Dental caries is a highly prevalent and costly biofilm-dependent disease that affects about 2.3 billion people in their permanent teeth and 532 million people in their primary teeth according to the World Health Organization. The condition is often accompanied by inflammation of the pulp and root apex. Given the high cost of dental procedures, and also the toxicity and antimicrobial resistance linked to antibiotic use, emphasis should be placed on prevention and alternative therapies. Hence, the present study was aimed at evaluating the ethnopharmacology of some plants used in the management of dental caries. Information on plant use, indications, and preparation methods was collected from participants (dental caries patients and traditional medicinal practioners) using the snowball/purposive sampling technique. Quantitative phytochemical analysis and evaluation of free radical scavenging (antioxidant) activity of hydroethanolic extracts were done using spectrophotometry. Anticariogenic activity was assessed in vitro using antibacterial broth microdilution and antibiofilm assays, while lytic and outer membrane permeability activities were also determined spectrophotometrically. Twenty participants reported the effectiveness of medicinal plants in the management of pulpitis, leading to the documentation of 14 plant species. Phytochemical analysis revealed varying concentrations of the assayed compounds. ET (Vitellaria paradoxa) had the highest total phenol content (142.57 ± 2.49 mg GAE/g), while total flavonoid and tannin contents were dominated by PB (Persea americana) (39.04 ± 2.31 mg QE/g) and EP (Euphorbia prostata) (18.46 ± 0.75 mg TAE/g) respectively. Antioxidant evaluation showed notable activities, with EP (Euphorbia prostrata) demonstrating the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀ = 1.12 ± 0.11 µg/mL) and FRAP activity (135.03 ± 0.33 µmol FeSO₄/g), as well as concentration-dependent hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. ET (Vitellaria paradoxa) showed the highest antibacteial activities of 64 and 128 µg/ml respectively for MIC and MBC and also demonstrated the strongest antibiofilm activity, with inhibition and eradication rates of 92.72 ± 2.68

Oxidative stress is a famous factor that may trigger Alzheimer’s disease through the disruption of the redox balance to result to free radicals species, harmful for the brain. Fruits harbor antioxidant compounds that may preserve the brain against Alzheimer’s disease. Some include phenolic compounds, unsaturated fatty acids and triterpenoids. This work was aimed at evaluating the neuroprotective activity of a nutraceutical made with Lannea microcarpa’s and Pouteria campechiana’s fruits on a model of oxidative stress-induced Alzheimer’s disease rats. Lannea microcarpa’s ethyl acetate and Pouteria campechiana’s hexanic fractions were made by partitioning the hydroethanolic extract (20:80) of Lannea microcarpa’s fruit pulp and the ethanolic extract of Pouteria campechiana’s pulp fruit in ethyl acetate and n-hexane respectively. Antioxidant activities of both fractions were determined by DPPH and FRAP assays. A simplex lattice mixture design was done and the selected mixture was used as nutraceutical. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was performed to determine the phytochemical composition of fractions. AlCl3 at 15 mg/kg bw was administered to 3 months rats; and the different treatments were administered every day by oral route. Behavioral assessment was carried out by Morris water maze and Open field tests. Malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, catalase, reduced glutathione, γ-aminobutyric acid, and acetylcholinesterase were determined in the brain. Red congo was used for brain analysis. Data were analyzed with SPSS 22.0 using one-way ANOVA and MINITAB 20.0. The mixture L. microcarpa’s fraction/P. campechiana’s fraction (62.5: 37.5) was selected. Major compounds detected in Lannea microcarpa’s and Pouteria campechiana’s fractions were phenolic compounds, triterpenoids and fatty acids. Treatment of animals with the nutraceutical increased the spatial and learning memory in the Morris water and open field mazes. Levels of malondialhedyde (1.969 ± 0.09) × 10-6 µM), nitric oxide (9.551 ± 0.296a µM), acetylcholinesterase ((4.515 ± 0.268) × 10-6 µM/mg protein) reduced, and γ-aminobyturic acid (36.238 ± 1.833 µg/ml) increased. The non-treated group showed amyloid plaques and neurodegenerative features like cell pyknosis, cell vacuolation and neuron loss. Bioactive compounds contained in the nutraceutical could be targeted as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and anti-amyloidogenic therapeutics.

Untreated diabetic wounds provide an optimal environment for bacterial growth, which, over time, can develop resistance to common antibiotics and ultimately result in amputation. Therefore, it is necessary to search for new sources of antimicrobial molecules with wound healing activity owing to the presence of different secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Aims: This study was to evaluate the in vivo antibacterial and diabetic wound healing capabilities of 70° hydroethanolic extract of Eriosema robustum leaves on non-infected and infected diabetic wound. Methodology: To do this, obese albino Wistar male rats (200–280 g) were divided into eleven groups and were made diabetic by intraperitoneal injection with a low dose of streptozotocin at 45 mg/kg of body weight. An excision wound with a surface area of 314 mm2 was created on the dorsal area of each animal, except in the uninjured diabetic group (UDG). The 70° hydroethanolic extract was used to prepare 1%, 5%, and 10% ointments, with L-Mesitran serving as the reference ointment. Healing potential was assessed by measuring wound contraction rates and determining serum and tissue hydroxyproline, serum lactate deydrogenase (LDH) and total protein levels (TP). The antibacterial power evaluated in vivo of Eriosema robustum leaves was also assessed by culturing the skin after healing. Results: The results demonstrated a significantly faster healing rate in the non-infected groups (5%,10% and L-Mesitran) compared to the infected groups. The levels of tissue hydroxyproline and total proteins were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated in all treated groups compared to infected and negative controls, unlike serum hydroxyproline levels. LDH levels were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated in both negative control group compared to the treated groups. The culture of different skin samples on previously injured areas on the 20th day of treatment showed no growth of S. aureus on completely healed areas and a low rate in the groups treated during the healing process. Conclusion: 70° Hydroethanolic leaves extract of Eriosema robustum possess in vivoantibacterial activities and diabetic wound healing potential.

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing pathogenic E. coli is a global public health issue, especially in sub-Saharan African countries such as Cameroon. It contributes to increase significantly hospital length of stay, morbidity, mortality and economic costs because of treatment failures. This study aims at determining the resistance background and virulence profiles of ESBL-E. coli isolates among childhood diarrhoea during the cholera outbreak occuring in Yaoundé, Cameroon. During a four-month periods, from March 1st to June 30th, 2023, a total of 84 stool samples were collected from 90 under five children presenting clinical signs of gastroenteritis and attending four hospitals in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Bacterial identification was done using API20E and antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. After extraction, genomic DNA was subjected to conventional and multiplex polymerase chain reaction methods (PCRs) for detection of resistance and virulence genes. Statistical analysis was performed using Epi info™ (7.2.5.0). Statistical significance was considered at a p-value < 0.05. Out of 150 patients contacted, 90 patients were enrolled, 84 samples were collected, 52.38

Diabetics are susceptible to severe trophic problems and wounds, which are frequently referred to as “unhealable wounds”. Untreated diabetic wounds provide an ideal habitat for the growth of bacteria, which can eventually develop resistance to standard treatments and need amputation. This study aimed to assess the in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Eriosema robustum leaves on the same bacterium, as well as the resistance profile of bacteria isolated from diabetic wounds to conventional antibiotics. Thirty samples from diabetic wounds were collected at the Baleveng Hospital, subjected to bacteria isolation and antibiotics resistance tests using the disk diffusion method. On the other hands, leaves of Eriosema robustum were collected, hydroethanolic extraction were performed. The extract obtained was used for the antibacterial (by determination of the MIC) and antioxidant (DPPH and FRAP tests) activities as well as phytochemicals composition (using HPLC methods) assessment. Amon the 30 samples analyzed, 19 (63.33 %) showed bacterial infections and Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen (48 %), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24 %), Klebsiella pneumoniae (19 %), and Streptococcus agalactiae (9 %). Fifty percent (50 %) of S. aureus isolates were MRSA (methicillin-resistant S. aureus). The MIC value obtained 64 μg/mL against S. aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Phytochemicals analysis of fractions from the 70 ° hydroethanolic leaves of Eriosema robustum revealed the presence of coumarin, gallic acid, quinoline, vanillin, ascorbic acid, caffeic acid, kaempferol, and cinnamic acid. The antibacterial and antioxidant potential of the extracts highlighted in this study could make this plant a good avenue for the discovery of new molecules effective against infected diabetic wounds. HIGHLIGHTS In this study, a total of 30 diabetic wounds were examined, and it was found that 63.33 % of them had infections. Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequently occurring bacteria, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Streptococcus agalactiae. The current study has revealed that, 96 % of the Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated were resistant to both tetracycline and methicillin, with the majority of the bacteria also showing resistance to amoxicillin. The hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts of Eriosema robustum displayed antibacterial activity against most of the isolated bacteria and the phytochemical analysis (HPLC) of fractions from the 70 ° hydroethanolic leaf extract revealed the presence of several secondary metabolites, including coumarin, gallic acid, quinoline, vanillin, ascorbic acid, caffeic acid, kaempferol, and cinnamic acid. This study opens up a new horizon in the management of diabetic wounds, and makes Eriosema robustum a potential candidate for the formulation of new drugs active against multi-resistant bacteria found in diabetic subjects. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Background: Typhoid fever is an endemic disease in developing countries, especially throughout Asia and Africa, which may lead to life-threatening conditions in the absence of adequate treatment. Objective: This study was aimed at determining the in vitro activity of the crude extracts, fractions and compounds of Impatiens burtonii against drug sensitive and multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains. Methods: Moreover, the modes of action of the most active compound, cerevisterol (1) were investigated on Salmonella TyphiATCC6539.The in vitro antisalmonella activity of the samples was evaluated by the broth microdilution method. Catalase Activity was done by measuring the high of the foam in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Bacteriolysis, time kill-assay, nucleic acid and protein leakage potential of cerevisterol were carried out through spectrophotometric methods. Finally, time kill-assay and proton-ATPase pump activity were determined by bacterial count and pH measurement, respectively. Results: The In vitro antisalmonella activity revealed that the hydroethanolic 75% crude extract of Impatiens burtonii showed the highest antisalmonella activity, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 32 to 512 μg/mL. Among the fractions of that extract, the dichloromethane (DM) fraction exhibited the highest activity, with MIC ranging from 16 to 32 μg/mL. Cerevisterol (1) isolated from the DM extract was the most active compound (8 ≤ MIC≤ 128 μg/mL). This study showed that cerevisterol is bacteriostatic against Salmonella Typhi. Moreover, cerevisterol induced the release of the nucleotides, inhibited H+-ATPase proton pumps, and reduced the catalase activity of Salmonella Typhi ATCC6539. Conclusion: Finally, this study allowed to identify cerevisterol as a good candidate to tackle typhoid fever infections and mainly that caused by MDR (multidrug-resistant) strains.

Background. Enteric fever is a great public health problem associated with significant illness and death in many endemic countries, and its clinical diagnosis is still daunting. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of S. Typhi among febrile patients in Bafoussam and to evaluate the diagnostic performances of Widal and Typhidot tests. Methods. This was a cross-sectional study among 336 participants visiting three hospitals in Bafoussam from August 1, 2021, to November 31, 2021. Widal test, Typhidot assay, and stool culture were used to screen for salmonellosis with the help of a structured questionnaire. Results. The prevalence of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi was found to be 62.85% and 37.14%, respectively. The overall prevalence of typhoid fever using stool culture was 20.86%. The significant risk factors associated with enteric fever were lack or insufficient knowledge of typhoid fever, poor hand hygiene, and anorexia. Typhidot immunoassay was more sensitive (100%) and specific (82.3%) than the Widal test. Both were analytically inferior to stool culture. Conclusions. High prevalence of typhoid fever (20.86%) was observed which was largely associated with lack or insufficient knowledge of typhoid fever, poor hygiene measure, and anorexia as risk factors. The performances of the Widal and Typhidot test against a stool culture were inferior but with Typhidot better than the Widal slide agglutination.

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the commonest neurodegenerative disease affecting about 33 million of people worldwide, with no efficient cure so far. Many studies have reported oxidative stress (OS) as an important factor involved in AD physiopathology. The imbalance between the production of prooxidants and antioxidant defense mechanisms, favours an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which bring about brain cell impairment and nerve impulse transmission disruption, leading to memory loss. This work was aimed at evaluating the neuroprotective activity of Lannea microcarpa’s fruit on oxidative stress induced Alzheimer’s disease rat model. Method: Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannins contents, and antioxidant activity using DPPH scavenging and FRAP tests; were determined in the fruit extract. 28 female rats of 6 months were used. AlCl3 at 10 mg/kg was administered four times per week by intraperitoneal injection during 7 weeks. Morris water maze and eight arms radial maze tests were performed to assess animal behaviour. Total proteins, catalase activity, malondialdehyde, nitrite, reduced glutathione, and acetylcholinesterase activity were determined. Brain histopathological analysis was also performed. Results: The quantitative analysis of secondary metabolites revealed the presence of phenols (40.961 ± 0.003 mg GAE/g extract), flavonoids (22.381 ± 0.003 mg CE/g extract), and tannins (10.64 ± 0.16 mg TAE/g extract) in the extract. Antioxidant activity was determined by the capacity to scavenge DPPH radical (94.739 ± 0.207 %), and to reduce ferric ion (0.894 ± 0.036 mmol Fe2+/ g extract). The administration of Lannea microcarpa’s fruit extract to rats decreased the escape latency in the Morris water maze, and the time to visit the maze’s arms in the eight arms radial maze (EARM). It also increased catalase activity; but lowered malondialdehyde, nitrite and acetylcholinesterase activity, and prevented lesions in the brain. Conclusion: The fruit’s extract showed a significant effect on oxidative stress biomarkers and acetylcholinesterase actitivity. Lannea microcarpa’s fruit could therefore be targeted as neuroprotective regarding its anti-acetylcholinesterase property.

ABSTRACT Enterobacteria such as those of the genus Salmonella express the oxyR gene that codes for several proteins that allow it to resist free radicals. This resistance of Salmonella is often at the origin of an overproduction of these free radicals that can lead to oxidative stress. To investigate the antioxidant activity in vitro (aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts in vivo (of the 55% hydroethanolic extract) of Dracaena deisteliana leaves in albino rats of Wistar strain previously infected with the Salmonella strain Typhi ATCC 6539. The in vitro antioxidant activity of these extracts was determined by studying their anti-radical power with DPPH•, then their iron-reducing power and determining their flavonoids and total phenols content. In vivo antioxidant activity was determined in plasma and tissues of albino rats of wistar strain aged between 8 and 10 weeks previously infected with Salmonella typhi ATCC 6539. These infected rats concurrently received daily doses of Dracaena deisteliana extract (10, 20 and 51.84 mg/kg) or ciprofloxacin (14 mg/kg) as positive control, for 15 days. At the end of the treatment period, the animals were sacrificed and blood, liver, kidney, heart, lung, spleen testis and ovaris were collected for evaluation of antioxidants parameters, which included malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, catalase and peroxidase, as well as biological responses. Regarding in vitro antioxidant tests, the 65% hydroethanolic extract showed an anti-radical activity with DPPH• superior to that of all hydroethanolic extracts at 100 μg/ml. However, the infused showed lower antiradical activity than all extracts at 12.5 and 200 μg/ml concentrations. The 55% hydroethanolic extract had the best IC 50 of (11.99 μg/ml). The iron reducing power of this extract was higher than the other extracts at 200 μg/ml. The highest levels of flavonoids and total phenols were obtained respectively with the 55% and 95% hydroethanolic extract. The hydroethanol extract of Dracaena deisteliana (10, 20 and 51.84 mg/kg) cured the infected rats between the 9th and 13th day of treatment. The extract also significantly reduced (p < 0.05) blood malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels, and significantly increased (p >0.05) the activity of catalase and peroxidase in the infected rats. The results suggest that leaves extract of Dracaena deisteliana contains antisalmonella and antioxidant substances, which could be used for the treatment of typhoid fever and another salmonellosis. In addition, 55% hydroethanolic extract of this plant possesses antisalmonella activity and reduces the state of oxidative stress caused by S. typhi during rat’s infection.

Salmonellosis is a major public health problem in developing countries where it is endemic. The genus Salmonella express the oxyR gene that codes for several proteins that allow them to resist free radicals. To investigate the antioxidant activity in vitro (aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts in vivo (of the 55% hydroethanolic extract)) of Dracaena deisteliana leaves in albino’s rats of Wistar strain previously infected with the Salmonella Typhi ATCC 6539 strain. The in vitro antioxidant activity of these extracts was determined by studying their anti-radical power with DPPH●, then their iron-reducing power and determining their flavonoids and total phenols content. The in vivo antioxidant activity was determined in plasma and tissues of albino’s rats of wistar strain aged between 8 and 10 weeks previously infected with Salmonella typhi ATCC 6539. These infected rats concurrently received daily doses of Dracaena deisteliana extract (10, 20 and 51.84 mg/kg) and ciprofloxacin (14 mg/kg) as positive control, for 15 days. At the end of the treatment period, the animals were sacrificed and blood, liver, kidney, heart, lung, spleen testis and ovaris were collected for evaluation of antioxidants parameters, which included malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, catalase and peroxidase, as well as biological responses. Regarding the in vitro antioxidant tests, the 55% hydroethanolic extract had the best IC50 (11.99 μg/ml). The iron reducing power of this extract was higher than the other extracts at 200 μg/ml. The highest levels of flavonoids and total phenols were obtained respectively with this extract. This extract (10, 20 and 51.84 mg/kg) cured the infected rats between the 8th and 12th day of treatment. The extract also significantly reduced blood malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels, and significantly increased the activity of catalase and peroxidase in the infected rats. The results suggest that leaves extract of Dracaena deisteliana contains antisalmonella and antioxidant substances, which could be used for the treatment of typhoid fever and reduces the state of oxidative stress caused by Salmonella. Typhi during rat’s infection.

Introduction: Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) mediating resistance in Enterobacterales is a global public health issue, especially in Low-and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) such as Cameroon. ESBL-producing Enterobacterales reduce therapeutic options and lead to the use of last resort drugs such as carbapenems even in vulnerable populations like children under five years. This study aims at determining the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec) isolated from children under five years with and without diarrhoea in two health care facilities in Dschang. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 3 February to 19 May 2022 in two hospitals in the city of Dschang, Cameroon. Stool collected were cultured on Eosine Methylen Blue (EMB) medium. Enterosystem 18R kit was used for bacterial identification. Evaluation of the resistance patterns and detection of ESBL production were performed with, the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method and CHROMagar® ESBL medium, respectively. The genomic DNA of ESBL-Ec was extracted using the boiling method and subjected to conventional and multiplex PCRs for detection of blaSHV, blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes. Data were entered into ExcelTM 2016. Epi info and R software were used for statistical analyses with a p-value <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Out of the 125 children enrolled, 67.2% (84/125) were colonized by E. coli. Among these, 57.14% (48/84) were colonized by ESBL-Ec. The prevalence of ESBL-Ec per hospitals, was higher in H1 than that of H2 although without statistical significance (60.42% vs 39.58%, p=0.24). ESBL-Ec isolates showed high levels of resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (96.22%), cefotaxime (75.47%), ceftriaxone (73.58%), ofloxacin (67.92%), levofloxacin (56.6%) and ciprofloxacin (54.71%). The majority of ESBL-Ec isolates (52.83%; 28/53) were co-producers of blaCTX-M and blaTEM. Conclusion: Infection prevention and control measures coupled with antimicrobial stewardship strategies need to be strengthened to reduce emergence and dissemination of ESBL-Ec among this vulnerable population.

The present study investigates the effects of Vitellaria paradoxa crude extract administration on Salmonella typhimurium infected Wistar rats.

Background: In Cameroon, typhoid fever is after malaria, the disease with which health workers are most confronted because its incidence is constantly increasing. Salmonella has become over time multiresistant to antibiotics available on the market, for this reason, it becomes imperative to use drugs made from extracts of parts of medicinal plants consisting of several secondary metabolites at the origin of their good efficacity. Objective: Determine whether the aqueous and hydroethanolics leaf extract of Dracaena deisteliana have in vitro antisalmonellal activities, and to determine the site of action of the most active extract on Salmonella Typhi strain (ATCC6539). Methods: To do this, the in vitro antisalmonellal activity of aqueous and hydroethanolics leaf extracts of Dracaena deisteliana was evaluated by the liquid microdilution method. The modes of action of the 55% hydroethanolic leaf extract of Dracaena deisteliana was also done in order to verify the sites of action of this extract. Results: The in vitro antisalmonellal activity revealed that the decocted and 55% hydroethanolic leaf extract of Dracaena deisteliana presented MICs of 256 and 128 μg/ml respectively on the Salmonella Typhi (ATCC6539) strain on which they were tested. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of steroids, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, and saponins in aqueous and hydroethanolics leaf extracts of Dracaena deisteliana. The modes by which the 55% hydroethanolic leaf extract of Dracaena deisteliana inhibits the growth of Salmonella, were studied by following bacterial decay, bacteriolysis, inhibition of biofilms, inhibition of ATPASES-H+ proton pumps, protein synthesis and biofilm formation. The study of growth kinetics on the Salmonella Typhi strain (ATCC6539) showed that at all concentrations (2MIC, MIC and 1/2MIC), the 55% hydroethanolic leaf extract of Dracaena deisteliana induced the inhibition of bacterial ATPASES-H+ proton pumps. This extract also inhibits the formation of biofilms from 28 to 72% and prevents the synthesis of Salmonella Typhi strain (ATCC6539) proteins. Conclusion: Aqueous and Hydroethanolics leaf extracts of Dracaena deisteliana possess in vitro antisalmonellal activities.

Infectious diseases such as typhoid fever lead to the formation of free radicals which can have a detrimental effect on the body. Typhoid fever is caused by poor sanitation, lack of clean water and resistance of germs to antibiotics and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hence an urgent needs to find alternative treatments with little or no toxicity for the treatment of this disease. Objective: This work aims to evaluate the in vivo antisalmonellal and antioxidant activity of the 95% hydroethanolic extract of the leaves of Bauhinia rufescens (Fabaceae) in rats experimentally infected with Salmonella Typhi ATCC6539, as an alternative therapy. Methods: The rats were randomly divided into twelve groups (six per sex) of animals. Thus 3 control groups: (T0) uninfected and untreated; (T-) infected and untreated; (T+) infected and treated with ciprofloxacin (14 mg/kg) and 3 test groups: T1, T2 and T3 infected and treated with different doses of the extract (40, 80 and 117.71 mg/kg respectively). The evolution of the infection and the effectiveness of the treatment were monitored by blood culture, food consumption and weight growth were assessed during the trial; at the end of which the animals were sacrificed and the different parameters were evaluated. Results: Infected animals treated with different doses of the extract showed zero bacterial loads from the twelfth day post infection in both sexes. Regardless of sex, animals treated with the extract at the dose of 117.71mg/Kg were cured by the seventh day after the start of treatment while those treated with the doses of 40 mg/Kg and 80 mg/kg were cured by the ninth day after the start of treatment. Infection induced a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in food consumption and weight growth, while treatment induced, at all doses, an increase in food consumption and weight growth. Infection also caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in NO and MDA levels, as well as a significant decrease in catalase and peroxidase activities in animal tissue homogenates. However, treatment resulted in a significant decrease in NO and MDA levels, and a significant (p < 0.05) increase in catalase and peroxidase activities. Conclusion: These results showed that the 95% hydroethanolic extract of Bauhinia rufescens leaves has mixed antisalmonellal and antioxidant activity in vivo and could be developed for the treatment of typhoid fever.

Abstract Objective The haptoglobin (Hp) gene located on chromosome 16q22 exhibits a polymorphism that can impact its capacity to inhibit the deleterious oxidative activity of free hemoglobin. We aimed to determine the influence of Hp polymorphism on oxidative stress, lipid profile, and cardiovascular risk in Cameroonian sickle cell anemia patients (SCA patients). Method The Hp genotypes of 102 SCA patients (SS), 60 healthy individuals (AA), and 55 subjects with sickle cell trait (AS) were determined by allele‐specific PCR, and the blood parameters were assessed using standard methods. Results Hp2‐2 genotype was significantly (P < .05) present in SS (54%) than in AS (42%) and AA (38%). Levels of catalase and cell reactive protein were higher, while levels of total antioxidant capacity, triglycerides, low‐density lipoprotein cholestetol, blood pressure, Framingham score, and body mass index were lower in the SCA patients. These parameters appeared to be unrelated to the haptoglobin genotypes. SCA patients with Hp1‐1 genotype presented a higher oxidative stress index (0.53 ± 0.31) than those with Hp2‐1 (0.33 ± 0.18). Lipid profile and cardiovascular risk were not significantly different between various Hp genotypes in SCA patients. Conclusion Haptoglobin polymorphism did not affect lipid profile, cardiovascular risk, and oxidative stress status of SCA patients. Nevertheless, SCA patients with Hp1‐1 genotype tended to be more prone to oxidative stress than those with Hp2‐1.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) in patients with diabetes are a major public health problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries. This study assessed the resistance profile of Escherichia coli and biochemical abnormalities in controlled and uncontrolled type 2 diabetic patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Douala Laquintinie Hospital from January, 2020, to July, 2021, on the diabetic and nondiabetic participants. The clinical symptoms and biochemical parameters of patient having UTIs were measured using standard methods. E. coli was isolated from urine and an antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using the Kirby-Bauer Agar diffusion method. A total of 851 participants were included with a mean age of 48.54 years. Three hundred and forty-six (40.67%) were nondiabetic, 226 (26.56%) were diabetic patients with balanced blood sugar levels (i.e., glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is normal), and 279 (32.78%) were diabetic patients with unbalanced blood sugar levels (i.e., patients having an abnormal HbA1c). The prevalence of UTI caused by E. coli was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in diabetics with unbalanced blood sugar levels (15.41%) and diabetics with balanced blood sugar levels (9.73%) compared to nondiabetics (0.87%). Significant (p < 0.001) high frequencies of polyuria (48.39%), proteinuria (29.75%), leukocyturia (27.96%), and polyphagia (8.24%) were observed in diabetic participants with unbalanced blood sugar levels. Significantly (p < 0.001) high average values of aspartate transaminase (25.34; 27.07; 29.93), alanine transaminase (26.08; 27.38; 28.20), creatininemia (8.15; 9.67; 11.31), total cholesterol (1.57; 1.83; 2.63), and atherogenic index (3.81; 6.56; 11.73) were noted in nondiabetics, balanced, and unbalanced blood glucose diabetics, respectively. E. coli showed a high level of resistance to ciprofloxacin (30%), amoxicillin (10.8%), and ofloxacin (9.3%) in diabetic participants with unbalanced blood sugar levels. The antibiotic resistance patterns of the E. coli to triple, quadruple, and quintuple antibiotics were higher when participants had diabetes and even more when diabetes was not controlled. The present findings underline an increased susceptibility of diabetic patients with unbalanced blood sugar levels to multidrug resistant E. coli. Further studies should be conducted to determine the causal association between uncontrolled diabetes and bacterial multidrug resistance.

Typhoid fevers are systemic diseases caused by Salmonella Typhi. These bacterial infections come from digestive route. The aim of this study was to evaluate the activity of the 95% ethanolic extract from Enantia chlorantha stem bark and to determine its mechanism of action. When performed, microdilution in liquid medium, was used for the evaluation of the in vitro antisalmonella activity on Salmonella Typhi ATCC 6539. The phytochemical screening was assessed by the standard methods. The mechanism of action of the extract was performed through biofilms and proton ATPases-H+ Pumps inhibition. In vitro antisalmonellal activity test reveals that the E. chlorantha extract presented MIC values of 128 μg/mL and MBC of 512 μg/mL on tested microorganism. The MBC/MIC ratio was equal to 4. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, anthocyanins, anthraquinons, flavonoids, phenols, and saponins in this extract. The later also inhibited biofilms formation and proton ATPases- H+ bacterial pumps. The present study demonstrates that ethanolic extract of Enantia chlorantha stem bark possesses an interesting antisalmonella activity and could then be used for the treatment of typhoid fever.

In Chad, enteric fever remains a major public health problem where it is still endemic due to the precariousness of life hygiene combined with the abusive and inappropriate use of antibiotics. Objective: The aim of this work was to evaluate the in vitro antisalmonella and antioxidant activity of extracts from the leaves and stem bark of B. rufescens. Methods: Phytochemical screening of these extracts was performed by standard methods to justify the observed activities. The antisalmonella activity was evaluated using the liquid microdilution method. Antioxidant activity of these extracts was determined by investigating their 1, 1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH●) antiradical and iron reducing capacities. Results: The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) were varied from 256 to 1024 µg/ml. The 95% hydroethanolic extract of the leaves exhibited higher DPPH● antiradical activity than all extracts and IC50s ≤ 20 μg/ml for all extracts tested. Conclusion: These results showed that the 95% hydroethanolic extract of B. rufescens leaves possess in vitro antisalmonella and antioxidant activities and could be used for in vivo antisalmonella and antioxidant studies.

A new anthraquinone, 1,6-dihydroxy-2-hydroxymethyl-5-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione ( 1 ), along with four known compounds, including 1,2-dimethoxyanthraquinone ( 2 ), morindone-5-methylether ( 3 ), scopoletin ( 4 ), and fraxidin ( 5 ) were isolated from the methylene chloride extract of the stem bark of Morinda lucida Benth. Structure elucidation was accomplished by analysis of the 1D and 2D NMR, IR and mass spectra. Compounds 1 , 2 , 4 and 5 were tested against five Salmonella strains. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined. The results indicated that the four compounds have different antibacterial activities, with MIC values ranging from 8 to 256 µg/mL. Among these four compounds, the best activity was observed for compound 4 against Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurim (STM), with a MIC value of 8 µg/mL. Compound 1 showed selective antibacterial activity toward the five Salmonella strains, with MICs of 16 µg/mL against STM, 32 µg/mL against S. enteritidis (STE), 64 µg/mL against S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi (ST) and S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi (ST566), and 128 µg/mL against S. enteritidis , S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi ATCC 6539 (STS). Compounds 1 , 2 , 4 , and 5 have bactericidal effects (MBC/MIC ≤ 4) against the tested Salmonella strains, except for compound 4 , which is bacteriostatic to STM with a MBC/MIC value of 16.

Background: Typhoid fever is a major health burden in Sub-Saharan Africa. Conventional anti-typhoid drugs are becoming more and more unavailable to most patients in Africa due to the increased costs and emerging drug resistance. Therefore, there is a need for the discovery of new antimicrobial agents to combat typhoid fever. Objective: This work aimed to investigate the bioactive components in Cyperus sphacelatus Rottb. (Cyperaceae) and test the antisalmonellal activity of the isolated compounds. Methods: Compound purification was done through column chromatography. Structure elucidation was accomplished based on the 1D and 2D NMR, IR and mass spectra. The biological assay was done using five bacterial strains, including Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica sérovars Typhi ATCC 6539 (STS), S. enterica subsp. enterica sérovars Typhi (ST), S. enteritidis (STE), S. enterica subsp. enterica sérovars Typhimurim (STM), and a resistant isolate of S. enterica subsp. enterica sérovars Typhi (ST566). Results: Three natural products were isolated from the methylene chloride extract of the rhizomes of C. sphacelatus, including a new furanoquinone, scabequinon-6(14)-ene (1) and two known compounds, cyperotundone (2) and vanillin (3). Compound 1 showed moderate antisalmonellal activity, with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 32 μg/mL against STM and STS. The best inhibitory result was obtained with compound 2 on STM with a MIC of 8 μg/mL. Compound 2 also gave the best minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 32 μg/mL on the STM strain. Conclusion: The discovery of the three antisalmonellal compounds from C. sphacelatus supports the addition of this plant to typhoid fever preparations.