School dropout represents a serious problem, being seen as a violation of moral norms. The aims of the investigation were to identify the temperament of pre-teens at risk of school dropout, and also to emphasize differences in temperament considering type

In recent years, preventing school dropout has become a topic of national interest because the number of young people at risk of educational exclusion has considerably increased. That is why we turn our attention to this vulnerable category, in both educational and social terms. The students included in this research represent the main target group in the project “Sustainable social and educational integration through sports activities” (PNP001). The project is designed for students with social and educational integration difficulties and aims to identify directions and solutions to reduce school dropout by involving them in various sports activities. The students are enrolled in two educational units in Mureș County, namely Ogra Middle School (70 students) and Sărățeni Middle School (49 students). In terms of gender, there are 65 boys (average age: 13 years ± 1.26) and 54 girls (average age: 12 years ± 1.15), therefore a total number of 119 students. In order to identify the level of students’ motor skills, we used assessment tests recognised in the field of interest: 4 x 10 m Shuttle run, Standing long jump, t-Test, Stork Test, Flexibility Test and Ruffier Test. By knowing the level of students’ motor performance, we will identify the pattern of their motor skills in relation to gender, age and residence area, and participation in various sports activities is aimed at achieving complementarity between their motor and social development.

IntroductionVulnerability and poverty increase the educational and social exclusion of pre-teens. The goal of the present study was to identify the temperamental characteristics of pre-teens at risk of educational and social exclusion, depending on type of vulnerability and gender.MethodsFor the study, 329 students (167 boys and 162 girls) at risk of early school leaving were involved and grouped into four categories: preadolescents from single-parent families, students with an absent parent (for example, is working abroad), socially assisted students, and Roma pre-teens (socially assisted). To assess temperament the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire (EATQ-R) was used.ResultsThe results underline that in the case of the four super factors and for the two behavioral scales investigated, the scores (at group level) are, generally, within the average limits. The study highlights the importance of specialists to increase, in the case of pre-teens at risk of early school leaving, Effortful Control, and to decrease Negative Affectivity (which includes frustration and fear) and Depressive Mood. Significant differences between vulnerable boys and girls were observed, in the case of Surgency, Affiliation, and Depressive Mood. Also, using the Mann-Whitney (U) test and an independent sample t-test, gender-dependent differences were highlighted (considering the EATQ-R scales), in the case of each type of vulnerability. Using single-factor multivariate analysis of variances, the differences between preadolescents, depending on the type of vulnerability, were presented.DiscussionIn the case of Surgency, boys registered significantly higher scores than girls, while in the case of Affiliation and Depressive Mood girls obtained higher values. Gender- and type of vulnerability-dependent differences in temperament were discussed in the case of pre-teens, and showed a temperament-conscious education is necessary in future parental education and teacher training.

The present research is part of the project “Sustainable social and educational integration by sport activities”. The project aims to lower truancy rates and enhance educational attainment up to ISCED3 levels. Vrancea county is characterised by a prominent level of impoverishment (below the national level) and a notablerate of school dropout during the middle school years (above the national level). Our study aims to outline the multifaceted difficulties experienced by middle school students in Vrancea County, which can be categorized into eight distinct groups. These categories include Roma students, students with one or both parents working abroad, remigrated students, students from disorganized or single-parent families, students from child protection institutions, student coming from a family of immigrants/refugees in Romania, students with disabilities, and students at risk of early school dropout. This research is of an applied nature and was carried out over a period of 3 years, focusing on students enrolled in two schools with a moderate ISCED3 transition level, comprising a total of 204 students, including 124 boys and 80 girls. It is worth noting that specific difficulties and vulnerabilities differ between genders. The risk of early school leaving, mainly due to poverty, is more prevalent among g, while belonging to the Roma ethnicity poses a greater challenge for boys. The findings from this study serve as a foundational resource for guiding the counselling activities within the project

Background & Study Aims: Fencing was investigated in the specialised literature as being part of striking combat sports. The purpose of this study is knowledge about the dominant areas of the brain of fencing athletes according to weapon, gen -der, and sports performances. Material & Methods: Forty-one competitive Romanian fencers, 23 female and 18 male athletes (Mage = 23.2), took part in the study. The Brain Dominance Questionnaire was used, adapted by Roco (2004) after the Herrmann Brain Dominance Instrument (HBDI). The questionnaire items are arranged in four sections corresponding to the four brain quadrants proposed by Herrmann (who pioneered the Whole Brain Thinking approach): upper and lower left quadrants of the brain (ULQ and LLQ), respectively upper and lower right sectors (URQ and LRQ). Results: Fencers with international results use less the upper right quadrant of the brain than fencers having local/re- gional results, being, therefore, less involved in risky activities, and operating less outside the rules/norms. After applying the Kruskal-Wallis test no significant differences were found between the three groups of ath- letes, according to the weapon used: foil, epee or sabre. However, regardless of the weapon, fencers are or- ganised, planned individuals who establish procedures and take preventive measures (aspects specific to LLQ), are better at analytical activities and prefer to solve problems through reasoning and logic (aspects specific to ULQ), using more the left hemisphere. Also, fencers in foil are using more the upper right quadrant of the brain (URQ), comparing to fencers who use sabre or epee, using thus imagination more to solve game situ- ations. Gender-related findings were discussed, female fencers using more the lower right quadrant, being more sensitive persons, who like more to be supportive in social interactions. Conclusions: Fencers, having both high level performances and without outstanding sport results use (slightly more) the left hemisphere (compared to the right hemisphere). Fencers, whether they use the sabre, epee or foil, pre- dominantly use the upper left quadrant of the brain and the lower left sector. Considering the differences by gender, a more integrated use of both cerebral hemispheres was observed in female fencers.

Background and Study Aims: In sports, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected variables such as training, recovery or athletes' sleep quality, uncertainty about the future generating distress and anxiety in athletes. There are two cog- nitive purpose of the current study: knowledge about the subjectively experienced stress in martial arts athletes from selected Europe Union countries during the 4th wave of the pandemic; and knowledge of the likely of using coping strategies, and if so, with what frequency.Materials and Methods: Three hundred and forty-one competitive martial arts athletes from Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Spain were investigated (female n = 129, male n = 212). The athletes represented (according to division of the combat sports under forms of the direct confrontation): workings of weap- ons (fencing); hits (boxing, karate, kickboxing, Muay Thai, taekwondo); throws and grips of immobilisation of opponent's body (Brazilian jiu-jitsu, freestyle wrestling, judo) were investigated. In this paper we anal- yse workings of weapons and hits as conventional "striking combat sports " SCS (in consequence FSCS or MSCS - for female and male respectively), while throws and grips of immobilization of opponent's body as "grappling combat sports " GCS (FGCS and MGCS respectively). The Perception of Stress Questionnaire was used to measure intrapsychic stress, external stress and emotional tension in athletes, while through the Brief COPE questionnaire the frequency of use of 14 coping strategies was examined.Results: The highest intrapsychic stress levels, during the 4th wave of the pandemic, were registered by Slovak athletes, external stress was the highest among Italian martial arts athletes, while the highest emotion- al tension levels were reported by Latvian athletes. The lowest values were observed in Lithuanian mar- tial arts athletes, in all three stress dimensions. Also, martial arts athletes who have tested positive for COVID-19 reported significantly higher levels of stress and used (during the 4th wave) more frequent de- nial, behavioural disengagement and less frequent positive reframing (as coping strategies). Gender and type of sport-dependent strategies to deal with stress were discussed: FSCS group used less frequently emotion-focused coping strategies than male athletes from both MSCS and MGCS (apparently a surpris- ing result), and with a higher frequency dysfunctional coping strategies. No important differences were found between the four investigated groups of athletes MGCS, MSCS, FGCS and FSCS) with respect to the problem-focused coping strategies.Conclusions: Martial arts (combat sports) athletes who have tested positive for COVID-19 reported significantly high- er levels of intrapsychic stress, emotional tension and external stress, compared to athletes which re- ported that they have not suffered from COVID-19. Denial and behavioural disengagement (as dysfunc- tional coping strategies) were more frequent among athletes which reported that they were sick with COVID-19, while positive reframing was significantly less used. The research can be of interest for mar- tial arts athletes, coaches, parents and sports psychologists seeking to promote the most effective strat- egies to deal with negative stress, if the pandemic will have long-term consequences for athletes' men- tal health and well-being.

Values are connected to how a person perceives the environment and themselves. One can talk about a certain dynamic of values over time. Changes in the importance of values occur due to existing situations in the external environment or to a significant alteration in one’s internal motivation. The goals of our research were to determine the value structure of preadolescents at risk of school dropout and to identify differences in values depending on the type of vulnerability, gender and geographical region. A total of 120 pre-teens (64 boys and 56 girls) at risk of school dropout participated in the study. We used the Values Questionnaire, part of the PEDb computerised platform (created by Cognitrom), which is calibrated for the Romanian population. The results have revealed that the most important values for pre-teens at risk of school dropout are related to social relations, skill development, free time and compliance with the rules. Significant differences were highlighted between boys and girls, respectively between socially assisted students and those with an absent parent, considering the value structure. Also, through a single-factor multivariate analysis of variance, important differences were noted in terms of free time and social relations, depending on the geographical region. The study findings are valuable resources for teachers (who can positively influence the social and educational integration of preadolescents by using student-centered learning and taking into account their value system), parents, and researchers eager to better understand the value structure of students at risk of school dropout.

In Romania are just 4 women's rugby teams, and just 60-70 players, the selection and the competition in rugby is difficult. Also, the lack of skills of coaches in the women's rugby sector creates the need to promote education in and through sport with special focus on skills development of coaches interested in women's rugby. The objective of the study is to highlight the vulnerabilities faced by rugby coaches and female rugby athletes and find solutions for eliminating or diminishing prejudices like parents' fears of letting their girls practice a sport that can be considered harsh. The survey contains 27 questions and was applied online via google forms in four countries: Romania, Poland, Portugal and Spain. The research was carried out over a period of 2 months, in 2020. Participants were 126 rugby specialists: coaches, doctors, teachers, managers, referees. Results aim to provide important data for understanding the challenges faced by coaches and specialists in women's rugby 7: how to select girl athletes, what are the things that determine athletes to continue playing rugby, if their training should be different from that of the boys and how the women's rugby game could be promoted. Possible solutions can be: coaches may need to use a full range of questioning and demonstration strategies (use of experienced players to demonstrate, use of video). Physical differences between male and female children aged ten to twelve years of age are usually minimal. Rugby girls seven needs more media coverage.

Background and Study Aim: A wrestling match is characterised by a short, intense, intermittent effort lasting 6 minutes in total for the senior group (1 match = 2 x 3 minutes round), making the need to play 4-5 matches a day during a wrestling tournament an additional element of this effort. The aim of this study is knowledge about the effectiveness of tournament bouts of athletes competing in Greco-Roman wrestling using the example of the World Championships (WSC) in Oslo 2021. Material and Methods: Study involved a total of 171 wrestling matches played during the World Championships. Video clips of the matches were obtained from the United World Wrestling (UWW) official web site. The video clips were downloaded to a PC as MP4 files using the screen recording function, Competitors were assigned to three different weight categories groups: light (up to 60kg, 67kg), medium (up to 77kg, 87kg), heavy (up to 97kg, 130kg). Results: Athletes in the light categories group undertook more technical actions in the standing position than athletes in the other weight categories groups: light categories (2.04 +/- 1.4 actions), medium (1.14 +/- 1.27 actions) and heavy (1.35 +/- 1.35 actions). In the bout in the horizontal position, significant differences were recorded between the light categories group (2.53 +/- 1.89 actions) and the medium (1.89 +/- 1.51 actions) and also between the medium (1.89 +/- 1.51 actions) and heavy (0.95 +/- 1.13) categories groups. Conclusions: Greco-Roman wrestling matches shows variation according to weight categories groups. Athletes in the light categories group were significantly more likely to successfully perform technical actions in the standing position and the horizontal position than athletes in the medium and heavy categories groups. Therefore, coaches could aim to create specific training programmes for wrestlers taking into account the dynamics of technical actions of different weight groups.

Identification of the somatic and motor profile of students at risk of social and educational exclusion can be a factor of diagnosis but also of prognosis in terms of planning the content of various sports activities in order to integrate them. In this context, 189 students from North-Eastern Romania were included in the research. Gender distribution indicates that there are 104 boys and 85 girls. Participants are enrolled at the “Cezar Botez” Middle School in Fâstâci (57 students) and the Middle School no. 1 - Racova, Gârceni (132 students). The current research aims to outline the somatic and motor profile of boys in the North-East region by area of residence, the somatic and motor profile of girls in the North-East region by area of residence, the somatic and motor profile of boys in the North-East region by age and the somatic and motor profile of girls in the North-East region by age. The results obtained in somatic tests (height, weight, arm span, body mass index for teenagers) for the North-East region of the country were analysed as well as the results recorded in motor tests (4 x 10 m Shuttle Run, Standing Long Jump, T-Test). This research is part of the project “Sustainable social and educational integration through sports activities” (PNP001).

The present research is a sequence of the “Coaching Rugby 7s to Girls” project, which aims to improve the skills of coaches interested in girls’ rugby. There are only 4 women’s rugby teams in Romania with about 60-70 players, of which only 30% are from our country. The small number of females who practise this sport makes the selection and competition difficult. Our research aims to highlight the vulnerabilities faced by rugby coaches and female rugby athletes and find solutions for eliminating or diminishing prejudices like parents’ fears of letting their daughters practise a sport that can be considered tough. The research was carried out over a period of 3 weeks. The participants are 34 female rugby players and 31 rugby specialists. The research methods used are: scientific documentation, survey, mathematical and statistical method, graphical method. The results provide important data for knowing the challenges faced by coaches and women’s rugby 7s players in their activity and possible solutions to reduce them. Based on the results obtained, we consider it necessary to develop a strategy to promote women’s rugby among the school population, highlighting the formative values of this sport with the goal of changing the mentality about the game of rugby and convincing girls to practise it.

The present research is part of the project called “Sustainable social and educational integration through sports activities”, which is focused on increasing both the school attendance rate for students in lower secondary education and the ISCED 3 transit rate. Vaslui county has a wide range of vulnerabilities affecting this segment of the school population. Our study aims to highlight the structure of these vulnerabilities, which are divided into 8 categories as follows: Roma students, students with one or both parents working abroad, re-migrating students, students from disorganised or single-parent families, students from child protection institutions, students whose parents are immigrants/refugees in Romania, students with special educational needs, students at risk of early school dropout. This applied research was carried out over a period of 3 months. The participating subjects are students enrolled in two middle schools that have an ISCED below 50%; their total number is 190, of whom 105 boys and 85 girls. The research methods used are: scientific documentation, survey, mathematical and statistical method, graphical method. The results of the research are reflected in the identification of vulnerability structures for students in lower secondary education from Vaslui county. The research actually makes an X-ray of the social problems faced by middle-school students in rural areas.

The success of female rugby sevens players is largely based on their high motor potential as well as the individual and collective tactical skills. Most training programmes specific to the game of rugby sevens emphasise the development of travel speed, unwillingly neglecting the progress of the reaction speed (in specific training) and the agility, which are found in the technical and tactical actions of the game. The purpose of this research was to assess the efficiency of both specific training programmes and female players. The research was conducted throughout a training macrocycle in the first months of the competitive year 2019. The research subjects were the female players in the junior team of the “Agronomia” Sports Club of Bucharest and some players from the National Olympic Youth Centre. The research methods used are: scientific documentation, observation, measurement, statistical and mathematical method, graphical method. The experimental approach to the issue was highlighted by processing and interpreting the results obtained after applying the proposed tests. Therefore, the priority in the training programmes specific to the game of rugby sevens is to maintain and improve the execution of movements from the perspective of speed as a motor skill performed with an optimal manifestation of agility, all these aspects being reflected in the efficiency of technical and tactical actions.

This scientific approach aimed to assess the somatic development and motor ability of people (both males and females) at risk of social exclusion in Bucharest and Ilfov County, as well as to make a comparative analysis between the Roma population and the other subjects.This applied research was conducted over a period of 14 months.The 222 subjects participating in the study were represented by 92 young women, of whom 18 Roma subjects, and 130 young men, of whom 44 Roma subjects, aged between 16 and 29 years.The objectification of the research was achieved using a battery made up of 7 assessments and tests, namely: height measurement, body mass measurement, Bouchard index, 10 x 5-meter shuttle run test, 30-second push-up test, 30-second sit-up test and Sargent test.Part of the measurements were performed within the project "Strategies for the future, strategies for youth", which has developed sports-based specific methodologies and strategies in order to increase social inclusion and combat exclusion for young people in risk categories due to the economic situation.The research methods used are: scientific documentation, observation, measurement, mathematical and statistical method, graphical method.The research results are reflected in the intrinsic and extrinsic assessment of the somatic and motor potential of the population at risk of social exclusion caused by the economic situation.Thus, this complex assessment process has generated the somatic and motor profile of the population targeted in this scientific paper.

This scientific paper aimed to address the development of technical and tactical behaviour in the game of football by using social networks. In terms of juvenile football, the technical component shows an outstanding importance in the formative strategy of the football player. This is highlighted by the technical particularities of the game of football in the context of the efficient achievement of the two main phases: the attack and defence. At this age, the methodical priorities in education refer to the consolidation of the previously achieved technical processes and the learning of new technical processes in appropriate game conditions. Taking into account the details of the teaching process at this level and the content of the formative phase, we can state that the face-to-face work time with the football players might be insufficient. This proves the importance of social networks which can determine the optimisation of technical and tactical behaviour during the training and games through individual and Facebook-assisted activities. The ameliorative ascertaining experiment was conducted over a period of 3 months. The subjects involved in the research are representatives of the “Dinamo Bucharest” Football Club, junior-E level of instruction, children aged 9 to 10 years (2007 group). The research objectification was achieved by assessing the technical and tactical behaviour of the players mentioned above during the training and games played in the championship organised by the Municipal Football Association of Bucharest. The research methods used were: scientific documentation; observation; recording; experiment; statistical and mathematical method; graphical method. The results of this scientific approach are visible through increased technical and tactical efficiency in the training process and more effective performance behaviour during the game play.

Starting from the central aim of the project "Strategies for the Future, Strategies for Youth", which is to develop methodologies and specific strategies based on the game of football in order to enhance social inclusion and combat exclusion for young people who are in risk categories generated by disabilities or the economic situation, we propose: to gather technical and tactical information related to young people in the study; to present the methodological marks by which football, a very good way of socialisation, can make possible social integration for both the beginners and the advanced and can prove positive benefits for people practicing this game. This scientific approach targeted a number of 85 eligible young people out of a total of 128 subjects enrolled in the project, aged between 16 and 29 years. The dominant aspect of the research was focused on applying 4 specific tests aimed at checking some basic procedures specific to the football game. The research methods used were: scientific documentation, observation, recording, statistical and mathematical calculation and graphical representation. The purpose of the research is reflected by setting a sample of beginners and one of advanced, so that the obtained results help develop a specific work methodology for people at risk of social exclusion and integrate them through the football game. (C) 2018 Published by Future Academy www.FutureAcademy.org.UK

This research aims to analyse the determination of rugby game results, as a consequence of territorial dominance or ball possession, by the teams participating in the 2015 Rugby World Cup. The objectives of our scientific approach were to record the variables linked to possession and territorial dominance in the rugby games and to process and interpret the results. In this applicative research, 48 matches were analysed, tracking total territorial dominance and sequential territorial dominance in the last 10 minutes of the game, as well as total possession and sequential possession in the last 10 minutes of the game. The research methods used are: scientific documentation, observation, measurement, statistical and mathematical method, graphical method. The results obtained from data processing and interpretation are contradictory. Thus, we have results displayed accordingly, when the team with total and sequential territorial dominance and superior total and sequential possession wins the game, but also when the team with total and sequential territorial dominance and superior total and sequential possession loses the game. We have results when the team with total territorial dominance and superior total possession wins the game, which is normal, but also results when the team with territorial dominance only in the last 10 minutes and superior possession only in the last 10 minutes wins the game. We might consider that these results are not a first, that they represent the exception, but what the research emphasises are the proportions between the results considered normal and those contradictory, which may generate questions and answers about the competition strategy.

Our paper aims to assess the somatic characteristics and the motor ability of young people at risk of social exclusion due to the economic situation. This scientific research targeted the somatic development and the motor ability of people of male gender, residents in Bucharest and Ilfov County, and also a comparative analysis between the Roma population and the other participants in the study. We conducted an applied investigation over a period of 14 months. The research included 130 young people aged between 16 and 29. As research methods, we used documentation, observation, measurement, statistical and mathematical methods and graphical method. The objectivity of the study was obtained through a set of 6 tests and tasks: height and weight measurement, 10x5m run, maximum number of push-ups in 30”, maximum number of trunk flexions from dorsal lying in 30” and the Sargent test. Our results determine the motor and somatic potential of young people at social exclusion risk as a result of the economic situation. These results illustrate the picture of a young population with poor results in their somatic and motor potential, as far as we can see. In this context, we can say that the target population of the study is characterised by average somatic development, but has reduced motor potential as regards the speed component. © 2018 Published by Future Academy www.FutureAcademy.org.UK

This research intends to design a pattern for the recovery of exercise capacity in centralized training sessions. Recovery is a complex process aimed at restoring and overcoming the initial values of homeostasis, pursued in all planning structures, starting from the training lesson (breaks between exercise sessions), continuing with post effort recovery, stage and weekly recovery, and even post-Olympic cycle recovery. Recovery after effort is an increasingly significant component that conditions the athletic performance, being considered a performance reserve. The research is one of practical nature and was conducted over a period of one year. The subjects participating in the research are CSO Pantelimon rugby players, who are also in the National Division of Rugby. The findings of the research resulted from weight control and heart rate measurement. The research methods used were scientific documentation, observation, experiment, measurement, statistical and mathematical method, graphical method. The research results were reflected by developing a recovery pattern for the exercise capacity, able to substantiate accumulations from the centralized training session. The research findings confirm the working hypothesis in the light of the results obtained.

This present research set itself to highlight the posibility of improvement of the teaching process, in the game of football, with the help of latest technology. In this manner, the experiment oriented on optimization of the technical and tactical component related to the game of football, using specific motive structures, also being customized for the level of education. The theoretical and methodical field that defines our domain of activity approaches in detail the issue of density of information in the football training classes. In this context it must be emphasized that density is an indicator of quality in training the soccer player. Aiming at this aspect, specialized methodology permanently seeks optimizing the relationship between different types of specific training process density, as in the pedagogical density and physical training density, which are characteristic for highlighting the quality of educational process. Consequently, the referred research aims at improving the relationship between pedagogical density and physical training density in favor of the latter. This goal was achieved by improving sources of information transmission from teacher / coach to the player using derivatives specific to high technology The experiment is an ameliorative and ascertaining one, conducted over a period of 3 months. The subject that were involved in the research are representatives of the football team FC Dinamo Bucuresti, with the Juniors E level of education, being aged around 10-11 years old (2004 and 2005 groups). The objectification of the research was realised through timing actual work time and break time related to the training process and further processing. Next methods were used as methods of research: scientific documentation, personal observation, the experiment, mesurements, statistical and mathematical method, graphical method. Results of the scientific step made are visible through and increased technical and tactical yield in the training process and a more efficient performance behaviour whilst the games. Research conclusions confirms the hypothesis of work with the results obtained.