To learn that supplementing to a commercial fruit smoothie 100 mg of calcium (as tri-calcium citrate) per 8 ounce serving, but not 290 mg of calcium per 8 ounce serving produces an acceptable product not distinguishable from the original beverage.

This trans-disciplinary study assesses total external environmental and health costs of modern agriculture in the UK. A wide range of datasets have been analysed to assess cost distribution across sectors. We calculate the annual total external costs of UK agriculture in 1996 to be £2343 m (range for 1990–1996: £1149–3907 m), equivalent to £208/ha of arable and permanent pasture. Significant costs arise from contamination of drinking water with pesticides (£120 m/year), nitrate (£16 m), Cryptosporidium (£23 m) and phosphate and soil (£55 m), from damage to wildlife, habitats, hedgerows and drystone walls (£125 m), from emissions of gases (£1113 m), from soil erosion and organic carbon losses (£106 m), from food poisoning (£169 m), and from bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) (£607 m). This study has only estimated those externalities that give rise to financial costs, and so is likely to underestimate the total negative impacts of modern agriculture. These data help to identify policy priorities, particularly over the most efficient way to internalise these external costs into prices. This would imply a redirection of public subsidies towards encouraging those positive externalities under-provided in the market place, combined with a mix of advisory and institutional mechanisms, regulatory and legal measures, and economic instruments to correct negative externalities. Further work examining the marginal costs and benefits of UK agriculture would help to inform future policy development.

It is well established that the strength of encapsulated dental amalgam is affected by the speed of mixing. An investigation into the effects of mixing speeds on the compressive strength of three encapsulated glass-ionomer cements was carried out. The working and setting time and compressive strength at 24 hours and 7 days were evaluated for the three materials at four mixing speeds. There appeared to be little variation in working and setting times at the different mixing speeds. The early compressive strength of one material, Ketac-fil, increased as the speed of mixing increased. The variation in mixing speed did not appear to affect the early compressive strengths of the other two materials. Seven-day compressive strengths of all three materials were not affected by variations in mixing time.

SUMMARY1. To investigate the effect of lignocaine upon coronary blood flow, myocardial systolic wall function and high energy phosphate stores, lignocaine was administered as a rapid intravenous injection to 14 open chest anaesthetized swine.2. Before and after injection, measurements were made of coronary blood flow by electromagnetic flow probe, per cent wall thickening by ultrasonic crystals, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP) content by myocardial biopsy, and arterial pressure by central aortic catheter. The animals were divided into two groups based on whether or not they received a continuous low‐dose infusion of lignocaine prior to the study. Group I received the continuous low‐dose infusion of lignocaine and group II did not.3. With a 2 mg/kg lignocaine injection, peak diastolic coronary flow rose significantly in groups I and II by 27±7 and 29±7% respectively. This was followed by a significant decline in per cent wall thickening in groups I and II of ‐11±2 and ‐19±6% respectively. In group I myocardial CP content decreased after lignocaine injection by 58±6% and ATP tended to rise even though systolic and diastolic pressure did not change significantly. In group II neither CP nor ATP changed significantly, but systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased significantly.4. Repeat lignocaine injections were given over a wider dosage range (0.5–4.0 mg/kg) to determine dose–response for lignocaine versus coronary blood flow. Coronary blood flow increased and per cent wall thickening decreased as doses of lignocaine were increased.5. It was concluded that rapid intravenous lignocaine injection appeared to cause a dose‐dependent coronary dilatation and systolic dysfunction. Pre‐treatment with low‐dose continuous infusion of lignocaine appeared to result in a decrease in CP and a rise in ATP when compared with no pre‐treatment—despite a similar effect on myocardial function and coronary blood flow.

The acute effects of lidocaine on coronary blood flow, hemodynamic parameters, and wall function were studied in 14 anesthetized pigs. Lidocaine was infused intravenously as a bolus (dosage range from 1.5 to 4.0 mg/kg). At ten to thirty seconds after infusion, coronary blood flow reached 154 +/- 38% (mean +/- SD) of the baseline resting flow (p less than 0.001). The double product, an estimate of myocardial oxygen demand, decreased from a baseline value of 9221 +/- 2174 to 8008 +/- 1923 mmHg beats/min (p less than 0.01). Sixty seconds postinfusion myocardial function decreased from baseline wall thickening of 46 +/- 25% to 41 +/- 17% (p = 0.04). An acute bolus of lidocaine appears to transiently increase coronary blood flow, by decreasing coronary vascular resistance, and also decrease myocardial function. Thus, an acute lidocaine bolus may favorably alter the myocardial oxygen supply/demand ratio.

In an experiment (E546) to study interactions of 〈E〉=100 GeV and 〈Q2〉=17 GeV2 neutrinos in the Fermilab 15-foot bubble chamber, we have looked for a left-right asymmetry in the azimuthal angle φ of individual hadrons about the direction of the lepton momentum transfer (q vector). Significant asymmetry is found for forward positive hadrons; for xF>0.10, we find 〈cosφ〉=−0.029±0.008, where xF is the Feynman x variable. Negative hadrons with xF>0.10 show no asymmetry, 〈cosφ〉=0.004±0.011. A model which includes parton intrinsic transverse momentum kt reproduces the asymmetry of combined positive and negative hadrons with xF>0.10, 〈cosφ〉=−0.018±0.0065, if 〈kt2〉=0.065±0.024 GeV2/c2. But the model predicts almost equal asymmetries for positive and negative hadrons. The model also agrees poorly with the observed dependence on the kinematic variables x and Q2 if the kt distribution is assumed to be independent of kinematic variables.Received 2 December 1988DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.40.2764©1989 American Physical Society

The production of transverse energy clusters in minimum bias proton-antiproton collisions at the CERN SPS Collider is studied with the UA1 detector over a new range of centre of mass energies (√s = 0.2−0.9 TeV). This study is intended to investigate how low in transverse momentum perturbative QCD is able to describe the dynamics of hadron collisions. We observe that clusters with transverse energy in excess of a few GeV exhibit properties in agreement with QCD expectations for parton scattering, supporting their interpretation in terms of jet production. We find that the jet-event rate represents a sizeable fraction of the inelastic rate and is increasing with √s over the measured energy range.

Isolated photons, produced directly by a scattering process, have been observed in the UA1 experiment at the CERN pp collider at centre-of-mass energies √=546 GeV and √=630 GeV. Single and double photon differential cross sections have been determined and found to be consistent with the expectations of QCD.

A search has also been made for a fourth generation, charge 1/3 quark (b'). Assuming that theb' mass is smaller than that of the top quark and that it can-not be produced inW decays, the mass limits, using the above procedures, are respectivelym b' >32 GeV/c2 andm b' >44 GeV/c2, both at 95% confidence level.

Two-jet mass distributions have been measured as a function of centre-of-mass scattering angle for high-mass jet pairs produced in proton-antiproton collisions at the CERN collider operating at a centre-of-mass energy of 630 GeV. The agreement between QCD expectations and the experimental measurements has been used to place limits on the production cross section of an object X decaying into two jets. In particular we consider the existence of a massive colour octet of vector gauge bosons (axigluons). We exclude axigluons with a width ΛA < 0.4mA and a mass mA in the range 150 < mA < 310 GeV/c2 (95% CL).

We present a study of low mass dimuon events [m(μμ) < 6 GeV/c2] from the UA1 experiment at the CERN pp collider. Contributions from semileptonic decays of heavy flavour particles, Drell-Yan type processes, J/ψ decays and leptonic decays of light mesons are extracted, and cross sections for high pT beauty and Drell-Yan production are derived. A limit for the branching fraction for the exotic decay B0→μ+μ− is also obtained. The cross section for section for low mass, high pT Drell-Yan prod uction is compared to the measured direct photon cross section using QED and QCD derived relationship. This relationship is used to infer a measurement of the single photon cross section at lower values of transverse momentum, where photons cannot be unambigously identified.

We present a study of heavy flavour (charm and beauty) production using data collected with the UA1 detector at the CERN Proton-Antiproton collider at a centre-of-mass energy of 630 GeV for an integrated luminosity of 556 nb−1. This follows our earlier study ofb\(\bar b\) andc\(\bar c\) production in dimuon events and the evidence for mixing betweenB0 and\(\bar B^0 \) states. Properties of an inclusive sample of events containing a muon withp T >6 GeV/c are compared with QCD predictions for heavy flavour production, using the ISAJET Monte Carlo program. The predicted largep T muon yield from heavy flavour production and decay agrees with the data to within 30%. For events with a muon ofp T >10 GeV/c and at least one jet withE T >10 GeV, we measure the ratio charm/(charm+beauty) to be (24±8±9)%. We also show that the correlations observed between the two heavy quark jets expected by flavour conservation are consistent with the mixture of lowest and higher order QCD processes. We study in detail the topological and kinematic properties of a subsample of events containing a highp T muon and one or more jets. The good agreement of the theoretical predictions with our data in a region dominated by the production of charm and beauty shows that one of the main background sources to a new heavy quark signature is well understood.

Coherent ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{+}$ production on neon nuclei has been observed in charged-current events in a neutrino bubble-chamber experiment. The incident neutrino energy was 10--320 GeV, with a median event energy of 80 GeV. The rate per charged-current event was (0.28\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10)%. Comparison was made to vector-meson-dominance predictions; agreement with the overall rate, but disagreement at high neutrino energies and at high ${Q}^{2}$, was found.

We report on a search for B0↔B¯0 oscillations (mixing) using events with two identified muons from data collected at the CERN p¯p collider. In the absence of B0↔B¯0 oscillations, dimuons coming directly from decays of beauty-antibeauty paris must have opposite signs. Like-sign dimuons are expected from events where one muon arises from beauty decay and the other from the charm decay of the associated beauty-charm cascade. Taking these processes into account, together with the contribution from charm production, the predicted ratio of like-sign to unlike-sign muon pairs is 0.26±0.03. Experimentally we measure 0.42±0.07±0.03. A natural explanation for the excess of like-sign events is the existence of a significant amount of B0↔B¯0 transitions. The fraction of beauty particles that produce first-generation decay muons with the opposite electric charge from that expected without mixing is deduced to be: χ = 0.121±0.047. Combined with the null result from searches for B0↔B¯0 oscillations at e+e− colliders, our results are consistent with transitions inthe B0s system, as favoured theoretically.

We report on further analysis of events with large missing transverse energy from 715 nb−1 of data from the UA1 experiment at the CERN proton-antiproton collider. Measured W and Z0 rates and heavy flavour cross sections are used to predict rates of missing transverse energy event from all known standard model process. Limits are derived on two possible new sources, namely: (1) semi-hadronic decays of a fourth sequential charged heavy lepton coupling to the W boson, (2) Z0 decays into additional pairs of non-interacting particles. After taking into additional pairs of non-interacting particles. After taking into account all known sources of missing transverse energy events, we find a mass limit on a fourth-generation charged lepton of mL>41 GeV/c2 (90% CL) and a limit on the number of additional neutrino species of n⩽7 (90% CL).

This is the first full solid angle analysis of large transverse energy events in\(p\bar p\) collisions at the CERN collider. Events with transverse energies in excess of 200 GeV at\(\sqrt s = 630 GeV\) are studied for any non-standard physics and quantitatively compared with expectations from perturbative QCD Monte Carlo models. A corrected differential cross section is presented. A detailed examination is made of jet profiles, event jet multiplicities and the fraction of the transverse energy carried by the two jets with the highest transverse jet energies. There is good agreement with standard theory for events with transverse energies up to the largest observed values\(( \approx \sqrt {s/2} )\) and the analysis shows no evidence for any non-QCD mechanism to account for the event characteristics.