The growing demand for sustainable food sources has prompted the exploration of alternative marine resources. This study investigated the fatty acid profiles of cultivated Ciona intestinalis, a tunicate species with commercial potential. Three sample types were analysed; unprocessed whole tunicate (UWT), industrially pressed tunicate (PT), and pressed and heat-treated tunicate (PHT). Lipid content ranged from 1.74% to 2.91% of ash-free dry weight, with omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) making up approximately 50% of total fatty acids. The proportions of EPA in the UWT, PT and PHT samples were 27.13%, 30.43% and 29.28%, respectively, while the corresponding DHA contents were 26.66%, 20.34% and 18.81%. All samples exhibited low n-6/n-3 ratios (0.11-0.16) and favourable atherogenicity (0.16-0.21) and thrombogenicity indices (0.06-0.08). The similarity in profiles across samples suggests high compositional stability, highlighting C. intestinalis as a nutritionally rich and suitable marine food and feed resource.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to comprehensively analyze lipid classes after in vitro digestion of high‐fat commercial dairy products. The research focused on the fatty acid (FA) profiles of triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols (MAG), free FA (FFA), and polar lipids of digested full‐fat cream, full‐fat sour cream, cream cheese, and a Gouda‐type cheese. We employed the INFOGEST 2.0 digestion model. The isolated lipids were fractionated by solid‐phase extraction, and the FA profile of each fraction was analyzed using GC–MS. The digested dairy products revealed similar results for the relative amounts of the analyzed lipid classes. However, the cream digest had a significantly lower amount of MAG than the other products. Furthermore, the proportion of individual FAs and FA groups in the lipid classes was found to vary significantly between the digested dairy products. The replicates of cream cheese and sour cream showed a homogenous lipid digestion, whereas the lipid classes after digestion of cream and the Gouda‐type cheese were more diverse. This could be due to differences in product pH and protein and calcium content. Practical Applications : The findings of our study indicate the importance of considering lipid classes other than FFA, as well as the FA composition of these, when studying the lipid digestion of different dairy products. This is especially true for MAG, which is absorbed in the intestine along with FFA. The observed differences in the lipid profile of the digested dairy matrices explored in our study demonstrate that product pH, homogenization, texture, and calcium and protein content could impact lipid bioaccessibility, which could potentially have physiological implications. These factors should, therefore, be assessed in relation to lipid digestion.

It is generally agreed that sn-1 and sn-3 fatty acids (FA) are released from triacylglycerols (TAG) during digestion, while sn-2 FAs remain attached to the glycerol backbone to form sn-2 monoacylglycerols (MAG). Isomerisation of diacylglycerols (DAG) and MAGs, in which the sn-2 FA migrates to the sn-1 or sn-3 position, can lead to the release of the sn-2 FA by pancreatic lipase, resulting in the formation of free glycerol. The main objective of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of the degree of DAG and MAG isomerisation, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis during in vitro digestion of a model system and milk. The digestion of TAG-C14:0/C18:1n-9cis9/C14:0 demonstrated that 25.8 mol % of the sn-2 FA, C18:1n-9cis9, was hydrolysed during digestion. Milk digestion yielded a significantly higher proportion of free FAs and a lower proportion of MAGs than predicted if only sn-1 and sn-3 FAs from TAGs were released. In addition, our results showed a 10 % formation of free glycerol during digestion, which means full hydrolysis of TAGs occurred. The estimated degree of acyl migration was highest for C12:0 (33 mol %) and implied a greater extent of acyl migration for medium-chained and unsaturated FAs than for longer-chained and saturated FAs.

This research paper addresses the hypothesis that substituting soybean meal with locally produced yeast protein from Cyberlindnera jadinii in barley-based concentrates for Norwegian Red (NR) dairy cows does not have adverse effects on milk fatty acid (FA) composition, rumen microbiota and sensory quality of milk. As soybeans also represent valuable protein sources for human consumption, alternative protein sources need to be investigated for animal feed. A total of 48 NR dairy cows were allocated into three feeding treatments, with the same basal diet of grass silage, but different concentrates. The concentrates were all based on barley, but 7% of the barley in the barley-concentrate (BAR; negative control) was replaced by either soybean meal (SBM; conventional control) or yeast microbial protein (YEA). The experiment lasted for a total of 10 weeks, including 2 weeks of adaptation with the soybean meal concentrate. Analysis of the feed revealed some differences in the FA composition of the YEA concentrate compared to the SBM and BAR concentrates. In milk, only two FAs (C17:1n-8cis9 and an unidentified isomer of C18:3) were significantly different between the YEA- and SBM-group, while six FAs differed between the BAR- and SBM-group. However, the amount of these FAs was low compared to the entire FA profile (<0.7 g/100 g). The experimental diets did not affect rumen microbiota nor the milk sensory quality. This study shows that C. jadinii can replace soybean meal as a protein source in concentrates (7% inclusion) for NR dairy cows fed a diet composed of grass silage and concentrates without any effects on rumen microbiota, and without compromising the FA composition or sensory quality of milk.

A novel method using DI-ESI-MS to efficiently identify and quantify oxifunctionalized lignin monomers, advancing UPO-catalyzed lignin valorization.

Temperature significantly impacts bacterial physiology, metabolism, and cell chemistry. In this study, we analyzed lipids and total cellular biochemical profile of seventy-four fast-growing Antarctic bacteria grown at different temperatures. Fatty acid diversity and temperature-induced alterations aligned with bacterial classification - Gram-groups, phylum, genus, and species. Total lipid content, varied from 4% to 19% of cell dry weight, was genus- and species-specific. Most bacteria increased lipid content at lower temperatures. The effect of temperature on the profile was complex and more specie-specific, while some common for all bacteria responses were recorded. Gram-negative bacteria adjusted unsaturation and acyl chain length. Gram-positive bacteria adjusted methyl branching (anteiso-/iso-), chain length, and unsaturation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed Gram-, genus-, and specie-specific changes in the total cellular biochemical profile triggered by temperature fluctuations. The most significant temperature related alterations detected on all taxonomy levels were recorded for mixed region 1500-900 cm-1, specifically the band at 1083 cm−1 related to phosphodiester groups mainly from phospholipids (for Gram-negative bacteria) and teichoic /lipoteichoic acids (for Gram-positive bacteria). Some changes in protein region were detected for few genera, while lipid region remained relatively stable despite the temperature fluctuations.

Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) catalyze oxidative cleavage of crystalline polysaccharides such as cellulose and are crucial for the conversion of plant biomass in Nature and in industrial applications. Sunlight promotes microbial conversion of plant litter; this effect has been attributed to photochemical degradation of lignin, a major redox-active component of secondary plant cell walls that limits enzyme access to the cell wall carbohydrates. Here, we show that exposing lignin to visible light facilitates cellulose solubilization by promoting formation of H2O2 that fuels LPMO catalysis. Light-driven H2O2 formation is accompanied by oxidation of ring-conjugated olefins in the lignin, while LPMO-catalyzed oxidation of phenolic hydroxyls leads to the required priming reduction of the enzyme. The discovery that light-driven abiotic reactions in Nature can fuel H2O2-dependent redox enzymes involved in deconstructing lignocellulose may offer opportunities for bioprocessing and provides an enzymatic explanation for the known effect of visible light on biomass conversion.

Abstract The fatty acid profiles of wild and farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and salmon feed was elucidated and quantitated. Due to the increasing proportion of vegetable oils in salmon feed, it was of interest to evaluate the effects on the farmed salmon fatty acid profile. There was found to be four times more fat in the muscle in farmed compared to wild salmon, 8.97 ± 0.63% and 2.14 ± 0.32%, respectively. The contents of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 15.0%, 55.4%, and 29.6%, respectively, in farmed salmon, while 26.3%, 47.4%, and 26.3% in wild salmon. The lipids were also fractioned into neutral lipids, free fatty acids, and polar lipids by solid‐phase extraction. Both wild and farmed salmon contained approximately equal amount of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid with 520 and 523 mg/100 g fish muscle, respectively. The salmons of both kinds were evaluated from a health perspective by discussing the contents of n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acids, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids together with nutritional quality indices. In conjunction with a lower fat intake by consumption, the wild Atlantic salmon displayed the most nutritionally beneficial profile.

Laminaria hyperborea (Gunnerus) Foslie 1885 is a seaweed native to the North Atlantic, which is utilized in the production of alginate. Its potential as a source of bioactive lipids remains unexplored. In this study, mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDG and DGDG) were identified in stipe and blade from L. hyperborea for the first time. Samples were harvested off the west coast of Norway in May 2018. Lipids were extracted with chloroform:methanol (2:1, v/v) and fractionated using solid phase extraction, whereupon the fatty acid content was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The fatty acid profile was used to predict the mass of the glyceroglycolipids. A total of 103 and 161 molecular species of MGDG, and 66 and 136 molecular species of DGDG were identified in blade and stipe, respectively, by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The most abundant molecular species were identified from the total ion chromatograms. According to these, MGDG(20:5/18:4, 18:4/18:4, 16:0/18:1, 14:0/18:2, 14:0/18:1) and DGDG(20:5/18:4, 16:0/18:1, 14:0/18:1) were the most abundant in blade. On the other hand, in stipe, the most abundant molecular species were MGDG (14:0/18:2, 14:0/18:1, 16:0/18:1) and DGDG (14:0/18:1). The purpose of this study is to highlight the potential application of L. hyperborea in a biotechnological context.

Background Oleaginous filamentous fungi can accumulate large amount of cellular lipids and potentially serve as a major source of oleochemicals for food, feed, chemical, pharmaceutical, and transport industries. Transesterification of microbial oils is an essential step in microbial lipid production at both laboratory and industrial scale. Direct transesterification can considerably reduce costs, increase sample throughput and improve lipid yields (in particular fatty acid methyl esters, FAMEs). There is a need for the assessment of the direct transesterification methods on a biomass of filamentous fungi due to their unique properties, specifically resilient cell wall and wide range of lipid content and composition. In this study we have evaluated and optimised three common direct transesterification methods and assessed their suitability for processing of fungal biomass. Results The methods, based on hydrochloric acid (Lewis method), sulphuric acid (Wahlen method), and acetyl chloride (Lepage method), were evaluated on six different strains of Mucoromycota fungi by using different internal standards for gas chromatography measurements. Moreover, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used for the detection of residual lipids in the biomass after the transesterification reaction/extraction, while transesterification efficiency was evaluated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results show that the majority of lipids, in particular triglycerides, were extracted for all methods, though several methods had substandard transesterification yields. Lewis method, optimised with respect to solvent to co-solvent ratio and reaction time, as well as Lepage method, offer precise estimate of FAME-based lipids in fungal biomass. Conclusions The results show that Lepage and Lewis methods are suitable for lipid analysis of oleaginous filamentous fungi. The significant difference in lipid yields results, obtained by optimised and standard Lewis methods, indicates that some of the previously reported lipid yields for oleaginous filamentous fungi must be corrected upwards. The study demonstrates value of biomass monitoring by FTIR, importance of optimal solvent to co-solvent ratio, as well as careful selection and implementation of internal standards for gas chromatography.

OBJECTIVE:This study investigated and compared the chemical composition, cholesterol content, fatty acid (FA), and amino acid (AA) profiles of doi and rasomalai made from buffalo milk. MATERIALS AND METHODS:Bangladesh Agricultural University Dairy Farm, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh was the source of raw buffalo milk. Then, doi and rasomalai were produced and analyzed. Prior to the production of doi and rasomalai, the gross composition and AAs of milk were evaluated. Milk and dairy products were evaluated for gross composition using an automated milk analyzer and the Association of Agricultural Chemists techniques, respectively. At the Bangladesh Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh, the cholesterol, FA, and AA levels of doi and rasomalai were determined. Additionally, atherogenic and thrombogenic indices were determined using established equations. RESULTS:The results indicated that the majority of the proximate components were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in rasomalai than in doi. Rasomalai had 3.64 mg more cholesterol (p > 0.05) than doi. The FA profile was identical across doi and rasomalai with the exception of oleic acid (C18:1cis-9), which was 1.50% greater (p < 0.05) in rasomalai. The atherogenicity index was found to be statistically higher in doi than in rasomalai (p > 0.05). Similarly, the thrombogenic index was found to be significantly higher (p > 0.05) in doi (1.98) when compared to the rasomalai (1.92). The concentrations of all AAs were found to be quantitatively higher in doi than in rasomalai (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION:The conclusion is that buffalo milk rasomalai appears to have a higher nutritional density than buffalo milk doi.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2017/1029702.].

Oleaginous filamentous fungi grown under the nitrogen limitation, accumulate high amounts of lipids in the form of triacylglycerides (TAGs) with fatty acid profiles similar to plant and fish oils. In this study, we investigate the effect of six phosphorus source concentrations combined with two types of nitrogen substrate (yeast extract and ammonium sulphate), on the biomass formation, lipid production, and fatty acid profile for nine oleaginous Mucoromycota fungi. The analysis of fatty acid profiles was performed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and the lipid yield was estimated gravimetrically. Yeast extract could be used as both nitrogen and phosphorus source, without additional inorganic phosphorus supplementation. The use of inorganic nitrogen source (ammonium sulphate) requires strain-specific optimization of phosphorus source amount to obtain optimal lipid production regarding quantity and fatty acid profiles. Lipid production was decreased in ammonium sulphate-based media when phosphorus source was limited in all strains except for Rhizopus stolonifer. High phosphorus source concentration inhibited the growth of Mortierella fungi. The biomass (22 g/L) and lipid (14 g/L) yield of Umbelopsis vinacea was the highest among all the tested strains. Key points • The strain specific P requirements of Mucoromycota depend on the nature of N source. • Yeast extract leads to consistent biomass and lipid yield and fatty acids profiles. • Umbelopsis vinacea showed the highest biomass (22 g/L) and lipid (14 g/L) yield. • High P source amounts inhibit the growth of Mortierella fungi.

The fatty acid profiles of the three lipid fractions, neutral lipids (NL), free fatty acids and polar lipids (PL), from the macroalgae Palmaria palmata (wild), Alaria esculenta (cultivated) and Saccharina latissima (cultivated) were studied in light of dietary important fatty acids. Blade and stipe from the macroalgae were collected at the end of the growth season (May/June) at Frøya (Trøndelag, Norway). A total of 51 fatty acids were identified in the algae, including several fatty acids novel to one or more of the algae. The NL and PL fractions of P. palmata were the most promising from a health perspective, due to a high content of eicosapentaenoic acid (10.1 ± 0.5% and 6.6 ± 0.1%, respectively) and no trans -fatty acids. In addition, these fractions had very low omega-6/omega-3 ratios (< 0.1) and can therefore be beneficial for balancing the omega-6/omega-3 ratio in the diet. The NL fraction of A. esculenta had the highest content of monounsaturated- and polyunsaturated fatty acids (20.9 ± 1.4 and 21.8 ± 1.9% of alga, respectively), as well as the highest content of the two essential fatty acids, linoleic acid (5.3 ± 0.4% of alga) and alpha-linolenic acid (2.4 ± 0.2% of alga). Indices related to risk factors for coronary heart disease were most favourable in the NL fraction of S. latissima and the NL and PL fractions of A. esculenta.

Abstract Thioridazine, a well-known antipsychotic drug, has shown promising effects on several bacterial strains (including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Suppressive effects towards selected cancer cell-lines have also been reported. However, due to adverse effects, the compound is no longer in use for the primary indication. More recent research has demonstrated that these side effects are limited to one of the two enantiomers, (+)-thioridazine. The question arises to whether the beneficial effects of thioridazine are limited to one enantiomer, or if (–)-thioridazine can prove itself to be useful in its pure enantiomeric state. The published procedures on the synthesis of the optically pure enantiomers of thioridazine were found to be unsatisfactory, either due to low optical purity, high cost, or problems scaling up. Herein, we have used an auxiliary-based strategy for the total synthesis of both enantiomers in high optical purity and good overall yield. The strategy can easily be scaled up. Both enantiomers were tested against several bacteria. Comparison of the racemic mixture, (–)-thioridazine and its (+)-antipode revealed that they have the same antimicrobial effects. Thus, the non-toxic enantiomer, (–)-thioridazine, can prove useful in this role and should be investigated further.

Increasing energy and chemical needs have to be covered by renewable resources, such as biomass, in the near future. Steam explosion is a green pretreatment for utilizing biomass, but it produces a by-product, pseudo-lignin. By comparing milled wood lignin purified and unpurified samples after steam explosion with pyrolysis–GC–MS, the components of pseudo-lignin should be evident. 2D NMR HSQC was also conducted on the purified samples, in addition to compositional analysis after steam explosion. After steam explosion, there is about 6 wt% of pseudo-lignin, and the pyrolysis shows an increase in diol benzenes and furan components in the unpurified samples, which is associated with pseudo-lignin.

Fatty acid (FA) profiles of the speciesTettigonia viridissima,Chorthippus biguttulus, andChorthippus brunneuswere determined and quantitated. Extracted lipids were derivatized into FA methyl esters (FAMEs) prior to analysis by GC-MS. A total of 37 different FAs were identified inT. viridissima, yielding a total FA content of 10.4 g/100 g of dry matter. The contents of saturated FAs, monounsaturated FAs, and polyunsaturated FAs were 31.1, 35.9, and 33.0%, respectively. Lipids fromT. viridissimawere also fractioned into neutral lipids, free fatty acids, and polar lipids by offline solid phase extraction. ForC. brunneusandC. biguttulus, 33 FAs were identified, yielding a total FA content of 6.14 g/100 g of dry matter. SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs, respectively, constituted 32.7, 25.1, and 42.1% of the total FA content. The contents of MUFAs, PUFAs,n-3 FAs, andn-6 FAs of each species, and then-6/n-3 ratio, were subsequently discussed.

Mucoromycota fungi are important producers of low- and high-value lipids. Mortierella alpina is used for arachidonic acid production at industrial scale. In addition, oleaginous Mucoromycota fungi are promising candidates for biodiesel production. A critical step in the development of such biotechnological applications is the selection of suitable strains for lipid production. The aim of the present study was to use the Duetz-microtiter plate system combined with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for high-throughput screening of the potential of 100 Mucoromycota strains to produce low- and high-value lipids.

There is a growing interest in a more wholesome utilization of biomass as the need for greener chemistry and non-mineral oil-based products increases. Lignin is the largest renewable resource for aromatic chemicals, which is found in all types of lignocellulosic biomass. Steam-explosion of lignocellulosic biomass is a useful pretreatment technique to make the polymeric material more available for processing. However, this heat-based pretreatment is known to result in the formation of pseudo-lignin, a lignin-like polymer made from carbohydrate degradation products. In this work, we have analyzed steam-exploded birch with a varying severity factor (3.1-5.0) by pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 2D-NMR, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The main results reveal a consumption of acetic acid at higher temperatures, with the increase of furan components in the pyrolyzate. The IR and NMR spectral data support these results, and there is a reason to believe that the conditions for humin formation are accomplished under steam explosion. Pseudo-lignin seems to be a humin-like compound.

A thorough analysis of the fatty acid profiles of stipe and blade from the kelp species Laminaria hyperborea is presented. Lipid extracts were fractionated into neutral lipids, free fatty acids, and polar lipids, prior to derivatization and GC-MS analysis. A total of 42 fatty acids were identified and quantified, including the n -3 fatty acids α -linolenic acid, stearidonic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid. The fatty acid amounts are higher in blade than in stipe (7.42 mg/g dry weight and 2.57 mg/g dry weight, resp.). The highest amounts of n -3 fatty acids are found within the neutral lipid fractions with 590.6 ug/g dry weight and 100.9 ug/g dry weight for blade and stipe, respectively. The amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids are 3.4 times higher in blade than stipe. The blade had the highest PUFA/SFA ratio compared to stipe (1.02 versus 0.76) and the lowest n -6/ n -3 ratio (0.8 versus 3.5). This study highlights the compositional differences between the lipid fractions of stipe and blade from L. hyperborea . The amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to saturated- and monounsaturated fatty acids is known to influence human health. In the pharmaceutical, food, and feed industries, this can be of importance for production of different health products.