Bio-oils originating from the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass are complex mixtures of monomeric and oligomeric organic molecules in the presence of water. Initially, it was intended to use the liquid products as fuel, but with the development of new biorefinery concepts for a future bio-based economy, bio-oils are also regarded as a source of valuable renewable chemicals. In contrast to crude petroleum oils with a relatively simple chemical composition, bio-oils exhibit a much more complicated chemcial composition due to the presence of oxygenated molecules with different chemical functionalites involving organic acids, carbonyl, phenols, and sugars. Moreover, bio-oils are sensitive to heat so that traditional separation methods known from petroleum cannot be transformed directly. Hence, separation processes for bio-oils must be carefully selected to avoid undesirable side-reactions. Basically, four principles for separation and enrichment of chemcials are described in literature: Distillation, liqud-liquid extraction, adorption/desorption, and fractional condensation. This chapter gives an overview of all methodologies applied to pyrolysis liquids, including one industrial example based on liquids from slow pyrolysis of wood.

A wide range of nonfood biomass and conversion technologies can be used for the production of bioenergy and biobased products. The fermentation of lignocellulosic-derived sugars and the thermochemical conversion of biomass (eg, fast pyrolysis) are examples of relevant conversion technologies. The main product of fast pyrolysis is bio-oil, which can be used directly in stationary boilers or after upgrading as a drop-in blend component in existing refineries. Bio-oil requires chemical upgrading, before it is suitable as fuel. The commercial use of bio-oil for material/chemical purposes is currently limited to minor food uses (ie, smoke aroma and flavor enhancers). Different pretreatment technologies can be used in the initial conversion of biomass to sugars for fermentation. Technical obstacles in those pretreatment processes differ among the various approaches, but can include insufficient separation of cellulose and lignin, formation of byproducts that inhibit downstream fermentation, high use of chemicals and/or energy, as well as high costs for cellulase enzymes, although the latter has decreased substantially in recent years. There is currently no consensus on a preferred pretreatment method or combination of methods. A wide range of biofuels and biobased chemicals can be produced from sugars via fermentation and/or chemical conversion, including advanced biofuels and chemical intermediates. The integration of different pretreatment and conversion technologies in biorefineries can maximize the use of biomass components and improve the efficiency of the entire value chain. In the mid- to long term, thermochemical and biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass are promising technologies for the production of biofuels and biobased chemicals.

Chemie Ingenieur TechnikVolume 86, Issue 9 p. 1517-1517 VortragFree Access Thermochemische Spaltung von Organosolv-Lignin Dr. D. Meier, Corresponding Author Dr. D. Meier dietrich.meier@ti.bund.de Thünen-Institut für Holzforschung, Leuschnerstraße 91, D-21031 Hamburg, GermanyThünen-Institut für Holzforschung, Leuschnerstraße 91, D-21031 Hamburg, Germany===Search for more papers by this authorJ. O. Strüven, J. O. Strüven Thünen-Institut für Holzforschung, Leuschnerstraße 91, D-21031 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorDr. D. Schmiedl, Dr. D. Schmiedl Fraunhofer-Institut für Chemische Technologie, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Straße 7, D-76327 Pfinztal, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorDr. B. Tübke, Dr. B. Tübke Fraunhofer-Institut für Chemische Technologie, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Straße 7, D-76327 Pfinztal, GermanySearch for more papers by this author Dr. D. Meier, Corresponding Author Dr. D. Meier dietrich.meier@ti.bund.de Thünen-Institut für Holzforschung, Leuschnerstraße 91, D-21031 Hamburg, GermanyThünen-Institut für Holzforschung, Leuschnerstraße 91, D-21031 Hamburg, Germany===Search for more papers by this authorJ. O. Strüven, J. O. Strüven Thünen-Institut für Holzforschung, Leuschnerstraße 91, D-21031 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorDr. D. Schmiedl, Dr. D. Schmiedl Fraunhofer-Institut für Chemische Technologie, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Straße 7, D-76327 Pfinztal, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorDr. B. Tübke, Dr. B. Tübke Fraunhofer-Institut für Chemische Technologie, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Straße 7, D-76327 Pfinztal, GermanySearch for more papers by this author First published: 28 August 2014 https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.201450627AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume86, Issue9Special Issue: ProcessNet-Jahrestagung 2014 und 31. DECHEMA-Jahrestagung der BiotechnologenSeptember, 2014Pages 1517-1517 RelatedInformation

Chemie Ingenieur TechnikVolume 86, Issue 9 p. 1356-1356 TandemvortragFree Access Direkte thermochemische Verflüssigung von biogenen Einsatzstoffen Prof. Dr.-Ing. T. Willner, Corresponding Author Prof. Dr.-Ing. T. Willner thomas.willner@haw-hamburg.de Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg, Ulmenliet 20, D-21033 Hamburg, GermanyHochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg, Ulmenliet 20, D-21033 Hamburg, Germany===Search for more papers by this authorDr. D. Meier, Dr. D. Meier Thünen-Institut für Holzforschung, Leuschnerstraße 91, D-21031 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this author Prof. Dr.-Ing. T. Willner, Corresponding Author Prof. Dr.-Ing. T. Willner thomas.willner@haw-hamburg.de Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg, Ulmenliet 20, D-21033 Hamburg, GermanyHochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg, Ulmenliet 20, D-21033 Hamburg, Germany===Search for more papers by this authorDr. D. Meier, Dr. D. Meier Thünen-Institut für Holzforschung, Leuschnerstraße 91, D-21031 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this author First published: 28 August 2014 https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.201450340AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume86, Issue9Special Issue: ProcessNet-Jahrestagung 2014 und 31. DECHEMA-Jahrestagung der BiotechnologenSeptember, 2014Pages 1356-1356 RelatedInformation

Chemie Ingenieur TechnikVolume 86, Issue 9 p. 1357-1358 PosterFree Access Einfluss von Reaktionstemperatur und Katalysatoren auf die Hydrierung von gecracktem Pflanzenöl Prof. Dr. A. Sievers, Corresponding Author Prof. Dr. A. Sievers anika.sievers@haw-hamburg.de Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg, Ulmenliet 20, D-21033 Hamburg, GermanyHochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg, Ulmenliet 20, D-21033 Hamburg, Germany===Search for more papers by this authorDr. D. Meier, Dr. D. Meier Thünen-Institut für Holzfoschung, Leuschnerstraße 91, D-21031 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorProf. Dr.-Ing. T. Willner, Prof. Dr.-Ing. T. Willner Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg, Ulmenliet 20, D-21033 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this author Prof. Dr. A. Sievers, Corresponding Author Prof. Dr. A. Sievers anika.sievers@haw-hamburg.de Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg, Ulmenliet 20, D-21033 Hamburg, GermanyHochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg, Ulmenliet 20, D-21033 Hamburg, Germany===Search for more papers by this authorDr. D. Meier, Dr. D. Meier Thünen-Institut für Holzfoschung, Leuschnerstraße 91, D-21031 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorProf. Dr.-Ing. T. Willner, Prof. Dr.-Ing. T. Willner Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg, Ulmenliet 20, D-21033 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this author First published: 28 August 2014 https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.201450106AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume86, Issue9Special Issue: ProcessNet-Jahrestagung 2014 und 31. DECHEMA-Jahrestagung der BiotechnologenSeptember, 2014Pages 1357-1358 RelatedInformation

Chemie Ingenieur TechnikVolume 86, Issue 9 p. 1348-1349 VortragFree Access Einfluss von Temperatur und Koksbildung auf dem Bettmaterial auf die Ligninpyrolyse in der zirkulierenden Wirbelschicht M. Franck, Corresponding Author M. Franck M.Franck@tuhh.de Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Institut für Feststoffverfahrenstechnik und Partikeltechnologie, Denickestraße 15, D-21073 Hamburg, GermanyTechnische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Institut für Feststoffverfahrenstechnik und Partikeltechnologie, Denickestraße 15, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany===Search for more papers by this authorDr. E.-U. Hartge, Dr. E.-U. Hartge Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Institut für Feststoffverfahrenstechnik und Partikeltechnologie, Denickestraße 15, D-21073 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorProf. S. Heinrich, Prof. S. Heinrich Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Institut für Feststoffverfahrenstechnik und Partikeltechnologie, Denickestraße 15, D-21073 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorProf. J. Werther, Prof. J. Werther Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Institut für Feststoffverfahrenstechnik und Partikeltechnologie, Denickestraße 15, D-21073 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorDr. D. Meier, Dr. D. Meier Thünen Institut für Holzforschung, Leuschnerstraße 91, D-21031 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this author M. Franck, Corresponding Author M. Franck M.Franck@tuhh.de Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Institut für Feststoffverfahrenstechnik und Partikeltechnologie, Denickestraße 15, D-21073 Hamburg, GermanyTechnische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Institut für Feststoffverfahrenstechnik und Partikeltechnologie, Denickestraße 15, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany===Search for more papers by this authorDr. E.-U. Hartge, Dr. E.-U. Hartge Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Institut für Feststoffverfahrenstechnik und Partikeltechnologie, Denickestraße 15, D-21073 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorProf. S. Heinrich, Prof. S. Heinrich Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Institut für Feststoffverfahrenstechnik und Partikeltechnologie, Denickestraße 15, D-21073 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorProf. J. Werther, Prof. J. Werther Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Institut für Feststoffverfahrenstechnik und Partikeltechnologie, Denickestraße 15, D-21073 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorDr. D. Meier, Dr. D. Meier Thünen Institut für Holzforschung, Leuschnerstraße 91, D-21031 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this author First published: 28 August 2014 https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.201450075AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume86, Issue9Special Issue: ProcessNet-Jahrestagung 2014 und 31. DECHEMA-Jahrestagung der BiotechnologenSeptember, 2014Pages 1348-1349 RelatedInformation

Pyrolysis of two representative solid humin samples using pyrolysis GC-MS (300-600 C, 10 s, He atmosphere) and micro-pyrolysis (500 C, 12s, N-2 atmosphere) are reported. The humins were obtained by treatment of aqueous solutions of ID-glucose and D-fructose at 180 C in the presence of sulphuric acid (0.1 M) and isolated as brown solids in 20-30% yield. The products were characterised with various techniques (SEM, elemental analysis, solid state CP-NMR, FTIR). Pyrolysis GC-MS showed the presence of furanics and organic acids, though the individual components were present in minor amounts (<1 wt%). Micro-pyrolysis yielded 30 wt% gaseous and liquid products, the remainder being a solid char. Gas-liquid yields are lower than obtained for a typical lignin sample (kraft lignin) under similar conditions. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Chemie Ingenieur TechnikVolume 84, Issue 8 p. 1311-1311 PosterFree Access Flash-Pyrolyse zur Gewinnung von Aromaten aus Lignin M. Franck, Corresponding Author M. Franck M.Franck@tuhh.de Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Institut für Feststoffverfahrenstechnik und Partikeltechnologie, Denickestraße 95, D-21073 Hamburg, GermanyTechnische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Institut für Feststoffverfahrenstechnik und Partikeltechnologie, Denickestraße 95, D-21073 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorDr.-Ing. E.-U. Hartge, Dr.-Ing. E.-U. Hartge Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Institut für Feststoffverfahrenstechnik und Partikeltechnologie, Denickestraße 95, D-21073 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorProf. Dr.-Ing. habil. S. Heinrich, Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. S. Heinrich Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Institut für Feststoffverfahrenstechnik und Partikeltechnologie, Denickestraße 95, D-21073 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorProf. Dr.-Ing. J. Werther, Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Werther Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Institut für Feststoffverfahrenstechnik und Partikeltechnologie, Denickestraße 95, D-21073 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorDr. D. Meier, Dr. D. Meier vTI-Institut für Holztechnologie und Holzbiologie, Leuschnerstraße 91, D-21031 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorP. Eidam, P. Eidam vTI-Institut für Holztechnologie und Holzbiologie, Leuschnerstraße 91, D-21031 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this author M. Franck, Corresponding Author M. Franck M.Franck@tuhh.de Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Institut für Feststoffverfahrenstechnik und Partikeltechnologie, Denickestraße 95, D-21073 Hamburg, GermanyTechnische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Institut für Feststoffverfahrenstechnik und Partikeltechnologie, Denickestraße 95, D-21073 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorDr.-Ing. E.-U. Hartge, Dr.-Ing. E.-U. Hartge Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Institut für Feststoffverfahrenstechnik und Partikeltechnologie, Denickestraße 95, D-21073 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorProf. Dr.-Ing. habil. S. Heinrich, Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. S. Heinrich Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Institut für Feststoffverfahrenstechnik und Partikeltechnologie, Denickestraße 95, D-21073 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorProf. Dr.-Ing. J. Werther, Prof. Dr.-Ing. J. Werther Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, Institut für Feststoffverfahrenstechnik und Partikeltechnologie, Denickestraße 95, D-21073 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorDr. D. Meier, Dr. D. Meier vTI-Institut für Holztechnologie und Holzbiologie, Leuschnerstraße 91, D-21031 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this authorP. Eidam, P. Eidam vTI-Institut für Holztechnologie und Holzbiologie, Leuschnerstraße 91, D-21031 Hamburg, GermanySearch for more papers by this author First published: 25 July 2012 https://doi.org/10.1002/cite.201250074AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume84, Issue8Special Issue: ProcessNet-Jahrestagung 2012 und 30. Jahrestagung der BiotechnologenAugust, 2012Pages 1311-1311 RelatedInformation

This paper summarises the safety assessments of eleven smoke flavouring primary products evaluated by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Data on chemical composition, content of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and results of genotoxicity tests and subchronic toxicity studies are presented and discussed. The smoke flavourings vary in their contents of identified constituents; none of them exceeded the legal limit for benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[a]anthracene. Ten smoke flavourings proved not to be genotoxic in vivo, whereas this could not be ruled out for another smoke flavouring. Results from animal testing and proposed dietary exposure indicate that only three smoke flavourings would not be of safety concern for humans.

The application of reactive extraction to isolate organic acids, particularly acetic acid, from the aqueous stream of phase splitted pyrolysis oil using a long chain aliphatic tertiary amine is reported. Acetic acid recovery was optimized by selecting the proper amine and diluent combination and adjustment of the process conditions. The best results were obtained with tri-n-octylamine (TOA) in 2-ethyl-hexanol (40wt%) with 84% acetic acid recovery at equilibrium conditions (room temperature). Other organic acids present in the feed (formic acid and glycolic acid) were also co-extracted (92% and 69% extraction efficiencies), as well as relatively non-polar compounds like substituted phenolics and ketones. The continuous reactive extraction process was successfully demonstrated in a centrifugal contactor separator (CCS) device, and acetic acid recoveries of 51% and 71% were obtained in a single CCS device and a two stage cross currently operated cascade, respectively.

An international study of fast pyrolysis of lignin was undertaken. Fourteen laboratories in eight different countries contributed. Two lignin samples were distributed to the laboratories for analysis and bench-scale process testing in fast pyrolysis. Analyses included proximate and ultimate analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and analytical pyrolysis. The bench-scale test included bubbling fluidized-bed reactors and entrained-flow systems. Based on the results of the various analyses and tests it was concluded that a concentrated lignin (estimated at about 50% lignin and 50% cellulose) behaved like a typical biomass, producing a slightly reduced amount of a fairly typical bio-oil, while a purified lignin material was difficult to process in the fast pyrolysis reactors and produced a much lower amount of a different kind of bio-oil. It was concluded that for highly concentrated lignin feedstocks new reactor designs will be required other than the typical fluidized-bed fast pyrolysis systems.

Analytical pyrolysis (AP) as well as chemical analysis, ESR, FTIR and UV/VIS-spectroscopy has been used to characterize effects of modification of industrial lignins (hydrolysis lignin and kraft lignin) with silicon-containing oligomers on their transformation in soil planted with timothy grass (Phleum pratense). Using Py-GC/MS it was shown that carbohydrate-originated admixtures of non-modified hydrolysis lignin were degraded preferentially during the first vegetation season (12 weeks), whereas the degradation of lignin moieties was developed during the second vegetation season (60 weeks of incubation). The modification of both hydrolysis and kraft lignins with Si-oligomers promotes degradation of lignin from the earlier stage of incubation in soil. After the first 12 weeks of incubation the G/S ratio in products from pyrolysis of residual Si-modified hydrolysis lignin has increased almost twice, whereas for non-modified hydrolysis lignin this ratio has not changed. At the same time, Si-modification prevented oxidation of lignin during the whole incubation duration: yields of CO2 and carbonyl-containing compounds upon pyrolysis of residues of Si-modified hydrolysis lignin were lower in comparison with those for the residues of non-modified lignin. Simultaneously with degradation, condensation of the lignins residual structure occurred, moreover in Si-modified hydrolysis lignin up to a higher extent than for non-modified lignin. For non-modified kraft lignin an aromatization and condensation of the structure was observed at earlier incubation time in comparison with hydrolysis lignin, and the effect of Si-modification in this case is not as potent as it is observed for hydrolysis lignin. Py-GC/MS data were used to define relationships between the changes in chemical structure of lignins and numbers of microorganisms in the timothy grass rhizosphere. Significant positive correlations were found between the development of humus-degrading bacteria population and the relative abundance of carbon dioxide in the lignin pyrolysis products as well as between numbers of humus-degrading fungi population and relative abundances of guaiacol and syringol.

The effect of two flame-retardant compositions (A-76% potassium carbonate, B-67% sulphate ammonium) on the process of thermal degradation of wood and the composition of volatile products of pyrolysis has been investigated by the thermogravimetry and analytical pyrolysis methods. It has been shown that the effect of flame retardants manifests itself in the low-temperature region with the formation of more thermally stable intermediate carbonized products. Upon pyrolysis of wood under the action of the composition A, the mechanism of degradation of the lignin component changes, which manifests itself in a more than two-fold increase in the guaiacol and vinylguaiacol contents in the composition of volatile products and the inhibition of the formation of carbohydrates destruction products. It has been found that the composition B has a catalytic action mainly on the process of thermal depolymerization of cellulose, favouring the increase in the formation of levoglucosan and practically does not change the yield of lignin degradation products.

Ammoxidation of kraft lignin was carried out in a Parr reactor using (15)NH(3) as the main nitrogen source. Reaction parameters were set up until a total nitrogen content of approximately 13 wt.% in lignin was achieved, in accordance with conditions of previous studies. Analytical tools such as FTIR, Py-GC/MS, and solid state NMR were used in this research. The nature of nitrogen bondings is discussed. The incorporation of the (15)N from ammoxidized lignin was followed in pumpkins (Zucchini cucurbita pepo L.) by means of (15)N emission spectroscopy.

Cork from Douglas-fir bark (Pseudotsuga menziesii) was separated, extracted and submitted to suberin depolymerization by transesterification with sodium methoxide in methanol. As a result a saponified cork fraction (corksap) with a yield of 19% was obtained. From corksap a milled cork lignin (MCLsap) was isolated using the Björkman procedure with a yield of 0.75% (based on corksap, corresponding to 0.14% based on original cork). The isolated Douglas-fir MCLsap was characterized by elemental analysis and OMe determination, FT-IR spectroscopy and analytical pyrolysis (Py-GC/FID). Data are presented in comparison with those of MCLsap isolated from cork-oak (Quercus suber) and milled wood lignins (MWL) of spruce. All data revealed that the Douglas-fir cork lignin has a guaiacyl-type structure (G-lignin). Results of Py-GC/FID demonstrate that this polymer consists of approximately 97% guaiacyl, 2% p-hydroxyphenyl and 1% syringyl units.