The state of the pituitary-thyroid system central and peripheral links (according to the levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones T4 and T3 in blood serum) were studied in 6- and 18-month-old rats under initiated circadian desynchronosis (CD) by the light regime inverting. The CD was simulated against the background of separate and combined eff ect of both the whole body cryostimulation (–120°C) (WBC) and injections of the nucleated cells (NCs) of human cord blood, applied preventively (for a day and week, respectively). In 6-month-old rats, the TSH level decreased under the CD and its initiation after separate NCs administration and combined with WBC (by 3.4, 3.9 and 6.3 times, respectively) and remained unchanged under CD against the WBC. In 18-month-old rats the TSH level was reduced only at CD by 1.8 times. The T4 level in rats of both age groups did not change under the CD as well as during its development against the background of a combined effect of WBC and NCs administration in 6-month-old animals and against the NCs injection in 18 months-old rats. The T4 level in rats of both age groups decreased at the background of separate effect of the WBC (by 1.6 and 1.4 times, respectively). In 18-month-old animals, the T4 increased under the CD development after a combined effect of WBC and NCs injection by 1.3 times. No changes in the T3 level were found.

Ferumoxytol is a superparamagnetic iron oxide particle encapsulated by a semisynthetic carbohydrate with properties that can be used by the nephrologist for diagnosis and therapy. Ferumoxytol is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treating iron deficiency anemia in the setting of chronic kidney disease, but not for clinical diagnostic imaging. It has gained appeal as a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent in patients with estimated glomerular filtration rates < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 in whom gadolinium-based contrast magnetic resonance imaging agents are relatively contraindicated because of the association with gadolinium deposition and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. Ferumoxytol metabolism is not dependent on kidney function, but rather is removed from the circulation by the reticuloendothelial system of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow. Additionally, the prolonged intravascular half-life (>14 hours) of ferumoxytol allows for longer image acquisition and repeat imaging, if necessary. In patients with contraindications for gadolinium contrast agents, ferumoxytol is an alternative agent for vascular assessment, including patency and course.

In the last three decades, several interdisciplinary studies investigated the marine ecosystems off the West Antarctic Peninsula (WAP), one of the most impacted areas of the Southern Ocean by the global warming. Although the extent of near-shore habitats along the WAP is wider than elsewhere in Antarctica, the coastal fish communities have been rarely studied. Complementing these previous studies, we provide new data on the species composition, population structure and relative abundance of the inshore fish community living off the Argentine Islands (Bellingshausen Sea). Fish samples were caught all the year round during four different periods spread over ten years (from 2006 to 2017). The fish fauna consisted of fourteen high-Antarctic and low-Antarctic species of notothenioids, most of them belonging to the Nototheniidae. Notothenia coriiceps was by far the most abundant species, followed in decreasing abundance by Chaenocephalus aceratus , Notothenia rossii , Trematomus newnesi and Trematomus bernacchii . Our findings provide context for future ecological studies as this area represents either a spawning and nursery area for multiple species in this study. More generally, the inshore waters off the Argentine Islands represent the southern limit of distribution for several low-Antarctic species, and our results provide critical baseline data for assessing possible disruptions in population dynamics driven by the ongoing climate change.

From the first expeditions, adaptation to the harsh environment of Antarctica, the expeditionists complained of a trouble sleeping. During a long stay on the continent, the polar explorers are exposed to a large number of extreme environmental factors both at the station and outside it, but the main physical factors of sleep disturbances are considered to be the peculiarities of light and photoperiod. Recently, more attention has been paid to clarifying the role of psychological adaptation to the Antarctica conditions, regarding the living in a small group and confined space. Existing methods to prevent the sleep disorders, first of all, comprise the manipulating with light parameters, activity and rest schedules. A thorough preliminary selection of expeditionists to establish the necessary psychological climate, thinking about gender and multicultural characteristics of adaptation can also be considered with the perspective of preventive measures. At the same time, little attention is paid to the investigation of the role of 'non-core' factors (chronotype, personality traits and features of personal adaptation to the extreme environment of Antarctica), as well as forced contact with cold, affecting sleep. Probl Cryobiol Cryomed 2020; 30(1): 3-23

Objective. To investigate the qualitative changes in the habitats of two most common species penguin populations in the Wilhelm Archipelago Pygoscelis papua and P. adeliae (Spheniscidae) penguins in the CCAMLR Subarea 48.1 under the impact of climate changes and krill fishery. Methods. The new method of time-lapse camera registration to observe the breeding success of penguins was applied to minimize the effect of human disturbance on the breeding and survival of chicks and to avoid disturbance of penguins. Installed in penguin colonies cameras were used to record next parameters: arrival to colony, copulation, egg lay, hatch and crèche. This method was introduced for the first time in the framework of the international CEMP project “Establishing a CEMP Camera Network in Subarea 48.1”. More than five years’ timeline of the project is expected. The traditional visual observation of penguin colonies from time to time has been used as well. Results. Over the last decade, P. papua has been shifted nearly 30 km southward and formed six new nesting colonies. Annual breeding success of P. papua on Petermann Island has ranged from 0.87 to 1.58 chicks crèche per nest over the nine seasonal observations during 2003—2017. 1.27 chicks per nest was found in 2016/17 season; a low breeding success rate in comparison to most of other seasons. The breeding success of P. adeliae was more stable ranging from 1.11 to 1.42 over the six seasonal observations; with highest in 2003/04. The range of prey for P. papua was studied. Conclusions. Changes in the penguin species habitat have been observed on the territory of the Wilhelm Archipelago. It was established that at the beginning of the ХХІ century the nesting areas of P. papua was significantly extended probably due to the climate warming in the region. It was shown that P. papua is more ecologically plastic species than P. adeliae. It is well know that the breeding success of predators such as penguins can be used as an indication of the status of lower trophic levels. Since, the Antarctic krill Euphausia superba (Euphausiidae) is the main feeding object of the both penguin species diet (84%) in the Wilhelm Archipelago area, we propose a model of key elements for qualitative and quantitative analysis of the changes in the krill- based ecosystem of the Argentine Islands. Future development of the penguin nesting colonies monitoring using the CEMP Camera Network under the CCAMLR will contribute significantly to the real-time estimates of relative prey availability. The results of the gentoo and Adelie penguin’s chronology and breeding success studies might be used (1) in development of the krill fishery management strategy in the CCAMLR for the rational use of Antarctic marine living resources; (2) to develop a resettlement model to predict the ecological risks due to climate changes for both penguin species.

Disturbances in sleep quality can be accompanied by circadian rhythm disorders and lead to the development of pathology, including those from the side of psychophysiological and psychological functions. In many participants of Antarctic expeditions the “Antarctic syndrome” is developed. The violation of the normal rhythm of sleep is the key component of the syndrome. Objectives. Therefore, in order to elucidate the diagnostic relevance of subjective sleep changes obtained using questionnaire and a method of recording objective indicators of motor activity in sleep using smart technologies, we performed the sleep study of individual wintering volunteers in the Antarctic station conditions. Methods. Twelve winterers of the 21st Ukrainian Antarctic expedition (from 22 to 63 years old) participated in the studies, the average age was 39.25 years, all men. IDS-SR30 questionnaire was used to determine the personal evaluation of sleep quality. In addition, four people (43, 51, 23, 23 years old, the first winter in Antarctica) participated in the study aimed at identifying objective changes in sleep and elucidating the diagnostic relevance of the method of recording objective indicators of motor activity in sleep using smart technologies during the wintering period with the use of personal smartphones with installed software Sleep as Android (Urbandroid Team) and a specially developed program to read data from the smartphone accelerometer. Results. Analysis of winterers testing during stay at the station using the IDS-SR30 questionnaire showed that the dynamics of subjective sleep quality problems were characterized by individual features, but their peak amounts occurred during the middle of the Antarctic winter, which may be due to almost total absence of a daily photoperiod in the season. It should be mentioned that in individual winterers the sleep problems have remained until the end of the expedition, which can increase the load on the adaptive reserves of the organism and lead to the development of state of fatigue and chronic stress. The marked dynamics of subjective characteristics and the estimated value of the sleep quality in winterers in the Antarctic dictated the necessity of reinforcing the results with objective indicators, like total sleep time and deep sleep duration, which were calculated on the basis of registration of motor activity in sleep recorded using smart technologies. Conclusions. The use of test packages for the psychological diagnosis of in winterers will allow to objectify the individual dynamic changes in the characteristics of daily sleep duration and its quality during the whole expeditionary period of stay in the Antarctica. This makes it possible to expand the possibilities for assessing the psychophysiological state of winterers by analyzing quality indices of the sleep and its duration, which is based on the recording of motor activity in sleep.

Нарушения качества сна могут сопровождаться десинхронозными расстройствами и приводить к развитию патологии, в том числе и со стороны психофизиологических и психических функций. Так у многих участников антарктических экспедиций возникают симптомы так называемого «антарктического синдрома», ключевым компонентом которого является нарушение нормального ритма сна. Цель. С целью выяснения диагностической релевантности субъективных изменений сна, получаемых с помощью опросника и метода регистрации объективных показателей двигательной активности во сне с помощью смарт-технологий, нами были выполнены исследования сна у отдельных добровольцев-зимовщиков в условиях пребывания на антарктической станции. Методы. В исследованиях принимали участие 12 зимовщиков 21-й Украинской антарктической экспедиции в возрасте от 22 до 63 лет, средний возраст составлял 39,25 года, все мужчины. Для выяснения личностной оценки качества сна использовали опросник IDS-SR30. Кроме того, четыре человека (43, 51, и два по 23 года, у всех первая зимовка в Антарктиде) приняли участие в исследовании, направленном на выявление объективных изменений сна и выяснения диагностической релевантности метода регистрации объективных показателей двигательной активности во сне с помощью смарт-технологий на протяжении зимовки с использованием персональных смартфонов с установленным программным обеспечением Sleep as Android (Urbandroid Team) и специально разработанной программой для снятия данных со встроенного в смартфон акселерометра. Результаты. Анализ тестирования зимовщиков в течение пребывания на станции с помощью опросника IDS-SR30 показал, что динамика субъективных проблем качества сна характеризовалась индивидуальными особенностями, но пиковые значения таких нарушений приходились на период середины антарктической зимы, что может быть связано с практически полным отсутствием суточной фотопериодики как раз в этот период. Обращает внимание то обстоятельство, что у отдельных зимовщиков проблемы со сном продолжают оставаться до конца экспедиции, что может усиливать нагрузку на адаптационные резервы организма, приводя к состоянию утомления и хронического стресса. Отмеченная динамика субъективных характеристик и оценочное значение качества сна зимовщиков в Антарктике продиктовали необходимость подкрепления полученных результатов объективными показателями, в качестве которых были выбраны общая продолжительность и время глубокого сна, которые рассчитывались на основе регистрации показателей двигательной активности во сне, регистрируемых с помощью смарт-технологий. Выводы. Использование тестовых пакетов для психологической диагностики возникновения проблем нормального ритма сон-бодрствование в сочетании с новыми смарт-технологиями мониторинга сна у зимовщиков дает возможность объективизировать индивидуальные динамические перестройки характеристик длительности и качества суточного сна в течение всего экспедиционного периода пребывания в Антарктике. Это позволяет расширить возможности оценивания психофизиологического состояния зимовщиков за счет анализа показателей качества сна и его продолжительности, основанной на регистрации двигательной активности во сне.

Надійшла 23.01.2018 Прийнята до друку 19.02.2018 Received January, 23, 2018 Accepted February, 19, 2018 Согласно современным представлениям адаптация к холоду у человека может развиваться по метаболическому, инсулятивному (изоляционному), гипотермическому типу или их комбинации и определяться параметрами окружающей среды (интенсивность, характер, вид воздействия и др.), индивидуальными факторами (генетические, расовые, половые, возрастные, конституционные и др.) [3, 12]. Подобной классификации стратегий адаптации у других млекопитающих в доступной нам литературе обнаружить не удалось. Кроме того, в природе существует еще одна стратегия адаптации, не свойственная человеку, – гибернация. Для приспособления к колебаниям температуры окружающей среды (ТОС) млекопитающие используют определенный набор поведенческих реакций, физиологических изменений и морфологических приспособлений, степень вовлечения которых у негибернирующих и гибернирующих животных может отличаться [4]. При этом разнообразные поведенческие и физиологические ответы, инициируемые стрессовыми воздействиями, обусловлены активацией двух основных систем – гипоталамо-гипофизарнонадпочечниковой и симпато-медулло-адреналовой, конечным звеном которых являются надпочечники [1]. При хронических воздействиях существует определенная взаимосвязь между устойчивой активацией центральных механизмов, регулирующих секрецию гипофизарного адренокортикотропного гормона, и экстрагипофизарных механизмов, регулирующих размер надпочечников [9, цит. по 14]. According to current notions, based particularly on population studies depending on the environmental parameters (intensity, nature and type of particular impact) and individual factors (genetic, racial, sexual, age, constitutional, etc.) the adaptation to cold in humans can develop by metabolic, insulation, hypothermic types or their combinations. [3, 12]. The available publications do not contain any classification of adaptation strategies for other mammals. Moreover, some mammalian species are characterized by one more adaptation strategy, the hibernation, which is not peculiar to a human. To adapt to the fluctuations in ambient temperature, the mammals use a specific set of behavioral responses, physiological adjustment and morphological changes. At the same time it is believed that the extent of their involvement in non-hibernating and hibernating animals may differ [4]. There are various behavioral and physiological responses initiated by stressors, nevertheless all they are resulted from an activation of two main systems, i. e. the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and sympatheticmedulla-adrenal, and the final actors of them are the adrenal glands [1]. Chronic effects are often characterized by an existence of certain relationship between the steady activation of the central mechanisms regulating the secretion of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone, and extrahypophysis mechanisms regulating the size of the adrenal glands [9, cited by 14]. Since the adrenal glands can be involved into the mechanisms, implementing different types of body adaptation УДК 612.592:591.445:[591.128.1+591.128.2 А.В. Шило*, Д.Г. Луценко, И.М. Карибян, В.В. Ломако Изменения величины зон надпочечников гибернирующих и негибернирующих животных при адаптации к холоду

Different regimes of cold acclimation (continuous and rhythmic) led to specific changes in the microcirculatory bed of the pia of the rat brain. In the course of long-term (1 month) continuous stay of rats at a low temperature, alterations of microcirculation were similar to those observed after acute short-term cold action, while repetitive short-term episodes of cold action during the same time interval (1 month) induced no vasoconstriction in the arterial link and no venous congestion resulting in ischemization of the brain. Synergistic or antagonistic actions on the vascular tone of local (nitric oxide) and central neural and humoral (catecholamines) factors can underlie the specificities of these phenomena.