The Cryogenics Division of the National Bureau of Standards is completing a ten-year experimental program on the properties of compressed gaseous and liquid parahydrogen. During the course of this program measurements have been made of PVT, specific heat, sound velocity, dielectric constant, refractive index, and viscosity coefficient at temperatures between 14 and 100°K and at pressures to 35 MN/m2. The thermal conductivity apparatus was designed by R. L. Powell and W. J. Hall H. M. Roder tested the apparatus by making several hundred thermal conductivity measurements on 4He gas, at temperatures between 20 and 282°K at pressures to 5 MN/m2 [1]. Helium was chosen because of its simple structure and because thermal conductivity and viscosity measurements in the temperature and pressure range of interest had been published previously. In 1968 several further improvements on the apparatus were made and 250 new measurements on the gaseous and liquid phases of normal and parahydrogen are now available. These measurements were made at temperatures between 17 and 200°K at pressures up to 10 MN/m2.

The refractive index of liquid deuterium is often required for the analysis of data obtained from high-energy physics experiments which use bubble chambers containing this liquid as a radiating medium. Until recently no measurements of the refractive index of liquid deuterium had been published. Ayres et al. [1] have recently-determined a single value for the refractive index of the saturated liquid at 24.2° K at a radiation wavelength of 3200 Å. This paper describes a method which can be used to compute accurate refractive index values for deuterium throughout a wide range of temperatures, densities, and wavelengths. A few representative values of the refractive index of saturated liquid deuterium are presented for illustration.

The shear viscosities of saturated and compressed fluid 1-chloro-l,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (R124) and pentafluoroethane (R125) have been measured with two torsional crystal viscometers at temperatures between 120 and 420 K and at pressures up to 50 MPa. At small molar volumes, the fluidity (reciprocal viscosity) increases linearly with molar volume at fixed temperature and weakly with temperature at fixed volume. We have described this behavior with simple empirical equations and have compared the data of Shankland and of Ripple with them. The data of Ripple are in good agreement with our data for both fluids.

The shear viscosity coefficient of compressed liquid air has been measured at temperatures between 70 and 130 K and at pressures up to 30 MPa with a torsional crystal viscometer. The fluidity (viscosity-1) increases linearly with molar volume at fixed temperature and increases weakly with temperature at fixed volume. The data have been correlated with an empirical fluidity - volume equation. The data are in good agreement with an extended corresponding states model, except at the highest densities.

A torsional piezoelectric crystal viscometer for compressed gases and liquids at temperatures to 600 K and a pressures to 70 MPa has been developed. Several torsional crystals were prepared from swept (electrolyzed) quartz to obtain a good performance at high temperatures. Measurements of the bandwidth of the crystal resonance curve were automated using an impedance analyzer. The viscometer was tested on compressed gaseous argon and methane at temperatures to 500 K and at pressures to 50 MPa. The measurements differ from accurate wide-range correlating equations by less than 2%.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMeasurements of the viscosities of compressed fluid and liquid carbon dioxide + ethane mixturesDwain E. Diller, Lambert J. Van Poolen, and Fernando V. Dos SantosCite this: J. Chem. Eng. Data 1988, 33, 4, 460–464Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1988https://doi.org/10.1021/je00054a020RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views124Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (410 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts

This Paper is a status report for viscosity and thermal conductivity data and correlations for pure fluids and fluid mixtures encountered in cryogenic process technology. Recommended correlations or tables of values are identified for each fluid. Specific data needs for future work are reported. Also presented are brief descriptions of the experimental techniques for viscosity and thermal conductivity measurements along with estimates of the associated experimental uncertainties.

The shear viscosity coefficients of compressed gaseous and liquid carbon dioxide hav been measured with the torsional piezoelectric crystal method at temperatures between 220 and 320 K and at pressures to 30 MPa. The dependencies of the viscosity on pressure, density, and temperature and the dependencies of the fluidity (inverse viscosity) on molar volume and temperature have been examined. The measurements on the compressed liquid were correlated with a modified Hildebrand equation.

The shear viscosity coefficients of saturated and compressed liquid normal butane and isobutane have been measured with the torsional piezoelectric crystal method at temperatures beween 115 and 300 K and at pressures to 30 MPa. The measurements have been correlated with a modified Hildebrand equation. The experimental error is estimated to be smaller than 3%. The measurements of normal butane and isobutane have been compared with a global extended corresponding states model and with each other. Differences between measured and calculated viscosities are discussed.

The shear viscosity coefficient of compressed gaseous and liquid ethane has been measured at temperatures between 95 and 320 K and at pressures up to 30 MPa (4350 psia) with a torsionally oscillating quartz crystal viscometer. The estimated precision and accuracy of the measurements are about 1 percent and 2 percent respectively. The measurements have been compared with an equation previously proposed for calculating the viscosity of gaseous and liquid ethane. Differences between the equation and the measurements reported here are less than 6 percent. The largest differences are found at low temperatures and high pressures, and along a supercritical isotherm at 320 K (T≈1.05 Tc).

The results of (p, V, T) measurements on 3 gravimetrically prepared mixtures of nitrogen + methane are reported. Results were obtained on a mixture with mole fraction x ≈ 0.5 along 24 isochores at densities from about 8 mol dm−3 to over 28 mol dm−3 and at pressures to over 30 MPa. Results were also obtained along 6 selected isochores for each of 2 mixtures of nominally (0.3N2 + 0.7CH4) and (0.7N2 + 0.3CH4). The temperatures ranged from about 75 to over 300 K at pressures to over 30 MPa.

The objectives are the determination of comprehensive accurate thermophysical properties data and predictive calculation methods for the major pure components (methane, ethane, propane, butanes, and nitrogen) and selected mixtures of liquefied natural gas and hydrocarbon mixtures at temperatures between 80 K and 320 K and at pressures up to 35 MPa (5000 psi).

This report gives accurate interpolation functions for the Clausius-Mossotti functions (molar polarizabilities) of pure compressed gaseous and liquid methane, ethane, propane, butanes and nitrogen; and suggests a method for calculating the dielectric constants or the densities of their mixtures. The accuracy of calculated Clausius-Mossotti functions for mixtures containing a high concentration of methane is expected to be better than 1% using only data for the pure components. Additional data for the dependence of the excess Clausius-Mossotti fuction on composition could reduce the uncertainty in Clausius-Mossotti functions for multicomponent mixtures to less than 0.2%.

This paper examines the wide-range temperature and density dependences of the specific heats (Cv) of a number of simple fluids (helium, neon, argon, krypton, parahydrogen, oxygen, and fluorine). The temperature range between the triple point and 2Tc at densities up to 3pc is emphasized. The behaviour of the internal specific heats of the classical monatomic fluids is compared with that of the diatomic and quantum fluids and with internal specific heats derived from molecular dynamics calculations. This comparison shows that (to a first approximation) the internal specific heats of classical monatomic fluids depend only on the intermolecular pair potential energy.

This paper discusses the experimental information on the transport properties of dense simple fluids with emphasis on the compressed and saturated liquid states. Similarities and differences in the wide range density and temperature dependencies of the viscosity and thermal conductivity coefficients are summarized. The excess transport properties of argon, helium, hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide are graphically compared in the same reduced density and temperature ranges.

The thermal conductivity of gaseous and liquid hydrogen has been measured with a guarded horizontal flat-plate calorimeter at temperatures between 17 and 200°K and at pressures to 15 MN/m2. The data have been analyzed as a function of density at fixed temperatures and as a function of temperature at fixed densities. Outside the critical region the thermal conductivity of both the gas and the liquid increases continuously with temperature and density. In the compressed liquid the temperature derivative at fixed density is positive and unusually large compared to that for most other simple liquids. In the critical region the thermal conductivity increases rapidly with both temperature and density as these parameters approach their critical values. The thermal conductivity of the dilute gas is consistent with the kinetic theory expression, K0(T) = fME(T)Cυ0(T)η0(T) / M, and the dilute gas viscosities to better than 3%.