Aliphatic urethane polymers have been synthesized and characterized, using monomers with high molecular symmetry, to form amorphous networks with very uniform supermolecular structures, which can be used as photo-thermally actuable shape memory polymers (SMPs). The monomers used include hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), trimethylhexamethylenediamine (TMHDI), N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(hydroxypropyl)ethylenediamine (HPED), triethanolamine (TEA), and 1,3-butanediol (BD). The new polymers were characterized by solvent extraction, NMR, XPS, UV/VIS, DSC, DMTA, and tensile testing. The resulting polymers were found to be single phase amorphous networks with very high gel fraction, excellent optical clarity, and extremely sharp single glass transitions in the range of 34-153 degrees C. Thermomechanical testing of these materials confirms their excellent shape memory behavior, high recovery force, and low mechanical hysteresis (especially on multiple cycles), effectively behaving as ideal elastomers above T-g We believe these materials represent a new and potentially important class of SMPs, and should be especially useful in applications such as biomedical microdevices. (C) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Techniques for realizing high strength and good mechanical durability in optical components is the focus of the present work. Currently, we are investigating methods applicable to slab geometry solid state lasers for high average power output.1 However, many of our analyses and methods are applicable to glass and single crystal components in other applications.

Spectroscopic, optical, and thermomechanical properties of gadolinium scandium gallium garnet doped with trivalent neodymium and/or chromium are reported for use in the design of high-power solid-state lasers.

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SUMMARY9 Varieties of sweetpotatoes (lpomoea batatas) were harvested from con trolled experimental plots, graded, cured 5 to 7 days and stored for 5 months at 15.5°C and 80‐85% r.h. Centennial, Canbake, Georgia Red, Copperskin Goldrush, Gem, Coastal Sweet, Julian, Nuggett and Puerto Rico were analyzed after curing and after storage for °Brix, acidity, solids, total lipids, levels of nonphospholipids, cephalin, lecithin and fatty acid composition of each lipid. Variations in mean measurements were °Brix 13.5–15.7, solids 24.6–31.8, pH 5.92–6.06; acidity 0.134–0.178 and lipids 1.21–2.50. Each of these was significantly influenced by variety of potato and by storage. Most of the fatty acids in total lipids and lipid fractions were influenced significantly by variety and storage of potatoes. Although changes in many of these measurements were significantly correlated, it was correlated that most of the changes during this “ideal” storage were not particularly related to variety since very few variety‐by‐storage interactions were statistically significant.

INTRODUCTION CONSIDERABLE interest has developed in research that is concerned with factors that might influence the development of oxidative rancidity in poultry meat. New and extended processing steps, and longer periods of product storage provide additional opportunity for oxidation to occur. Of factors previously investigated with chicken and turkey meat, type of fat fed (Klose et al., 1951; Marion and Woodroof, 1966; Neudoerffer and Lea, 1966), level of dietary protein (Marion and Woodroof, 1966), level of antioxidant fed (Mecchi et al., 1956), process of cooking (Keskinel et al., 1964), and types of coatings applied to the meat (Marion and Forsythe, 1965) were each found to exert some influence on the rate of rancidity development. Also, Hartung and Froning (1967) reported that both age and sex exert an influence on lipid oxidation in turkey meat. The objective of this study was to determine if age and sex of broiler-type chickens have…

INTRODUCTION THE lipids of various organs and other non-skeletal tissues of the avian species have been characterized more thoroughly than skeletal muscle lipids. A fairly complete analysis of lipids in normal chicken liver was reported by Sgoutas (1966). Of studies involved with avian skeletal muscle, Gray and McFarlane (1961) and Davenport (1964) characterized the lipids of pigeon muscle, while Marion and Woodroof (1965), Peng and Dugan (1965) and Katz et al. (1966) reported studies on chicken tissue lipid composition. Also, Acosta et al. (1966) presented results of studies on tissue lipids of turkeys. Collectively these studies showed that skeletal muscle, especially white muscle, was lowest in total lipid while skin and certain organs, such as liver, contained higher levels of lipids. Other muscular organs, such as heart and gizzard, were intermediate in lipid content. Generally, an inverse correlation between total lipid and percentage of phospholipid in different tissues was observed. . . .

INTRODUCTION THE popularity of housing laying hens in cages appears to be increasing again in the southeastern United States. This trend may be due in part to the economic advantage afforded by the practice of housing up to four layers in a single cage. Since “spent” layers have traditionally been of low market value, it is of importance to determine factors which contribute to the low price of this surplus commodity. Very little information is present in the literature to define the exact influence of housing systems on the suitability of layers for processing. However, it is generally known that the reduced exercise due to confinement in cages results in carcasses that are heavier and fatter, and bones that are more fragile. Bailey et al. (1959) reported that cage housed birds of a light breed were significantly heavier after a year's production than floor housed birds of the same breed. Although . . .

Twenty sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) introductions and the variety Mammoth Kussian were grown at Experiment, Georgia. Total oil, fatty acid composition, and other agronomic characteristics were used to evaluate the various introductions. Total oil content varied from 17.7 to 32.7%. All introductions were relatively low in palmitic, stearic, linolenic, and behenic acids. About 90% of the oil was composed of oleic and linoleic acids, and there was considerable variation in the ratios of these two fatty acids. Seed yields varied from 329 to 3,224 lb per acre and were related to the number and size of flowers. The more profusely flowering and higher yielding introductions originated in countries of lower latitudes.

SUMMARY— Samples of white muscle (pectoralis major) were taken from 100 male, broiler‐type chickens which had been reared to 58 days of age on rations differing in protein level (16 or 24%) and in type of supplemental fat (5% of coconut oil, beef tallow, safflower oil or menhaden oil). Lipids were extracted from each sample and fractionated into (1) neutral lipids, (2) cephalin, and (3) lecithin. The fatty acid content of each fraction was determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). Lipid oxidation was measured by a 2‐thiobar‐bituric acid (TBA) method after storing each carcass for 12 days at 2°C.Values for all measurements were statistically analyzed for dietary effects and for possible correlations between composition and oxidation rates. All of the factors were significantly influenced by diet, except total lipids, cephalin, and four of the lecithin fatty acids.Correlation coefficients between TBA values and level of each lipid component were obtained after treatment effect was statistically removed. The 22‐carbon fatty acids with 4 or 5 double bonds in cephalin and lecithin, and linoleic acid in neutral lipids and lecithin were positively correlated with TBA values.

SUMMARY— The fatty acid composition of the lipids extracted from Georgia Red and Centennial varieties of sweet potatoes was studied to determine changes during storage at 15.5, 10, and 4.5°C. The two varieties did not differ initially in the relative proportions of fatty acids. However, changes in fatty acid composition were noted during storage and appeared to be mere pronounced at low storage temperatures. The most consistent changes noted were an increase in tetra‐cosaenoic acid and a decrease in short chain saturated acids. The Centennial variety contained higher levels of total lipids, which were generally reflected in higher levels of the three fractions, (1) non‐phospholipids, (2) cephalin and (3) lecithin. The increase in total lipids and the individual lipid fractions with storage is indicative of two processes that may have occurred in the stored roots. The lipids may have become more extractable as the respiring potato underwent compositional changes, or lipids were being synthesized from non‐lipid components. Although changes observed in the relative proportions of fatty acids during storage at different temperatures were not always consistent, the possibility is suggested that changes in fatty acid composition may be related to changes in quality of the potato during storage.

Nine corn hybrids were grown at 5 locations in 1962 and at 6 locations in 1963 to study the factors which may influence the oil content and quality of the corn kernel. Three dates of planting were used at one location in each year. First and second ears were harvested separately and analyzed for oil content by nuclear magnetic resonance and for fatty acid composition of the oil by gas‐liquid chromatography. Oil content and quality were not greatly affected by different dates of planting. Ear position had no effect on palmitic, stearic, and linolenic acids. Although not always significant, the oil from the first ear was always higher in oleic acid and lower in linoleic acid than the second ear. The seeoml ear was lower than the first ear in oil content in 1963 but not in 1962. Year, location, and hybrid effects were highly significant for all characters. First and second order interactions were generally nonsignificant. Hybrids had a greater influence on the characters studied than any of the environmental factors.

RECENT reports (Cunningham et al, 1960; Marion et al., 1964, 1965; Kline et al., 1965) contain reviews of research dealing with the influence of breeding and/or age of laying hens on egg size and the relative proportions of shell, yolk and albumen in eggs. Generally, these reports support the conclusion that egg size can be controlled by breeding, in addition to being influenced by age of the laying hen. Proportions of egg components appear to be amendable by selective breeding, but are greatly influenced by layer age. The percentages of shell and albumen decrease during the first year of lay with an accompanying increase in yolk percentage. The influence of breeding on the chemical composition of egg contents has also been studied. Protein and moisture levels of eggs were shown to differ in different stocks of layers (Cotterill and Winter, 1954; May and Stadelman, 1960). Lipid and fatty acid …

IN recent years, an increasing proportion of the broilers marketed in the U. S. were processed beyond the fresh-market stage and sold as processed commodities. These items may be whole meat products, or meat combined with other foodstuffs. This trend has emphasized the importance of producing broilers with a fairly uniform body composition, and has further emphasized the importance of studying factors which might influence carcass composition and stability. Changes in dietary regimes and rearing practices were shown by Harshaw (1936) to influence the carcass composition of chickens. Fraps (1943) observed that by adjusting dietary constituents, it was possible to produce chickens with widely varying amounts of body fat. More recently, other workers (Donaldson et al., 1956; Newell et al., 1956; Rand et al., 1957; Spring and Wilkinson, 1957; Summers et al., 1965) have noted that specific changes in either dietary protein, fat, or energy level produced changes in …

SUMMARYLipids extracted from chicken breast muscle, thigh muscle, and skin tissue were fractionated by thin‐layer and column chromatography. Breast muscle lipids were highest in the proportions of phospholipids to neutral lipids, followed by thigh muscle and skin tissue lipids. Gas‐liquid chromatography analysis of the fatty‐acid‐containing fractions showed that phospholipids contained higher levels of 18‐carbon saturated, and 20–24‐carbon unsaturated fatty acids than triglycerides. Triglycerides contained higher levels of 18‐carbon mono‐ and diunsaturated fatty acids than phospholipids. The minor lipids were generally between the phospholipids and triglycerides in their proportion of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids. The fatty acid composition of similar lipid fractions did not vary appreciably with tissue location: only the proportion or level of lipid fractions varied in different tissues.

Abstract INTRODUCTION RESEARCH reports dealing with the influence of breed or strain of laying hens on the amount and composition of various egg components have appeared frequently in the literature in the past decade. Hens from different stocks have been shown to produce eggs differing in moisture and protein (Cotterill and Winter, 1954; May and Stadelman, 1960). It has also been reported that hens from different breeds or strains produced eggs differing in total lipids and fatty acid composition (Edwards et al., 1960; Edwards, 1964). There is a possibility that part of these differences which have been attributed to genetic influence may have been only a reflection of egg weight since it has been shown that part of the variation in level of egg components between different stocks is only a reflection of change in egg size (Scott and Warren, 1941; Marion et al., 1964). This report is concerned with observations…