Preclinical studies undertaken with milk and dairy products are the cornerstone to guaranty the public health. When milk is consumed unpasteurized, this can present health hazards owing to possible contamination from pathogenic bacteria. Farm management is defined in this review as all the activities of the dairy producers regarding the care of the animals. Standard toxicology studies and their principles to test substances in food are described in this review. Additional kinetic studies with test substances can provide important information on systemic exposure and therefore on its efficacy. Other in silico and in vitro, and long-term and special toxicity studies are introduced in this chapter to be used in the safety assessment of milk and dairy products. Milk can be enriched and/or modified to provide the best benefits to consumers. The impact of milk and dairy products on human health has been subjected to several investigations, both whole products and their isolated components. Preclinical studies with casein-derived peptide products and dairy fat naturally enriched products as well as the data kinetics resulting from studies with casein-derived peptide product, and α-linolenic, rumenic, and vaccenic acids as a naturally enriched goat dairy fat are presented.

This brief review deals with food components that may influence behaviour by non-immunological mechanisms. Such components are classed as anaphylactoid, pharmacological and psychoactive, and the effects as stimulatory, depressant or hallucinatory though the latter category includes changes in mood not associated with hallucination at the concentrations of substances present in foodstuffs. The main categories dealt with are immunological mediators, additives, vasoactive amines, xanthines, a range of phenethylamine derivatives and various glycoalkaloids. It is suggested that food choice may be as much influenced by the behavioural consequences of food components as by the more conventional attributes such as appearance, flavour and learned preference.

Front matter Contributors Contents Introduction to experimental toxicology Effects of physical form, route, and species Influence of animal species, strain, age, hormonal, and nutritional status Experimental design The biochemical principles of toxicology Animal husbandry Inhalation toxicology Histopathology in safety evaluation The metabolism and dispostion of xenobiotics Theory and practice in metabolic studies ImmunotoxicologyuConceptual problems Perspectivesu the evaluation of reproductive toxicity and teratogenicity Genetic toxicology Molecular toxicology Testing for carcinogenicity In vitro methods for teratology testing Assessing chemical injury to the reproductive system Statistics Risk assessment of chemicals Epidemiology Information and consultancy services in toxicology Regulations and advisory requirements in relation to food The influence of a growing environmental awareness on laboratory design Good laboratory practice Ethics in experiments on animals Index

Following oral administration, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is absorbed and rapidly excreted by the rat, rabbit and man, with little evidence of long-term tissue storage. The major metabolic pathways for BHA are conjugation (phase 2) reactions, oxidative metabolism (O-demethylation) being relatively unimportant. In the dog, the extent of absorption and urinary excretion is less, and oxidative metabolism is more important than in other species. In contrast, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is cleared less rapidly from most species, enterohepatic circulation being partly responsible for the delay. Tissue accumulation is also greater for BHT than for BHA. Oxidative metabolism (phase 1 reactions) mediated by the microsomal monooxygenase system is the major route for BHT degradation; oxidation of the ring methyl group predominates in the rat, rabbit and monkey, and oxidation of the tert-butyl groups in man. Gallates and 2-tert-butylhydroquinone are mainly metabolized by non-oxidative pathways (methylation or conjugation with sulphate and glucuronic acid). The different biological properties of these compounds may be related to the differences in their absorption and metabolic disposition. Thus, whereas BHT, which is metabolized by oxidation reactions, is an inducer of the microsomal mono-oxygenase system, the other phenolic antioxidants, including BHA, are only weak inducers.