Translanguaging theory and practices have enabled multilingual spaces where students' full linguistic repertoires are valued, explored, and utilized by educators as resources across educational settings. However, research reporting supervision pedagogies incorporating international doctoral students' multilingualism as intellectual resources in doctoral research education in Australia remains scant. This paper reports a case study that explored a PhD program at an education faculty in an Australian university. The data, participant observation, and semi-structured interviews were collected from seven multilingual doctoral students, and nine supervisors. These data were analyzed within the framework of post-structuralist translanguaging and translanguaging pedagogy. This research found supervisors demonstrated a consistent translanguaging stance and valued their students' multilingual resources for knowledge production. Through spontaneous and planned translanguaging pedagogical practices, they endeavored to enhance students' deployment of their multilingual capability for knowledge production. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).

Highlighting the EU-funded ATHENA project, which supports Europe’s defence against foreign information manipulation and interference (FIMI). Dr David Wright and Dr Richa Kumar discuss various incidents and tactics used by countries to influence public perception and recommendations to improve media literacy and combat disinformation. Russia, China, Saudi Arabia, North Korea, Iran and others are engaged in information warfare, (1) otherwise known as foreign information manipulation and interference (FIMI), (2) against Ukraine, Europe and other countries.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is producing highly beneficial impacts in many domains, from transport to healthcare, from energy distribution to marketing, but it also raises concerns about undesirable ethical and social consequences. AI impact assessments (AI-IAs) are a way of identifying positive and negative impacts early on to safeguard AI's benefits and avoid its downsides. This article describes the first systematic review of these AI-IAs. Working with a population of 181 documents, the authors identified 38 actual AI-IAs and subjected them to a rigorous qualitative analysis with regard to their purpose, scope, organisational context, expected issues, timeframe, process and methods, transparency and challenges. The review demonstrates some convergence between AI-IAs. It also shows that the field is not yet at the point of full agreement on content, structure and implementation. The article suggests that AI-IAs are best understood as means to stimulate reflection and discussion concerning the social and ethical consequences of AI ecosystems. Based on the analysis of existing AI-IAs, the authors describe a baseline process of implementing AI-IAs that can be implemented by AI developers and vendors and that can be used as a critical yardstick by regulators and external observers to evaluate organisations' approaches to AI.

Ethical and human rights issues of artificial intelligence (AI) are a prominent topic of research and innovation policy as well as societal and scientific debate. It is broadly recognised that AI-related technologies have properties that can give rise to ethical and human rights concerns, such as privacy, bias and discrimination, safety and security, economic distribution, political participation or the changing nature of warfare. Numerous ways of addressing these issues have been suggested. In light of the complexity of this discussion, we undertook a Delphi study with experts in the field to determine the most pressing issues and prioritise appropriate mitigation strategies. The results of the study demonstrate the difficulty of defining clear priorities. Our findings suggest that the debate around ethics and human rights of AI would benefit from being reframed and more strongly emphasising the systems nature of AI ecosystems.

There are wildly different estimates of the cost of cybercrime. Often, it is not clear how the estimates were made, nor what criteria were used. The costs of cybercrime go beyond the only financial. Cybercrime has social impacts too that are rather more difficult to measure or quantify, but nevertheless are real. Individual cybercrime victims often suffer stress, anxiety, fear of being victimised again. Communities suffer from a lack of trust and social polarisation. The authors directed a study of the socio-economic impacts of cybercrime and put forward a methodology for assessing the socio-economic impacts of cybercrime. Having a more accurate assessment of cybercrime will help policymakers and law enforcement authorities assign an appropriate priority to combatting cybercrime.

The technical and economic benefits of artificial intelligence (AI) are counterbalanced by legal, social and ethical issues. It is challenging to conceptually capture and empirically measure both benefits and downsides. We therefore provide an account of the findings and implications of a multi-dimensional study of AI, comprising 10 case studies, five scenarios, an ethical impact analysis of AI, a human rights analysis of AI and a technical analysis of known and potential threats and vulnerabilities. Based on our findings, we separate AI ethics discourse into three streams: (1) specific issues related to the application of machine learning, (2) social and political questions arising in a digitally enabled society and (3) metaphysical questions about the nature of reality and humanity. Human rights principles and legislation have a key role to play in addressing the ethics of AI. This work helps to steer AI to contribute to human flourishing.

Law enforcement agencies (LEAs) face serious challenges in addressing the growing wave of cybercrime. They have limited human and financial resources to push back against this wave. Their tools and technologies are often a generation behind those of cybercriminals and terrorists on the dark web, deep web and dark nets. LEAs have to operate with ethical, data protection and social constraints that are meaningless to cybercriminals. They also have to respect national borders that don’t exist in cyberspace. This article briefly refers to the economic and social impacts of cybercrime, before discussing some of the principal challenges facing LEAs in responding to those impacts. We then focus on the EU-funded CC-DRIVER project, which is helping LEAs to address those challenges. Finally, we draw some conclusions on the near-term future of responses to cybercrime.

Intelligence-led policing methods and supporting analysis tools represent the state-of-the-art approach in analysing, investigating, mitigating and preventing crime. This chapter examines the question of how such methods and tools can address the lack of interaction between long-term high-level strategic intelligence and operational intelligence in the context of the fight against organised crime and terrorism. First, this study argues that increased complexity of intelligence work requires new approaches extending existing methods by increasing the capability to combine intelligence analysis performed at strategic and operational levels. The new approach realises the required cross-fertilisation by the fusion and exchange of information from different data sources and the incorporation of knowledge resulting from different analysis levels. Second, the capabilities and desirable characteristics of relevant supporting tools for the new "Early Warning, Early Action" (EW/EA) approach are presented. Finally, the chapter discusses corresponding legal, ethical and societal implications of such tools. The presentation of the EW/EA paradigm and the related supporting tools in this chapter are based on research, inter alia, undertaken in the context of the EU-funded COPKIT project. COPKIT addresses innovative means of fighting organised crime and criminal use of ICT. The project aims to improve the analysing capabilities of LEAs not only during investigation but also preparedness, mitigation and prevention.

Scenarios are a methodology of futures and foresight research that has been established for more than half a century. Despite the rich literature on scenarios and ways of constructing them, the current scenario methodologies, current approaches to scenario constructions are often not well aligned with the needs of policymakers. Emerging technologies that are likely to achieve high social relevance in the short to mid-term future and that call for quick policy interventions are difficult to reflect using current scenario approaches. We have therefore developed a new type of scenario that we call a policy scenario. This paper develops the principles and justification for policy scenarios. We provide a detailed description of how they can be constructed, focusing on their key characteristics of policy requirements, plausibility, probability, credibility, expertise, objectivity and legitimacy. Following our stakeholder-based approach allows researchers to construct scenarios that are uniquely suited to inform policymakers and, in effect, the policy development process.

Ecological understanding is a consequence of deeply engaged learning. Can it be taught, or more accurately, can circumstances be constructed that contribute to its emergence? In this chapter I discuss such circumstances and describe approaches to teaching social ecology around the world. My aim is to offer both global and local perspectives, eventually focusing on social ecology as process of learning in which the "perspective of the participant" is central (along with the social ecology of that participant). I examine the development of Social Ecology at Western Sydney University, its contexts and the ways in which it has and can be differentiated over time and place. "Story" has been central to this work and examples of ways in which students have worked with story to explore their social-ecological understanding are included. I discuss the function of this study and its impact upon those who participate in it, not least those of us who identify as educators whose learning provides and enables much needed leadership in this area.

AbstractLaw enforcement authorities (LEAs) have begun using artificial intelligence and predictive policing applications that are likely to raise ethical, data protection, social, political and economic issues. This paper describes application of a new scenario methodology for identifying issues that emerging technologies are likely to raise in a future six or seven years hence, but that deserve policymakers’ attention now. It often takes policymakers that long to develop a new policy, consult with stakeholders and implement the policy. Thus, policymakers need a structured, but concise framework in order to understand the issues and their various implications. At the same time, they also prefer policies that have stakeholder support. These considerations led the University of Twente in the Netherlands and the UK’s Trilateral Research to develop the scenario that follows. It is structured with several headings that policymakers need to consider in order to move toward a desired future and avoidance of an undesired future.

This article describes a scenario about information warfare in 2025, its impacts and what policymakers should do now to avoid an undesired future and to reach a desired future. The scenario was developed in collaboration with a wide and growing range of stakeholders.

This paper presents a scenario set in 2025 at a time when national health services are turning to technologies that mimic people to provide companions to senior citizens. It was developed as part of a European project on the ethics of smart information systems. The scenario was developed as an exercise in stakeholder engagement and participatory policymaking. The scenario emerged from a workshop comprising policymakers, technologists, civil society organisations, security experts, universities and industry. Subsequently, other stakeholders were invited to comment on the scenario. It has been posted on the Web and the public has been invited to provide comments too.

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This paper provides a systematic literature review, analysis and discussion of methods that are proposed to practise ethics in research and innovation (R&I). Ethical considerations concerning the impacts of R&I are increasingly important, due to the quickening pace of technological innovation and the ubiquitous use of the outcomes of R&I processes in society. For this reason, several methods for practising ethics have been developed in different fields of R&I. The paper first of all presents a systematic search of academic sources that present and discuss such methods. Secondly, it provides a categorisation of these methods according to three main kinds: (1) ex ante methods, dealing with emerging technologies, (2) intra methods, dealing with technology design, and (3) ex post methods, dealing with ethical analysis of existing technologies. Thirdly, it discusses the methods by considering problems in the way they deal with the uncertainty of technological change, ethical technology design, the identification, analysis and resolving of ethical impacts of technologies and stakeholder participation. The results and discussion of our literature review are valuable for gaining an overview of the state of the art and serve as an outline of a future research agenda of methods for practising ethics in R&I.

Emerging combinations of artificial intelligence, big data, and the applications these enable are receiving significant media and policy attention. Much of the attention concerns privacy and other ethical issues. In our article, we suggest that what is needed now is a way to comprehensively understand these issues and find mechanisms of addressing them that involve stakeholders, including civil society, to ensure that these technologies' benefits outweigh their disadvantages. We suggest that the concept of responsible research and innovation (RRI) can provide the framing required to act with a view to ensuring that the technologies are socially acceptable, desirable, and sustainable. We draw from our work on the Human Brain Project, one potential driver for the next generation of these technologies, to discuss how RRI can be put in practice.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to discuss whether existing organisations that seek to integrate a range of stakeholders (i.e. senior citizens, industry, academics, public authorities, civil society organisations and the media) in the field of information and communication technology (ICT) and ageing are adequately meeting the needs of each of these stakeholder groups, and to determine whether a new, or re-organised, mechanism is needed to better meet the needs of stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach – The authors identify, describe, assess and compare the adequacy of various candidate multi-stakeholder mechanisms in order to improve stakeholder co-operation. Findings – The authors’ principal finding is that the stakeholder co-ordination mechanisms discussed in this paper are not adequate to foster e-inclusion co-operation, co-ordination and collaboration among all different types of stakeholders. Practical implications – This analysis offers direction in how a new organisation, or the expansion of an existing mechanism, could ensure that currently un-met needs are addressed. The strengths and weaknesses of the stakeholder co-ordination mechanisms discussed here demonstrate that some organisational types are better for performing certain tasks and for integrating particular types of stakeholder. Thus, a federated, multi-dimensional organisation offers one possibility for addressing the needs of all different types of stakeholders. Originality/value – This paper provides an avenue of response to various calls for closer stakeholder collaboration by the European Commission and other stakeholders, in order to improve the quality of life for older persons and to meet European social objectives.