ASTERICS is an ECR (Electron Cyclotron Resonance) ion source designed by CEA, GANIL and LPSC for the NEWGAIN project in France. The design of the Nb-Ti superconducting magnet is inspired from two magnets built for 28 GHz ion sources (VENUS and FRIB ion sources) and is composed of a sextupole inside three solenoids to confine the plasma. The main improvement in terms of magnetic design comes from an increase of the plasma chamber radius from 71.85 mm to 91 mm aiming at increasing the metallic beam yield at both 18 and 28 GHz. This change in magnetic design leads to an increase of Lorentz forces, impacting the design of the mechanical structure. Like the FRIB ion source, the architecture uses an aluminum shell-based support structure with bladders and keys to compress the sextupole azimuthally, and endplates for its axial compression. The bladders and keys allow a disassembly of the sextupole coils, and an adjustment of the coils pre-stress. The solenoids are wound under tension around an aluminum mandrel acting as a shell for the sextupole pre-load. Interfaces between solenoids and mandrel are designed to allow detachment and low friction sliding during excitation. The scale-up of the support structure, to address the dimension increase, is presented here. The 2D and 3D mechanical models developed to perform the mechanical analysis and the results obtained are detailed along with the preliminary assembly process.

In the framework of the NEWGAIN project (NEW GAnil INjector), a new injector is under development to supply the SPIRAL2 LINAC at GANIL with heavy ion of a mass to charge-state ratio up to A/q = 7. In order to produce this heavy ion beam, a superconducting 28 GHz ECR Ion Source called ASTERICS is under development and its superconducting magnet used for plasma confinement is designed at CEA in collaboration with LPSC and GANIL. The magnetic design of the ion source is based on the well-proved sextupole-in-solenoids configuration used in different laboratories worldwide. The superconducting coils will be in Nb-Ti placed in a He bath cooled by 6 in-situ cryocoolers. A magnetic and protection optimization has been done to meet the NEWGAIN requirements which calls for a bigger plasma chamber than the existing superconducting ECR ion sources while maintaining the same temperature margin in the coils. This paper focuses on the magnetic analysis, the protection studies and the choice of the superconducting conductor for the sextupole and the solenoids. To validate the coil fabrication steps and the assumptions made in the magnetic design, some winding trials have been done. Both simulations and mock-up results are presented here.

A new A/Q=7 injector is under development for the SPIRAL2 accelerator at Caen, France (NEWGAIN project). A new 28 GHz superconducting electron cyclotron resonance ion source named ASTERICS is under design for this project. The source features a modern cryostat and a large plasma chamber (91 mm radius and 600 mm length). The physical and technical motivations for a larger plasma volume are detailed and estimates of expected beam intensities enhancement are discussed. The source will mainly produce metallic ion beams: the concept of a temperature-controlled liner (up to 900 degrees C) to stabilize high vapor pressure metal re-evaporation in the source is presented. The preliminary design of the ion source and its superconducting magnet are described.

In the framework of the SARAF (Soreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility) project, CEA is in charge of the design, fabrication and commissioning of a superconducting linac accelerating up to 5 mA beams of either protons from 1.3 to 35 MeV or deuterons from 2.6 to 40 MeV. The superconducting Linac is composed of four 5 meter long and 2.1 meter high cryomodules. The first two cryomodules are composed of six or seven accelerating cavities and six superconducting solenoid packages while the two last cryomodules are composed of seven cavities and four solenoid packages. Each solenoid package is composed of a focusing solenoid with its two shielding coils and two pairs of steering coils to control the beam trajectory. The focusing solenoids have been designed to produce 6.31 T at the center while the steering coils generate horizontal and vertical fields of 0.1 T at the same point. The prototype was manufactured in industry and qualified in 2019 at CEA. Then 20 solenoid packages and 2 spares have been manufactured and all tested at 4.45 K before being assembled in the cryomodules. We report here the status of the series production and test of the solenoid packages. The manufacturing difficulties, the magnetic performances of the magnets and the cryomodules assembly and test will also be presented.

In the framework of the NEWGAIN project, which aims to build a second injector with a mass to charge-state ratio A/q = 7 for the SPIRAL2 linear accelerator at GANIL, CEA is developing in collaboration with LPSC and GANIL a new superconducting 28 GHz ECR Ion Source Magnet named ASTERICS. The magnetic design is based on an advanced concept of the VENUS ECR ion source operating at Berkeley and the FRIB source under commisionning at MSU. The ion source superconducting magnet consists of a sextupole inside three solenoids to confine the plasma and a shell-based support structure to apply a preload to the sextupole coils. The confinement coils will be made in Nb-Ti and will be operated at 4.2 K. The cryogenic environment will be ensured by liquid helium thermosiphon closed loop thanks to six in-situ cryocoolers. Specific HTS current leads are being designed to power the magnet. A cold integrated He buffer will also allow He almost-lossless quenches. The preliminary design choices of the ASTERICS superconducting magnet are presented here from the magnetic, mechanical and protection design to the cryogenic definition emphasizing the global approach used to obtain the final magnet configuration.

For the HL-LHC project, a 90 mm NbTi cos(2θ) double aperture quadrupole magnet with an operating gradient of 120 T/m at 1.9 K has been designed as an option to replace the 70 mm aperture LHC quadrupole MQY. CEA in collaboration with CERN designed and manufactured a single aperture short model magnet with a magnetic length of 1.215 m at 1.9 K called MQYYM. The MQYYM cold test occurred at CEA at 4.2 K in a vertical cryogenic station. During the power test, the operating gradient at 1.9 K has been reached after two training quenches. All along the test, magnetic and mechanical measurements were done using respectively a rotating probe and strain gauges. This paper describes the performance of the MQYYM at 4.2 K and gives an analysis of the data acquired during the test, including training behavior, quench detection, protection and field quality measurements.

The economic viability of the split-phase glycolysis process for the recycling of any kind of flexible polyurethane foam waste employing crude glycerol as cleavage agent has been demonstrated. First, experiments at pilot plant scale were carried out to check that the process can be extrapolated to larger scales. With the goal of scaling-up the process from laboratory scale to pilot plant, geometric similarity criteria were applied together with dynamic similarity for laminar flow in agitated tank reactors. Hence, a pilot plant installation was designed with geometrically similar equipment to those used for lab scale, obtaining analogous results in terms of recovered polyol properties. Then, the basic design of a split-phase glycolysis industrial plant with a capacity for treating 270 Tm per year of flexible PU foams scraps was proposed. Finally, the economic feasibility of such recycling process was confirmed because of the obtention of a Net Present Value (NPV) of 1,464,555€, with an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 27.99%, and a payback time between 4 and 5 years.

In the framework of the HL-LHC project, a NbTi double aperture quadrupole magnet MQYY is being developed as an option to replace the LHC magnet MQY. This 90 mm double aperture cos-2θ quadrupole has an operating gradient of 120 T/m at 1.9 K. To demonstrate the validity of the design, a single aperture short model of 1.2 m called MQYYM has been developed. Designed by CEA and manufactured in collaboration with CERN, the MQYYM magnet is being prepared for cold test at CEA in a dedicated cryogenic station with LHe bath at 1 bar 4.2 K and 23 mbar 1.9 K. First, this paper will summarize the initial and as-built magnet designs based on the assembly at CERN. Second, updated mechanical measurements of collaring and axial pre-loading will be presented. Finally warm magnetic measurements performed at CERN during the assembly and at CEA during test preparation will be detailed.

Rationale: Cryotherapy via flexible bronchoscopy (FB) is an intervention to alleviate airway obstruction due to blood clots, casts, mucus, and/or foreign bodies.Currently there is limited data regarding the utility of cryotherapy in pediatric patients.Methods: We performed a retrospective review of pediatric patients admitted to a large children's hospital from 2017 to 2020 who underwent cryotherapy via FB.The analyzed data included age, diagnoses, indication for cryotherapy, type and duration of assisted ventilation, FB and chest imaging results, and outcome.Results: We identified 9 patients who underwent a total of 27 cryotherapy sessions via FB, between 3-17 years of age.Underlying diagnoses included 4 patients with asthma, 2 with congenital heart disease, 1 with cardiomyopathy, 1 with pneumonia, and 1 with pulmonary embolism.In addition, 2 patients with asthma also had plastic bronchitis and 1 with congenital heart disease also had pulmonary hypertension.Eight patients were hospitalized in the intensive care unit where cryotherapy was performed, and 1 patient underwent cryotherapy in the operating room.When cryotherapy was performed, 7 patients required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and 2 patients required conventional mechanical ventilation.For patients on ECMO, the average duration on ECMO prior to cryotherapy was 12 days (range 2-28 days).Four patients required only 1 session of cryotherapy, whereas 5 patients required multiple sessions including 1 patient who required 9 separate sessions.All patients had chest radiographs prior to cryotherapy that showed persistent segmental or complete pulmonary atelectasis.Indications for cryotherapy for all patients included persistent atelectasis due to airway secretions, blood clots, or casts that were not alleviated by FB and/or medications.Cryotherapy resulted in partial or complete removal of obstructive clots or casts in all patients.There were no reported major complications.FB size ranged from 3.9 -6.0 mm.Overall outcomes of the 7 patients on ECMO included 3 deaths, persistent respiratory failure requiring tracheostomy in 1 patient, and ECMO decannulation in 3 patients.Conclusions: Our study demonstrates the safety and utility of cryotherapy via FB for the successful extraction of airway clots and casts in pediatric patients with a variety of diagnoses leading to persistent atelectasis.Although use in pediatric patients is limited by FB size and physician experience, cryotherapy should be considered in cases of persistent tracheobronchial obstruction, especially in patients requiring ECMO.

The Fe-rich corner of the quaternary system Sm-Fe-Mo-Al is studied at isothermal conditions. The phase equilibria of ferromagnetic SmAlxFe10-xMo2 with adjacent phases, especially Sm2AlxFe15.7-xMo1.3, are observed for 1000 degrees C. Existence ranges are studied by SEM/EDX on samples with various compositions. Magnetic and structural properties were obtained by VSM(PPMS) as well as Permagraph measurements while structural relations were tracked by XRD. Al can be substituted for Fe up to x = 6.5 accompanied by a decrease in high field (8 MA/m approximate to 10 T) polarization from 0.66 T (x = 0.0) to 0.44 T (x = 2.0). Respective Curie temperatures of SmAlxFe10-xMo2 and Sm2AlxFe15.7-xMo1.3 initially increase with Al content reaching a maximum of approximate to 125 degrees C at x = 0.5 and approximate to 135 degrees C at x = 1.0, respectively. Further Al substitution decreases T-C. The coercive fields of optimally annealed nanocrystalline powders decrease slightly from 153 kA/m for x = 0.0-139 kA/m for x = 0.8 and drops to 38 kA/m for x = 2.0. XRD data indicates that lattice parameters of SmAlxFe10-xMo2 continuously increase with Al content. The simultaneous refinement of X-ray and neutron diffraction patterns confirms that Mo prefers 8i sites in the ThMn12 structure and that Al occupies equally 8i and 8j in a ratio of 1:2. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In order to find a promising trade-off permanent magnet material regarding a performance/cost-ratio, the Ce1-xSmxFe11-yTi1Vy-phase (x = 0-1; y = 0, 1) is analyzed in detail. In the first part, its existence range is studied (1000 degrees C) and the intrinsic magnetic properties are comprehensively determined. Diffraction experiments localize both structure-stabilizing transition metals on 8i-sites, explaining the measured reduction in saturation polarization as V is added. Curie temperatures increase upon Sm-substitution with a negligible dependence on V. Annealings of nanocrystalline material produced via intensive milling and melt-spinning show that V especially raises the obtainable maximum coercivities for Sm-rich phases (924 kA/m). In the second part, the promising magnetic properties of the nanocrystalline material are successfully transferred to the bulk state via hot-pressing. The isotropic Ce0.5Sm0.5Fe10Ti1V1-magnet (coercivity = 425 kA/m) is characterized by various means. Magnetic measurements, structural investigations and calculations of the elastic constants consider necessary factors for a successful texturing by die upsetting (as accepted for Nd-Fe-B). The results are fundamental for further considerations in this active field of research. (C) 2019 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Currently, the PU industry is developing new products with enhanced physical, mechanical and structural properties. One of the specialties that is attracting more and more attention from managers and enterprises all over the world are the PUs based on polymer polyether polyols (graft polyols). In this work, the synthesis of graft polyols was developed employing a non-aqueous dispersant (NAD) based on silica gel, which contains in its chemical structure segments with a great affinity for the solid polymeric particles and other segment having a strong affinity for the hydroxyl groups of the liquid polyol. The combination of both polar and non-polar characteristics ensures the stability of the resulting polymer dispersion and prevent the sedimentation and the coalescence of the polymer particles. By using this NAD it was possible to synthesize trifunctional polymer polyether polyol (PPP) from Styrene and containing up to 38.69 wt% of solids. The optimal reaction conditions have been stablished using a concentration of 1.5 wt% NAD, 4 wt% of initiator respect to the monomer amount and a polymerization temperature of 80 degrees C. The viscosity of the optimal PPP (1930 mPa.s) and the particle size (dv(0.5) of 5.427 mu m and dn(0.5) of 1.711 mu m) were in the range of graft polyols available in the market for similar solids content, with the additional advantage of employing a lower quantity of NAD and a softer reaction temperature than those employed in the industrial process (110 degrees C).

Rigid PU foams are properly recycled by a single-phase glycolysis process employing crude glycerol as transesterification agent. A high pure recovered polyol (71% of purity) was obtained using a mass ratio of PU scraps to crude glycerol of 1 to 1, a reaction temperature of 190 degrees C and stannous octoate as catalyst in a 1.3 wt% concentration. PU foam composites containing thermoregulating microcapsules constituted by a paraffin core (Rubitherm (R) RT27) and a polymer shell material (LDPE and EVA) were glycolyzed, allowing to recover the microcapsules components and the polyol separately. This way, both components of the composite are recovered and can be reused in the manufacturing of new products; demonstrating for first time the viability of the chemical recycling of this kind of composites. Besides, the developed process was successfully applied for foams containing different proportions between the hard and soft segments, demonstrating its robustness. Finally, the recovered polyols were successfully employed to replace a raw rigid polyether polyol in the synthesis of new rigid PU foams. The most important physical and mechanical properties (density, maximum compressive strength and Young modulus) were maintained constant for the incorporation up to a 25 wt% of recovered polyol coming from conventional rigid PU foam scraps and up to a 37.5 wt% with the recovered polyol from rigid PU foam containing thermoregulating microcapsules. Regarding the effective thermal conductivity, it remained constant, even with 100 wt% of recovered polyol from PU scraps with thermoregulating microcapsules.

In the context of the HL-LHC project, a NbTi double aperture quadrupole magnet called MQYY is being developed. This 90-mm-aperture quadrupole magnet has a magnetic length of 3.67 m and an operating gradient of 120 T/m at 1.9 K. Its development is done along two parallel paths: 1) the design, fabrication, and test of a short model; 2) the design and fabrication of two full-scale prototypes in industry within the H2020 EU Pre-Commercial Procurement project QUACO implemented by CERN, CEA, CIEMAT, and NCBJ. We report here on the short-model design choices the status of its fabrication and the preparation of the tests. In particular, we describe the magnetic and mechanical design relying on self-supporting collars, the protection aspects, the fabrication, and the cold test preparation. Finally, we present the unusual scheme of the QUACO project leading to the prototypes fabrication.

The recycling of any kind of plastic to convert it in valuable products is one of the main challenges of today's society. Besides, if the recycling process is itself green, then it would be a great achievement. This paper reviews the way covered from the first attempts of reusing the polyurethane (PU) scraps as a filler for cushions to the last chemical routes employing green recycling agents. Polyurethane is the 6th most used polymer all over the world with a production of 18 millions tons per year, which means a daily production of PU specialties greater than 1 million of cubic meters, equivalent to the volume of the Empire State Building. The thermostable nature of the majority of the polyurethanes specialties has made that the preferred solution for their recycling are the chemical recycling processes. Among them, glycolysis is the one that receives a greater attention from an industrial point of view, so this review puts the spotlight on it. However, the existing reviews in literature do not paid a special attention on glycolysis and only give a superficial description of the process. Nevertheless, in the present review, the scientific literature relative to glycolysis is completely reviewed, updated and ordered according the type of PU specialty recycled. Additionally, the other main chemical recycling processes are also revisited in a more extended and deeper way than in the previous approaches to this topic. Moreover, it is crucial to take into account that some of these technologies, which were described in the literature as promising technologies at laboratory scale are now commercial processes running at industrial scale. For that reason, it is essential to remark that the present review comprises not only a detailed state of art of the scientific literature on the subject, also includes a detailed revision of the past and running on pilot plants and industrial facilities, including several patents, which has never been covered in the current literature. Moreover, this review also describes the most recent studies employing crude glycerol (biodiesel subproduct) as an economic, sustainable and environmental friendly cleavage agent, which should lead the way to the industrial implantation of split-phase glycolysis in a near future, providing high quality recovered products, susceptible of replacing raw ones in the synthesis of new PU specialties. What is more, this review intends that any reader could know and understand the reactions involved in the polyurethane chemistry and recycling, the main polyurethanes types and the fundamentals of the recycling strategies in order to comprehend what are the advantages and drawbacks of each recycling process as starting point for looking for new advantageous alternatives from an environmental, technical and economic point of view. Broader context. This paper reviews the main advances in the polyurethane (PU) recycling field, from laboratory and academia processes to pilot plant and industrial scale ones, including the most relevant patents in the subject. Opposite to other common used plastics, PUs are not polymerization but condensation polymers, synthesized from polyols and isocyanates. The wide diversity of polyols and isocyanates allows the synthesis of numerous different compounds covering a huge range of applications. As a direct consequence of their commercial success, an increasing quantity of PU waste is being disposed by landfilling in the last decades. Such waste comprises not only post-consumer products but also scrap from slabstock manufacturing, which can reach the 10% of the total foam production. However, the massive enforcement of the environmental laws is pointing out a new route in the polymer waste removal sector based in the polymer recycling, and this fact has placed the research in waste treatment as one of the most prolific topics nowadays. In fact, polymer recycling processes have experienced a growing attention from the research and industrial worlds as a direct result of the enforcement of the environmental legislations. Hence, it is essential to develop new environmental sustainable recycling processes with the aim of conserving the natural resources, reducing the amount of waste disposed in landfills and enhancing the sustainability for forthcoming generation.