(Orth), PhD, MRCVS NOAH, 38 Warrenhouse Road, Baldoyle, Dublin 13, Republic of Ireland School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9 Republic of IrelandSearch for more papers by this authorA. Liegey BSc, A. Liegey BSc NOAH, 38 Warrenhouse Road, Baldoyle, Dublin 13, Republic of IrelandSearch for more papers by this authorB. MacDonald BEng, MSc, PhD, CEng, B. MacDonald BEng, MSc, PhD, CEng School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9 Republic of IrelandSearch for more papers by this authorD. Comiskey BEng PhD, D. Comiskey BEng PhD School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9 Republic of IrelandSearch for more papers by this authorE. Galvin BEng MSc, E. Galvin BEng MSc School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, 9 Republic of IrelandSearch for more papers by this author First published: 19 January 2013 https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.101257Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume172, Issue3January 2013Pages 71-71 RelatedInformation

Tuberosity Advancement (TTA) is an operation to repair cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs. A review of previously unsuccessful TTA procedures was undertaken in an attempt to characterise the nature of bone failure. The x-rays demonstrated that failure of the advanced tibial tuberosity normally occurred in the gap between the cage/ screw and fork/plate. A finite element model of a tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) was constructed and three different tension band plate (TBP) placement strategies were examined. In each of the three case studies, the distance between the cage hole and the top hole of the TBP was varied. The finding suggests that the cage hole may be a stress raiser, particularly when the TBP fork is mounted below the level of the cage hole.

A finite element analysis was carried out to determine the optimal plate placement for pantarsal arthodesis. Three different plate placement scenarios were considered: cranial, lateral, and caudal. Under similar loading conditions, the finite element results showed that the cranial and lateral plates experienced stresses surrounding the metatarsal screws which may indicate screw loosening or failure. High stress concentrations were also noticed in both plates at the tarsocrural joint. In comparison, the caudal placed plate showed much lower stress levels, which suggests that this is the optimal plate position. Four dogs weighing in excess of 25Kg subsequently underwent pantarsal arthrodesis using a caudal plating technique. Successful arthrodesis occurred in all cases. The results of this study suggest that a caudal plate position is the preferable option in pantarsal arthodesis and warrants further investigation.

Summary A retrospective study of 25 cases of sacroiliac separation showed that transilial pinning is an effective method of repair for sacroiliac separations. Only 8% of cases of sacroiliac separation had transilial pinning as the sole surgical intervention as other concomitant minor injuries, such as fractured ischium or pubis, did not require surgery. Even though pin loosening and migration along with local soft tissue irritation occurred in all cases, 92% of the cases had ‘good’ or ‘excellent’ outcomes. Sacroiliac separation heals by fibrosis, not directly by bone healing, and therefore can heal sufficiently in four weeks to allow pain free weight bearing in four weeks. Additionally, finite element modelling was undertaken to analyse micro-movement of repaired sacroiliac separations. The micro-motion analysis showed that the lag screw fixation method was more stable than the transilial fixation method since the relative motion between the two indicated that the latter allowed more unsupported iliac movement.