To evaluate and determine growth characteristics ofAcipenser gueldenstaedtii,we measured the standard length and body weight of industrially cultured A.gueldenstaedtii (n=500).The results showed:the relationship between body length and weight could be described by the power function:W=6× 10-6L3.1292(R2=0.9846,n=500),the b value was greater than 3,this means an allometric growth;there were three stages in the growth of A.gueldenstaedtii:fast growth stage (1～4 age),the specific growth rates of body length (SL) and body weight (SW) were 20.12％/a ～ 23.96％/a and 62.07％/a ～ 87.36％/a,respectively;steady growth stage (5 ～ 8 age),the SL and SW were 5.20％/a ～10.21％/a and 17.36％/a ～ 26.46％/a,respectively;aging growth stage (9 ～ 10 age),the SL were -1.16％/a and-1.73％/a,and SW were-2.73％/a and-1.33％/a,respectively.The growth of intensively cultured A.gueldenstaedtii was in a constant speed which can be described with Von Bertalanffy equation:Lt=130.776(1-e-0.269(t-0.122)) (R2=0.948,n=500),Wt=35.709 (1-e-0.112(t-1.905)) (R2=0.878,n=500).In addition,the age at the inflection point of body weight growth was 4.36 years,in which total body length and body weight were 90.52 cm and 8.59 kg,respectively.Before inflection point,growth was faster;After inflection point,the growth rate of the fish was decreased obviously;Therefore,5-age A cipenser gueldenstaedtii should be sold in the commercialization industrial aquaculture.

鲟形目鱼类是与恐龙同时代的古老生物,起源于白垩纪时期,具有极高的科学研究与经济价值.我国鲟鱼养殖起步于20世纪90年代,目前已发展成为世界第一大鲟鱼养殖国,占世界养殖产量的85％.然而在产业规模不断扩大的同时,我国鲟鱼产业却面临着种质混杂、优良苗种缺乏等问题,致使鲟鱼养殖过程中病害频发、品质下降、产量增长乏力,严重制约了鲟鱼产业的健康可持续发展.

The Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii, is an important aquaculture species in China with annual production of about 150 thousand tons in 2015. In this study, we investigated the regulatory proteins and pathways affecting embryonic development of Amur sturgeon, by analyzing of the differential proteomes among four embryonic developmental stages using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ), combined with the analysis of effects of microelements and antioxidants on embryonic development. Seventy-four, 77, and 76 proteins were differentially expressed according to iTRAQ analysis between the fertilized egg and blastula, blastula and neurula, and neurula and heart-beat stages, respectively. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses indicated that Gluconeogenesis, Ribosome and Proteasome were the most enriched pathways, which may promote energy formation, immune system protection and protein synthesis process in A. schrenckii. The measurement of microelements indicated that Mn, Cu and Fe were obtained from their parents or water environment in A. schrenckii, while Zn plays vital roles throughout embryonic development. The dramatically high level of malondialdehyde (MDA) across the embryonic development may be the main reason leading to a low hatching rate in A. schrenckii. This study provides the basis for further proteome analysis of embryonic development in A. schrenckii.

达氏鳇(Huso dauricus)是黑龙江流域土著鲟,近几十年来野生资源急剧下降,被确定为濒危物种之一.本研究采用线粒体DNA的Cytb基因和D-loop区域的多态性信息评估了黑龙江抚远段野生群体、北京房山国家级鲟鱼原种场的保种群体及浙江衢州国家级鲟鱼良种场的繁殖群体等3个达氏鳇群体的遗传多样性水平.所有测试个体在Cytb基因位点的核苷酸水平上没有检测到多样性,均具有相同的Cytb单倍型,而在D-loop区域中发现了9种单倍型,对于D-loop区,单倍型多样性(Hd)达到0.593,但核苷酸多样性(π)仅为0.00213.在8尾野生个体中检测到6种D-loop单倍型,2个养殖群体共计58尾个体共计检出5种D-loop单倍型个体.分析结果显示:野生达氏鳇群体遗传多样性极低,历史上可能经历过严重的遗传瓶颈,同时达氏鳇人工繁殖过程中每批次可能只有极少个体参与了繁殖.此外,基于Cyt b基因部分序列的分析结果提示,达氏鳇与其他太平洋鲟类的亲缘关系较近,而与欧鳇(Huso huso)关系较远,传统上鳇属(Huso)的分类地位得不到有效的分子生物学数据支持.

Fertilization rate and hatching rate of fertilized eggs and mortality of post-larvae were monitored and activities of antioxidant enzymes including acid phosphatase (ACP),alkaline phosphatase (AKP),superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were determined during embryonic development in Acipenser schrenckii,Huso dauricus and their hybrids by biochemical methods to evaluate the mechanism of heterosis.It was found that hybridization between Acipenser schrenckii and Huso dauricus showed high cross-compatibility with natural crossing progenies,indicating that the fertilization rate,hatchability and mortality of post-larvae were not affected by hybridization.Antioxidant enzyme activities were shown to be different patterns during embryonic development in A cipenser schrenekii and Huso dauricus and their hybrids.There were similar or higher antioxidant enzyme activities in the hybrid between Huso dauricus (9) × A cipenser schrenkii (♂) than those in their parents with higher antioxidant enzyme activity in some particular embryonic development stage.The hybrid between A cipenser schrenkii (♀) × Huso dauricus (♂) had significant lower SOD activity and glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents than their parents did (P ＜ 0.05).The maximal SOD activity was observed at heart beating phase in A cipenser schrenkii and at yolk plug phase in Huso dauricus.The maximal SOD activity,however,was found at blastula phase in the hybrids.The findings indicate that the heterosis between Huso dauricus and Acipenser schrenkii can partially be explained by the differences in antioxidant enzyme activities among the sturgeons.

将体质量(24.55±1.04)g的施氏鲟、达氏鳇及其正反杂交种幼鱼放养在循环水系统中,水温控制在15、18、21、24、27℃和30℃下,常规饲养60 d,比较其生长、存活、变异系数和肥满度,以探讨4种鲟鱼幼鱼的最适生长温度.试验结果表明,4种鲟鱼在21~24℃时,生长性能、存活率和肥满度较高;然而,高温和低温对4种鲟鱼的生长、存活和肥满度都产生负影响.在最适温度下,4种鲟鱼体质量增加速度由高至低为达氏鳇>施氏鲟(♀)×达氏鳇(♂)>达氏鳇(♀)×施氏鲟(♂)>施氏鲟.以特定生长率为指标,估算出4种鲟鱼的最适生长水温区间分别为18.67~28.00℃、21.51~31.32℃、21.21~29.64℃和17.81~27.00℃.

一、品种概况 1.培育背景 鲟鱼是古老的软骨硬磷鱼类,起源于白垩纪时期,迄今已有2亿年的历史,素有“水中活化石”之称.其肉质细腻、味道鲜美,营养价值高,尤其是鲟鱼子酱富含优质蛋白质、氨基酸和微量元素,被誉为“黑色黄金”,与鹅肝、松露并称为世界三大美食.

基于2011—2013年五大连池的调查,对浮游动物群落结构时空分布特征进行分析,探讨重点放养鱼类之一鳙Aristichthys nobilis的合理放养量。结果表明,五大连池浮游动物4类82种（含未定种）;主要优势种集中于原生动物和轮虫,有恩氏筒壳虫Tintinnidium entzii、纵长异尾轮虫Trichocerca elongate等,大型浮游动物中仅剑水蚤Cyclops sp.、无节幼体Nauplii形成优势;密度、生物量总计为3794.98ind/L和2.4558mg/L;多样性指数H’、J、d均值分别为2.15、0.7和0.98;浮游动物群落时空差异显著,五池密度、生物量、多样性、均匀度较高,二池（P2）、三池（P3）相似且次于五池;另外,二池（P2）、三池（P3）浮游动物的密度、生物量、多样性均呈现夏季高于春秋季;根据结果获得五大连池鳙的合理放养量为5.71×105尾。研究可为五大连池生境保护和渔业资源的可持续利用提供科学依据。

The nutritional quality and the proximate composition including the amino acid and fatty acid composition in muscle of wild P.leptocephalus in the Ussuri River were determined by routine methods .The results showed that the contents of moisture , crude protein,crude fat and ash in fresh muscle of P.leptocephalus were 77.98%, 19.05%, 1.66% and 1.20%, respectively.Eighteenkinds of amino acids were found in muscle of P.leptocephalus including 8 kinds of essential amino acids (EAA).In wet muscle, thecontent of total amino acids (TAA) was 19%, the content of EAA was 7.79%, 2 kinds of half essential amino acids (HEAA) were 1.63%, 8 kinds of nonessential amino acids (NEAA) were 9.57%; it was clear that the content of different amino acids was stableand the essential amino acid composition met the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations /World Health Organization(FAO/WHO) standards.Four kinds of delicious amino acids (DAA) accounted for 6.99% in wet muscle.The contents of EPA andDHA in wet muscle were 4.20% and 8.04%, respectively.According to nutrition evaluation in amino acids score (AAS) and chemicalscore (CS), the limited amino acid of P.leptocephalus was Val and Try, and the essential amino acids index (EAAI) of P.leptocephalus was 90.05.The results indicated that the contents of amino acids and high -unsaturated fatty acids in muscle of P.leptocephalus were higher, and the composition of amino acids was reasonable , thus, P.leptocephalus is a high quality freshwater fish with highnutritive value and health value, which has good prospects for exploitation and utilization .

2013年11月～2014年11月,测量5批次施氏鲟Acipenser schrenckii、黑龙江杂交鲟(达氏鳇Huso dauricus♀×施氏鲟♂)和达氏鳇Huso dauricus(共644尾)的体长、体质量,观察其生长、个体繁殖力、卵巢发育、卵径、卵质量和卵色等.结果表明:3种鲟雌亲鱼的体长与体质量差异显著,施氏鲟的体长和体质量显著小于杂交鲟与达氏鳇(P＜0.05),而杂交鲟的体长和体质量则显著小于达氏鳇(P＜0.05).施氏鲟、杂交鲟和达氏鳇雌亲鱼的成熟系数(GSI)和繁殖力差异显著,杂交鲟的GSI和平均绝对繁殖力显著高于施氏鲟和达氏鳇(P＜0.05),而施氏鲟与达氏鳇的GSI无显著性差异(P＞0.05).杂交鲟的相对繁殖力(Fw)显著高于施氏鲟与达氏鳇.3种鲟雌亲鱼产卵质量与体质量比值以10％～15％为主,该比值范围内雌性施氏鲟个体数约占同龄雌性个体的42.66％,杂交鲟为42.91％,达氏鳇为41.93％.施氏鲟和杂交鲟的卵多为棕色,而达氏鳇的卵为棕灰色.达氏鳇的卵径显著大于施氏鲟与杂交鲟.杂交鲟的绝对繁殖力、相对繁殖力及成熟系数均高于施氏鲟与达氏鳇,具有明显的杂交优势.

Kisspeptin plays an important role in the reproduction and onset of puberty in vertebrates through stimulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). However, the mechanisms whereby kisspeptin-related genes regulate sexual differentiation in teleosts are poorly understood. We aimed to study the relationship between the hypothalamus–pituitary–gonad (HPG) axis and sexual differentiation in relation to kisspeptin in the sturgeon Acipenser schrenckii. We performed comparative transcriptomic analysis of the brains of sturgeons treated with KISS1-10 during the gonadal sex-differentiation-sensitive period (170–210days post-hatching (dph)) using an Illumina sequencing platform. We also analyzed mRNA expression levels of genes in the HPG axis using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and measured estradiol-17β (E2) and testosterone (T) levels in the brain and gonads using radioimmunological methods. A total of 75,960 and 74,907 unigenes were produced from Kisspeptin-treated and physiological saline-treated fish, respectively, among which 47,891 genes were matched to the non-redundant nr database. Potential genes and their functions were identified by GO (32,435), KEGG (37,619), and COG analyses (18,502). A total of 3169 unigenes were differentially expressed between transcriptomes in KISS1-10- and saline-injected fish, including 300 up-regulated and 2869 down-regulated unigenes. Gene expression levels of KISS1, G protein-coupled receptor-54, GnRH, androgen receptor, estrogen receptor, and Cyp19a in the brain and gonad were significantly affected by KISS1-10 treatment. KISS1-10 injection also significantly increased brain levels of E2 and T, compared with controls. These results support important roles for KISS1 in the regulation of the HPG axis, and in sex differentiation and reproduction in the Amur sturgeon.

在水温(18±0.5)℃下,利用生物化学方法测定施氏鲟Acipenserinae schrenkii胚胎发育过程中微量元素的含量,分析胚胎发育进程与微量元素含量的关系,为稚、幼鱼及亲鱼培育的营养需求量和饲料配制提供参考.结果显示:胚胎发育过程中,Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量的变化规律与代谢高峰期各不同.Fe含量呈先降低-升高的变化趋势,孵出期最高(18.12mg/kg);Mn含量先降低后升高,受精卵期含量最高(1.04mg/kg);Cu含量的高峰期分别为卵黄栓期、心搏期、孵化早期和孵出期,含量分别为1.66mg/kg、1.95mg/kg、1.83mg/kg和1.93mg/kg;卵裂期Zn含量最高(10.86mg/kg);视泡期微量元素的含量最低.

As the second largest volcanic avalanche lake in China, Lake Wudalianchi is a representatively natural water body in high latitude region of China, which is a famous and multifunctional natural landscape. For studying the current situation of water quality ( WQ) of lake, changes of WQ during the past 30 years and evaluating the eutrophic grade of the lake, we collected and studied 15 WQ indices on 11 sampling sites of Lake Wudalianchi in the spring, summer, autumn during 2012 and 2013. The re-sults showed that, the WQ parameters of Lake Wudalianchi as shallow lake in the temperate continental monsoon climate zone change intensively in different areas and different seasons and years. The plankton biomass and chlorophyll-a concentration from the Second and Third Ponds are lower than those of the Fifth Pond, probably as the results of reduction of phosphorus, nitrogen and in-cremental fishery production in the formers. Comparison with the lake WQ indices during 1980s, mass of phytoplankton, total phos-phorus and total nitrogen concentrations decrease significantly now, noting that WQ may be tending to better status. However troph-ic level index of Fifth Pond is exceeding 70 with the 3 times of the 1980s, which is adjacent to severe eutrophication status. The en-vironmental safeguards of Lake Wudalianchi such as relocation of residents, returning farmland to wetland are effective at beginning phase, but individual part of lake remains a bad WQ suggesting a long-term treatment required.

2012年春、夏、秋季调查五大连池的5#池水质和生产力,并于2012年6月5日和7日放人体质量(1.00±0.25)kg的鲢Hypophthalmichthys molitrix、鳙Aristichthys nobilis和体质量(6.00±2.5)g的匙吻鲟Polyodon spathula,研究其生长.结果表明:该池水质受环境影响而剧烈变化,透明度、氨氮和磷含量达到或超过国家地表水Ⅳ类水质标准,溶解氧量达到Ⅰ类水质标准.5#池中发现浮游植物8门79种属,平均生物量为6.287mg/L;浮游动物生物量5.49mg/L;春、夏、秋叶绿素a含量分别为15.29μ g/L、63.48μg/L、13.42μg/L,年平均30.73μg/L.利用浮游生物量评估5#池鲢、鳙年产量分别为37.74t和46.73t,鲢、鳙生产量为47.175kg/hm2和58.35kg/hm2;而用叶绿素a含量估算鲢的年产量为61.49t,生产量75.186kg/hm2;黑白瓶法估算鲢、鳙年产量分别为44.6t和43.01t,鲢、鳙生产量55.65kg/hm2、52.8kg/hm2.8月15日,鲢、鳙及匙吻鲟体质量分别为1.5kg、2.1kg和0.2kg,增重率分别为7.14g/d、15.71g/d和2.77g/d,生长速度较快.根据水质和生物量初步判断:5#池接近富营养化.5#池利用得当不仅可以提高湖泊的经济效益,还能防治湖泊的富营养化.

The effects of stocking density on growth and muscular composition in Amur sturgeon Acipenser schrenckii in pond-culture were studied at water temperature of 24.4℃~19.2℃ by an enclosure-experimental method. Juvenile Amur sturgeon with initial body weight of(54.86±10.19)g were reared in a 16 m2 enclosure made of plastic disposed in an earthern pond at an initial stocking density of 2000 ind./667m2, 3000 ind./667m2, 4000 ind./667m2, or 5000 ind./667m2 for 46 days. The results showed that there were significant decrease in weight increment, specific growth rate, weight gain rate, and survival rate and increase in the food conversion ratio in the juveniles with increasing stocking density(P0.05). The maximal yield per unit area [(352.27±22.38)kg/667m2] was found at a stock density of 4000 ind. /667m2. At the end of the experiment, the crude protein content and crude lipid content were found to be significant decreased(P0.05) in muscles, without significant difference in moisture and ash content(P0.05). It is suggested that3000~4000 ind./667m2 be the optimal stocking density for Amur sturgeon weighting about 50 g in pond culture.

本文研究了不同强化饵料对匙吻鲟(Polyodon spathala)仔鱼生长和发育的影响,实验采用蛋黄或鱼油强化卤虫无节幼体或桡足幼体为饵料的共6个实验组,即未强化卤虫组、蛋黄强化卤虫组、鱼油强化卤虫组和未强化桡足幼体组、蛋黄强化桡足幼体组、鱼油强化桡足幼体组,对匙吻鲟仔鱼开口驯化14 d,动态监测和统计不同饵料组匙吻鲟仔鱼的生长和存活情况,并对消化酶活性进行相关性分析.体重、体长、日增重和存活率4个指标,均为桡足幼体组显著高于卤虫组(P＜0.05),尤其在存活率方面,鱼油强化卤虫组不足50％,而未强化桡足幼体组最高可达86.59％;不同饵料组生长模式方程都获得较好的拟合,从体重和体长生长曲线看,桡足幼体组从饲喂8天起体长和体重进入快速生长期,而卤虫组生长一直相对缓慢;胃蛋白酶活性在未强化桡足幼体组显著高于其他组(P＜0.05),不同饵料组对仔鱼的淀粉酶活性无显著性影响.结果表明,在匙吻鲟仔鱼开口期以桡足幼体开口饵料驯化效果较好,特别是未强化桡足幼体组仔鱼的存活率高,鱼油强化桡足幼体组仔鱼生长速度较快,而以卤虫饲喂效果相对较差.

The effect of starvation, feeding limnodrilus and artificial diet on growth, survival rate and digestive enzyme ac-tivity of Huso dauricus (♀) ×Acipenser schrenckii (♂) larvae was studied.The results showed that the effect of feeding methods on growth, survival rate, fatness and digestive enzyme activity was significant.Under conditions of starvation, the growth of hybrid juvenile almost stopped after 5 days, and the growth rate was negative after 10 days, and significantly different from feeding group (limnodrilus and diet).As to digestive enzyme activity, pepsin activity of starvation group was lower than groups of feeding in 0~10 d, and significantly higher than the other groups at 20 d; Lipase activity chan-ges of each group was different.Lipase activity of starvation group was at a low level and lower than groups of feeding;Amylase activity of hybrid larvae from three deals fluctuate, throughout the experiment although.Amylase activity of star-vation group increased suddenly after 15 days, until 20 d it was significantly higher than the other two groups.

Primary productivity was measured by light and dark bottle and by content of chlorophyll a(Chla)and potential fish production was estimated in Wudalianchi Lake during fishery survey carried out in 2012. The results showed that there was significant change in content of Chla in different parts of the lake in different seasons, with the maximal content of Chla in the Fifth pond, significantly higher than that in the other parts(P0.01). Silver carp(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)production was estimated to be 67.65kg/hm~2 and an annual silver carp output of 171 ton by Chla method. However, light and dark bottlemethod revealed that the fish productivity was estimated as 85.5 kg/hm~2 in silver carp, with bighead carp(Aristichthys nobilis)production of 82.5 kg/hm~2, potential productivity of 216.64 t/a in silver carp and potential productivity of 208.9 t/a in bighead carp. Fish production was found to be 250 t/a in recent years, primarily from second and third ponds, which was very close to the results estimated in our survey. In the sampling process, the maximal water column oxygen production was not observed in fifth pond where there was the maximal phytoplankton biomass, but in second pond, indicating that suspended substances of phytoplankton restrained photosynthesis in water by self-shadow effect. The peak photosynthesis was found in the autumn, and according to the geographical conditions, the water quality and plankton characteristics factors in the lake, stocking amount of bighead carp and silver carp should be reduced and the stocking structure of fish should be adjusted to resume and improve the economic benefits in the lake.

为了解施氏鲟Acipenser schrenckii胚胎发育过程中可溶性蛋白浓度及性激素水平变化的规律,探索胚胎发育阶段的非特异性免疫机制,采用生物化学法对施氏鲟胚胎7个发育时期的可溶性蛋白、17β-雌二醇(E2)、睾酮(T)含量,以及酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)含量进行了测定.结果表明:施氏鲟胚胎发育的卵黄栓期及心搏期胚胎的可溶性蛋白浓度最低且显著低于其他发育期(P＜0.05),孵出前期维持在较高水平,最高值出现在视泡期,二者均显著高于其他发育期(P＜0.05);T含量随着胚胎的发育不断降低,17β-E2含量在孵出前期显著升高(P＜0.05),二者均在孵出前期有一峰值;ACP活性、GSH含量随着胚胎的发育先降低后升高,CAT活性呈升高趋势,AKP活性变化不大,MDA含量始终维持在较低水平,心搏期后呈上升趋势,SOD活性在卵黄栓期和心搏期显著降低(P＜0.05).研究表明:施氏鲟胚胎发育阶段已经具备一定的性激素合成能力;各种免疫相关酶在胚胎发育阶段所起的作用不同,胚胎在神经胚期的高死亡率与其受氧化损伤较大有关.