Crop ScienceVolume 26, Issue 1 cropsci1986.0011183X002600010065x p. 205-206 Registration of Germplasms Registration Of GA 1 Birdsfoot Trefoil Germplasm S. L. Fales, S. L. FalesSearch for more papers by this authorD. G. Cummins, D. G. CumminsSearch for more papers by this authorR. E. Burns, R. E. BurnsSearch for more papers by this author S. L. Fales, S. L. FalesSearch for more papers by this authorD. G. Cummins, D. G. CumminsSearch for more papers by this authorR. E. Burns, R. E. BurnsSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1986 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1986.0011183X002600010065xCitations: 2AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume26, Issue1January–February 1986Pages 205-206 RelatedInformation

AbstractSample moisture may impair accuracy in predicting forage quality based on near infrared‐reflectance (NIR), but the literature contains little specific information on the topic. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which moisture interferes with the ability of NIR to predict acid detergent fiber (ADF) in silage‐type sorghums [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.]. Comparisons were made between laboratory and predicted ADF on samples that were oven‐dry or had been stored at 43% (low), 63% (medium), and 100% (high) relative humidities. Results showed no significant differences between laboratory and predicted ADF for samples that were dry or had been stored under conditions of low humidity. However, when samples were stored under medium or high relative humidities, a significant (P ≤ 0.05) over‐estimation of ADF resulted. Increased sample moisture lowered predictability, since the standard error of estimate increased from 1.27 and 1.18 for dry and low moisture samples, to 2.28 and 4.15 for medium, and high moisture samples, respectively. Consistently repeatable ADF values were obtained when calibrations and NIR analyses were conducted on oven‐dry material, which emphasizes that NIR analyses should be conducted only on recently oven‐dried material that has been stored in a desiccator.

AbstractMaturity at harvest is a major factor in determining the quality of silage‐type sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and there is evidence of quality differences among hybrids at equivalent growth stages. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of maturity in four height classes of sorghum hybrids and their interactions on dry forage yields and its composition, and to determine quality of heads, leaves, and stalks in terms of in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Four hybrids, representing height classes of 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, and 7.5 m, were grown under conventional production practices and harvested at the late milk, early dough, dough, and hard dough stages of grain maturity. Dry matter accumulation in all hybrids remained similar after reaching 24.6%. The shorter hybrids had maximum head percentage earlier in maturity than the taller hybrids. The tallest hybrid had higher stalk percentage later in maturity than did the shorter hybrids. Head IVDMD of the short hybrids with high head percentage remained constant or increased with advancing maturity, while that of the tall hybrid with lower head percentage decreased later in maturity. Stalk IVDMD of the tallest hybrid increased with maturity while the other hybrids decreased with maturity. Stalk ADF of the tallest hybrid decreased with maturity, while that of the other hybrids remained relatively constant. Stalk IVDMD and ADF were negatively correlated (r = −0.63**). These results show the potential for improvement in quality of silage‐type sorghum hybrids through selection of breeding lines that maintain high stalk quality late into maturity.

Bloom and bloomless sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, ‘Redbine 60’ are near isogenic lines differing in the presence or absence of a white, powdery‐appearing epicuticular leaf wax which influences plant water relations and animal utilization and whose genetic control and morphological characteristics have been published. Chemical evaluations of bloom and bloomless leaf epicuticular waxes are absent. Waxes were extracted with chloroform, esterified, separated into classes via thin‐layer chromatography, and quantitated via gas‐liquid chromatography utilizing polar and non‐polar columns and relative response curves from pure standard compounds. In leaves of equal density, leaves of the bloomless near‐isogenic line had epicuticular fatty acid, fatty alcohol, and alkane contents that were 73, 118, and 1%, respectively, of those constituents on bloom leaves. There was a 57% reduction on the bloomless leaf of total fatty acids + fatty alcohols + alkanes compared to the bloom leaf. Fatty alcohols longer than C20 were absent from the epicuticular wax of the bloom line. Alkane contents longer than C32 were essentially absent from the bloomless line while the most prevalent alkanes present on the bloom line were C35‐C37.

AbstractMethods of tannin analysis for sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] depending on color reaction, such as vanillin hydrochloric acid (VHCl) and modified vanillin hydrochloric acid (MVHCl), have not accounted for the color of the extract due to various pigments before adding the test reagents. The objective of this study was to determine how much this original color intensity affects the apparent level of tannin in the plant material. Tannin in the extract was estimated by the traditional VHCl method. The original color of the extract (without reagents) was measured after adding methanol to the extractant and using methanol as 100% transmittance standard. The amount of tannin in the grain, milk, dough, and mature stages of 20 single cross sorghum hybrids was estimated. Results from the VHCl method compared to correction for extractant color showed that the original color of the extractant before adding the reagents for color development had a significant effect on the measured tannin levels. The amount of tannin measured after correcting for extractant color was significantly lower than that measured by VHCl. The corrected method showed that the amount of unmeasured pigments differed with maturity, location, hybrid, and year. The corrected method produced lower standard errors and coefficients of variation than the VHCl method, and the corrected method probably produced the most accurate estimation of astringent tannins.

AbstractIn vitro digestibilities of green leaf segments of bloomless sorghum [Sorghum bicolor, (L.) Moench] are higher than those from bloom (white, powdery‐appearing wax on leaf and stem surfaces) sorghum, but it is not known if these differences will affect performance of animals fed bloom and bloomless sorghum forages. The objective of this study was to determine through in vivo trials if the bloomless characteristic of sorghum forage affected digestibility and animal performance. Two near isogenic lines of ‘Redbine 60’ sorghum differing primarily in the bloom and bloomless characterstic were grown under uniform conditions for 3 years at Experiment, Ga. At the dough stage of grain maturity, forage was harvested and ensiled in 1973 and 1974 and stored briefly at —13 C in 1975. Rumen volatile fatty acid production in steers fed silage was higher from the bloomless sorghum than the bloom sorghum, which indicates greater digestion of the bloomless sorghum. Steers fed bloom and bloomless sorghum silage did not differ in average daily gains at the end of a 6‐week period, but the latter gains were significantly higher at the end of the second week. Green forage digestibility by sheep was higher on the bloomless compared to the bloom type for dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber. These studies suggest that quality of sorghum forage may be improved by developing hybrids with the bloomless characteristic.

Incidence of grass tetany on small grain pastures has been related to forage Mg content and K/Ca + Mg ratio. The objective of this study was to relate P, K, Ca, Mg, and the K/Ca + Mg ratio in winter forage to specie and variety. In one year on unlimed soil with low pH, rye forage tended to be higher in P than oats, barley, or wheat. P content increased the next year on higher pH soil with less specie differences. K differed little with specie, and was higher in November than later harvests. Rye tended to be higher in Ca both years, especially in the early harvest. Percent Mg was lower for wheat the first year on the low pH soil than the other species, and percent Mg increased in all species at all harvests the next year on higher pH soil with wheat having similar Mg levels to the other species. The K/Ca + Mg ratio of wheat was higher than rye, oats, and barley on the low pH soil. Liming reduced this ratio to near 2.2 on all species. Grass tetany has been reported more likely to occur when K/Ca + Mg is over 2.2, and this study suggests rye, followed closely by oats and barley, would maintain lower ratios than wheat under conditions of low Mg availability.

AbstractGrain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] can be stored as high‐moisture grain when treated with propionic acid, but it is not known if grain tannin levels affect the amount of acid needed. We planned the investigation to answer this question and to determine the effects of storage temperature on the amount of propionic acid needed for storage of high‐moisture grain sorghum. Grain from a high‐ and a low‐tannin hybrid was stored with 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5% (wet weight) propionic acid for 9 weeks to determine rates required for safe storage. Results showed that high‐tannin grain does not require as much propionic acid (1.0%) for safe high‐moisture storage as does low‐tannin grain (1.5% propionic acid). Low‐tannin grain was stored at low and high temperatures at the above propionic acid rates. Grain stored at the higher temperature spoiled at a faster rate, and results indicated that a higher rate of acid is needed for safe storage at higher temperatures.

AbstractIn the southeastern United States, millet (Pennisetum glacum) often produces more forage than sorghum ✕ sudangrass crosses [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] on sandy soils, while the reverse is often true on clay soils. Based on the hypothesis that difference in production may be related to different Mg requirements of the two crops, a study was made to (a) determine the critical levels of Mg for growth of millet and sorghum ✕ sundangrass crosses in the greenhouse, and (b) relate these results to field production. One greenhouse study was grown in sand using Hoagland's solution to develop different plant Mg levels. A second greenhouse study was grown on a Magnolia sandy loam with Mg rates ranging from 0 to 200 ppm. Two field studies were conducted with Mg rates ranging from 0 to 67.2 kg/ha, one on a Magnolia sandy loam and the other on a Lynchburg sand. In the greenhouse sand‐solution study, maximum yields occurred at 0.13 to 0.14% mg (whole plant samples) with both millet and sorghum ✕ sudangrass, whereas maximum yields in the greenhouse soil study occurred at 0.45% Mg (whole plant samples) in both crops. Maximum yields were higher in the sand‐solution study and forage contained lower Mg and higher K levels, compared to the soil study in which maximum yields were lower and were accompanied by higher Mg and lower K levels. Significant yield increases were not obtained due to added Mg in either field study, but Mg content in the plants increased with added Mg on the Magnolia soil. In the field, higher yields (the Magnolia soil) were accompanied by lower Mg and higher K levels in the plant tissue, whereas lower yields (the Lynchburg soil) were accompanied by higher Mg and lower K in the plant. Millet and sorghum ✕ sudangrass crosses used in these studies did not differ in their Mg requirements. Mg required for maximum growth varies according to environmental conditions affecting growth and K availability to the plants.

AbstractMost research on corn (Zea mays L.) silage production has been conducted in the northern United States and results do not necessarily apply to growing conditions in the South. Therefore in 1968 and 1969, corn was grown in the Piedmont (elevation 282 m) and Mountains (elevation 584 m) of Georgia to determine the influence of hybrid maturity row spacing, plant population, and climate on silage dry matter yields, percentage ears, leaves, and stalks, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). An early and late maturing hybrid was grown in 51 and 102 cm rows with 49‐, 68‐, and 86,000 plants/ha in the Piedmont, and a late maturing hybrid was grown in the Mountains in 61, 76, 91, and 107 cm rows with 30‐, 45‐, 59‐, and 74,000 plants/ha.In the Piedmont, yields were not significantly different for the early and late maturing hybrids, significantly higher in 51 than 102 cm rows (11.9 vs 11.3 mt/ha), and increased significantly as populations increased from 49‐, 68‐, to 86,000 plants/ha (10.5, 11.6, to 12.3 mt/ha). In the Mountains yields were not significantly different for row spacing, and increased significantly as populations increased from 30‐, 45‐, 59‐, to 74,000 plants/ha (17.7, 21.1, 24.4, 26.0 mt/ha). As populations increased from 49 to 86,000 plants/ha at the Piedmont location, ear content decreased from 55 to 45 percent and stalk content increased from 27 to 32 percent. This resulted in significantly lower IVDMD at 86‐, than 68,000 plants/ha (63 vs 65.8 percent). In the Mountains as populations increased from 30‐ to 74,000 plants/ha, less change in ear (57 to 53 percent) and stalk (16 to 18 percent) content was observed with no change in IVDMD with varying papulations. Row spacing did not influence IVDMD at either location. These differences in response to management of corn grown for silage between these locations were attributed to more evenly distributed rainfall and lower temperatures at the Mountain location, and should be somewhat comparable to production response at average northern and southern locations.

AbstractEpidemics of Cercospora leaf spot reduce the forage and seed yield of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different levels of control of Cercospora leaf spot disease on defoliation, forage yield, quality, mineral composition, and seed yield of peanuts. Adapted peanut cultivars were grown according to recommended management practices in the Coastal Plain Region of Georgia during 1971 and 1972. Three foliar fungicides (benomyl 50W, chlorothalonil 75W, and copper‐sulfur dust) were compared with an unsprayed control. Fungicides were applied on a 14‐ day schedule, with five applications in 1971 and six applications in 1972. Benomyl and chlorothalonil gave significantly better control of Cercospora leaf spot than copper‐sulfur dust as evidenced by reduced defoliation. Copper‐sulfur dust was superior to the unsprayed control. As a consequence of disease control (very little defoliation), forage yields, in vitro digestibility, protein content, and seed yields were higher, and forage fiber content was lower. Higher calcium levels in forage were associated with good disease control in both years; Mg, Mn, Fe, Al, and Mo were higher in only 1 year. These differences between years could have been due to the use of different peanut cultivars. Several elements (P, B, Zn, Sr, Ba and Na) were not changed as a result of leaf spot control in either year. During both years, potassium decreased with control of leaf spot. Higher levels of Cu were observed in the forage treated with copper‐sulfur dust in both years. Thus, control of Cercospora leaf spot in peanuts was accompanied by an increase in yield and quality of forage and yield of seed, and levels of control achieved were highly correlated with yield and quality.

AbstractThe severe southern corn leaf blight epiphytotic in 1970 caused by Race T of Helminthosporium maydis Nisikado and Miyake resulted in a seed shortage of adapted hybrids with disease resistance for planting in 1971. This shortage led to alternative choices for the use of seed of F2 generation of adapted hybrids, imported hybrids, cytoplasmic blend hybrids, and open‐pollinated varieties. Fifteen tests were conducted throughout Georgia to determine grain yield, silage yield, and chemical characteristics of these corn (Zea mays L.) types. Adapted hybrids produced the highest grain yields followed by blends with a high proportion of resistant plants, and then by the F2 generation types. The imported hybrids and the open‐pollinated variety were low in grain yields. Healthy plants in a mixed population of healthy and diseased plants did not yield more per plant than healthy plants in a pure stand. The rank of corn types for silage yields was similar to grain yields, but the differences were not as great. Dry matter digestibility of the grain did not differ among the corn types. The imported dent × flint hybrid and flint hybrids were higher in protein and oil than the other types. Fatty acid composition of oil was different among entries, but differences among corn types were not distinct. Growing conditions such as irrigation, planting dates, and locations had significant effects on certain chemical characters, but these effects were of little importance. These results should assist in better choices in the future, if a similar disease situation occurs.

AbstractThis study was designed to determine if propionic acid can be used as a preservative for storage of high moisture sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grain. Sorghum grain at 16, 21, and 26% moisture levels was treated with 0.75% propionic acid by weight, and treated and untreated samples of each moisture level were stored in polyethyline lined garbage cans for 60 days. The untreated 21 and 26 moisture level samples heated while the untreated 16% moisture sample or the 16, 21, 26% moisture samples treated with propionic acid did not heat. After 60 days in storage, untreated grain stored at 21 and 26% moisture had molded and was badly deteriorated. No evidence of molding was observed in any of the propionic acid treated samples and only slight evidence of molding was observed in the untreated 16% moisture sample. Significant differences among samples for in vitro dry matter digestibilities were not observed. Unspoiled grain samples (16% moisture untreated, and 16, 21, and 26% moisture samples treated with propionic acid) were fed to feeder pigs for intake and gain evaluation. The highest feed intake was for the 26% moisture propionic acid treated sample and the rations containing the 21 and 26% moisture grain treated with propionic acid produced the highest average daily gains in weight. It was concluded that high moisture sorghum grain can be stored successfully as a feed grain after treatment with propionic acid.

Forage quality of three near‐isogenic lines of sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], differing primarily in the bloom and bloomless characteristic, was studied. The bloom type has a white, powdery‐appearing wax on the surface of the leaves and stems not present on the bloomless type. In vitro dry matter digestibilities (IVDMD) were determined by a modified in vitro technique on 10.2‐cm green‐leaf segments and conventionally on similar material dried and ground. IVDMD of green leaves was 22% higher on the bloomless type compared to the bloom type, with little difference between types from the samples dried and ground. These results suggest that the bloom reduced IVDMD, and that quality of sorghum forage may be improved by selecting for the bloomless characteristic. The potential of an IVDMD technique utilizing green‐leaf segments is demonstrated by these results.

AbstractA comparison of male sterile and male fertile corn (Zea mays L.) for dry matter production, total available carbohydrates (TAC), silage digestibility, and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production from the silage during rumen dermentation was made at Experiment, Georgia in 1968 to 1969. Dry forage yields were similar for the male literile and male fertile corn in 1968, but the male sterile vielded more than the male fertile in 1969. The male fertile hybrid contained a higher percentage TAC than did the male sterile hybrid. There were no significant percentage differences between the silages in individual VFA production, or digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, cellulose, ether extract, and nitrogen iree extract. The data indicate that at the maturity studied male sterile corn plants (without kernel development) are comparable to male fertile corn plants (with kernel development) for making silage.

AbstractTwo related sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] hybrids, one bird‐resistant (high‐tannin grain, 10.5%) and one non‐bird‐resistant (low‐tannin grain, 4.2%), were harvested at the dough stage of grain maturity. In vitro dry matter digestibilities (IVDMD) and astringent tannin contents were determined on whole plant samples containing varying amounts of grain and on plant components from ensiled and non‐ensiled samples. IVDMD was correlated with percent grain in the non‐ensiled mixtures, but the rate of IVDMD increase was much less in the mixtures high in tannin (Y = 47.0 ‐f‐ 0.08X, r = 0.81) compared with the low‐tannin mixtures (Y = 43.7 + 0.21X, r = 0.99). Ensiling increased IVDMD, and this increase was greater in the high‐tannin hybrid (Y = 42.0 A + 0.23X, r = 0.98) than the low‐tannin hybrid (Y = 40.8 + 0.28X, r = 0.99). Loss of tannins from the grain of the high‐tannin hybrid on ensiling resulted in tannin contents equal to the low‐tannin hybrid. Tannin contents of the chaff, leaves, and stalks of the bird‐resistant hybrid were 9.7, 6.6, and 6.8%, respectively, and 7.8, 6.1, and 1.7% respectively in the non‐bird‐resistant hybrid. This tannin did not dissipate upon ensiling as did that in the grain of the high‐tannin hybrid. These results indicate that feed quality of silage made from bird‐resistant sorghums should be improved and closer to that of non‐bird‐resistant sorghum silage.