Multi-resonant thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) molecules have emerged as promising candidates for high-resolution organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays. However, their performance is often limited by intrinsically large singlet-triplet energy gaps (ΔEST), leading to an unsatisfactory reverse intersystem crossing rate (kRISC). Herein, we systematically investigate how to modulate excited-state characteristics by strategically integrating diversified electron-donating units with an MR skeleton, enabling rational control over short-range charge transfer (SRCT) and long-range charge transfer (LRCT) components. The excited-state characters of S1, including SRCT, SRCT + LRCT, and LRCT, are achieved by fine-tuning the donor and MR interactions. Compared with unsubstituted analogues, the increase of the LRCT component significantly reduces ΔEST, thereby elevating kRISC values. However, the LRCT-dominated S1 states show broad and structureless emission spectra due to substantial relaxation energy. For molecules with mixed SRCT and LRCT characters, triplet up-conversion occurs efficiently owing to the small ΔEST mediated by the mixed characters. Furthermore, the SRCT character with relatively small relaxation energy relevant to the S1 → S0 process could help achieve narrowband emission. This work establishes a molecular design framework for high-efficiency and narrowband MR-TADF materials, highlighting the critical role of donor unit engineering in exciton utilization and color purity.

The adsorption characteristics of microplastics （MPs） for pollutants in the aqueous environment have received extensive attention； however， the adsorption characteristics of UV-aged MPs for arsenic （As） are not yet fully understood. In this study， the adsorption kinetics and isothermal adsorption of As（Ⅴ） from aqueous solutions by pristine and UV-aged MPs were investigated in static adsorption mode. Polypropylene microplastics （PP MPs） were used as the adsorbent， and the effects of environmental factors （pH， dissolved organic matter， and NO3-） on the adsorption process were also explored. The results showed that UV aging produced a substantial number of rough folded structures with irregular protrusions and pores on the surface of PP MPs. Furthermore， an enhancement in the prevalence of oxygen-containing functional groups， concomitant with an escalation in the crystallinity of the MPs， was observed. The adsorption of As（Ⅴ） by PP MPs tended to reach equilibrium within 12 h， and the adsorption kinetics of As（Ⅴ） on UV-aged MPs exhibited a stronger correlation with the pseudo-second-order model （R2=0.980）， indicating that the adsorption of As（Ⅴ） by UV-aged PP MPs was dominated by chemisorption. The Freundlich and Langmuir models were found to be applicable to the isothermal adsorption of As（Ⅴ） by aged MPs， with the Freundlich model providing a superior fit to the data. This finding suggests that the adsorption of As（Ⅴ） on aged MPs was predominantly influenced by surface complexation and van der Waals forces. The theoretical maximum adsorption （Qm） of As（Ⅴ） by UV-aged MPs fitted by the Langmuir model increased by 11.8% compared to that by the pristine MPs. In addition， the adsorption of As（Ⅴ） by aged PP MPs exhibited an increasing trend， followed by a decrease， with elevated NO3- and dissolved organic matter concentrations. This study provides a significant theoretical foundation for investigating the biogeochemical cycling and ecological risk assessment of As from aging MPs.

Multiresonance (MR) emitters have attracted much attention because of their narrow-band emission. Most reported MR materials exhibit short-wavelength emissions. It is challenging to red-shift their emissions to the longer-wavelength region. Thus, we explored isomerization's impact on the emission spectra of M-B2Cz and W-B2Cz MR emitters integrating two monoboron fragments. The HOMO-LUMO energetic gap of W-B2Cz is smaller, red-shifting its emission peak by 71 nm, compared to that of M-B2Cz. This red-shift in W-B2Cz results from a lower LUMO energy level due to its bonding-like population on the bridging pyrrole. Such a feature in the HOMO and LUMO of W-B2Cz generates the bonding-like transition density in its S1 state, reducing shoulder vibronic emission. A W-B2Cz-based OLED exhibited longer-wavelength emission, a narrow bandwidth of 90 meV, and an exceptional maximum external quantum efficiency of 39.4%. This work provides new insight into isomerization's role in MR emission spectra, promoting the development of narrow-band materials with long-wavelength emissions.

Multi-resonant (MR) emitters exhibit intrinsic narrowband emission, yet they often suffer severe spectral broadening at high doping concentrations in films, which hinders their commercial application in high-color-purity organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Such spectral broadening is generally caused by shoulder peak enhancement, a puzzling phenomenon in aggregation state. Two typical MR backbones, carbonyl/nitrogen-based DNK and organoboron/nitrogen-based DBN, which exhibit different spectral behaviors in films, were thus investigated and compared as an example. The experimental results indicate that DNKs exhibit noticeable shoulder peak enhancement at high concentrations in films, while DBNs maintain consistent spectra under the same conditions. The results of our molecular dynamics (MD) simulations reveal that in the aggregation state, DNK pi-pi stacking forms, thus introducing a new fluorescent component. The emission of DNK dimers is estimated to be located around the intrinsic MR shoulder peak, leading to a concentration-dependent shoulder peak enhancement in OLEDs. Conversely, no dimer-like aggregation states are observed for DBN in films due to the presence of bulky side groups, leading to its concentration-independent fluorescence spectra. This work combines MD simulation with high-level quantum chemistry (QC) calculation to establish an effective approach for understanding of the aggregation behavior of MR materials, and thus provides a deep insight into the spectral broadening by resolving the aggregation behaviors of MR emitters.

The issue of nanoplastics (NPs) in the aquatic environment has recently received considerable attention. Arsenic (As) is a relatively abundant and toxic metalloid element in aquatic environments. However, the potential toxic effects of As on aquatic organisms under the influence of NPs remain uncertain. In this study, zebrafish were divided into five different groups: a control group, a single As(V) (10 μg/L) treatment group and three As (10 μg/L) + polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) treatment groups (NPs at concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 mg/L, respectively) for a period of seven days using a semi-static method. The findings demonstrated that the presence of PS-NPs facilitated the accumulation of As in zebrafish liver, gill and intestine with the following promoting efficiency: liver > gill > intestine. The presence of PS-NPs enhanced the oxidative stress effects of As on the aforementioned tissues. Furthermore, the activities of glutathione-S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase in the liver and intestine were found to be instrumental in mitigating oxidative stress during co-exposure. Furthermore, the presence of PS-NPs led to a further reduction in As-induced acetylcholinesterase activity in the liver and intestine of zebrafish. The combined exposure of zebrafish to PS-NPs and As resulted in an increase in lactate dehydrogenase activity in the liver, intestine and gills. This subsequently led to a reduction in the activity of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in the aforementioned tissues, thus affecting immune dysfunction in zebrafish. The integrated biomarker response indexes indicate that combined exposures result in greater toxic effects compared to single As exposures. The findings provide a fundamental basis for the assessment of the toxic effects of combined nanoscale plastic and As pollution on aquatic organisms.

With the rapid advancement of autonomous driving technology, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication has emerged as a key enabler for extending perception range and enhancing driving safety by providing visibility beyond the line of sight. However, integrating multi-source sensor data from both ego-vehicles and infrastructure under real-world constraints, such as limited communication bandwidth and dynamic environments, presents significant technical challenges. To facilitate research in this area, we organized the End-to-End Autonomous Driving through V2X Cooperation Challenge, which features two tracks: cooperative temporal perception and cooperative end-to-end planning. Built on the UniV2X framework and the V2X-Seq-SPD dataset, the challenge attracted participation from over 30 teams worldwide and established a unified benchmark for evaluating cooperative driving systems. This paper describes the design and outcomes of the challenge, highlights key research problems including bandwidth-aware fusion, robust multi-agent planning, and heterogeneous sensor integration, and analyzes emerging technical trends among top-performing solutions. By addressing practical constraints in communication and data fusion, the challenge contributes to the development of scalable and reliable V2X-cooperative autonomous driving systems.

The application study of triboelectric and electrostatic effects, with roots tracing back hundreds of years, has continued to evolve and develop in industrial production, science, technology, and other fields. Numerous methods have been proposed for the preparation and processing of triboelectric materials, resulting in significant advancements in their charge density and application range. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the application progress of the triboelectric effect. It begins by summarizing the fundamental theoretical mechanism of triboelectrification. Subsequently, a detailed review of various applications related to triboelectric effect and electrostatic induction is conducted, encompassing electrostatic adsorption, electret formation, electrostatic self-assembly, triboelectric generator, self-powered sensor, and mechanical force catalysis. Furthermore, different triboelectric materials and their preparation and modification methods are also explored in accordance with different application scenarios. Finally, this paper discusses the future development prospects and challenges associated with the triboelectric effect. It also emphasizes the necessity for further research and development in specific fields, offering valuable insights for future scientific research and practical implementation.

Nanoplastics (NPs) arouse increasing attention recently. Many studies have shown possible negative effects on plants exposed to NPs, but more data are needed on various species of plants to elucidate the potential phytotoxicity mechanisms of NPs. In this work, a pot experiment was conducted to analyze toxicity induced by polystyrene nanoplastics (PSNPs; particle size, 75.10 nm) at diverse doses (0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0 mg/g dry soil weight) to seedlings of garlic (Allium sativum L.). The photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activities, common phytohormones and styrene contents, and nutritional quality of leaves of A. sativum seedlings were determined. Results showed that the toxic effects of PSNPs on plants at 42 days after exposure were stronger than those at 28 days. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, as well as carotenoids levels within A. sativum leaves treated with PSNPs for 42 days decreased, with the highest decreasing rates of 40.22%, 41.29%, and 27.38%, respectively. The malondialdehyde (MDA) level within A. sativum leaves was noticeably up-regulated at 0.5 and 1.0 mg/g of PSNPs. Furthermore, the guaiacol peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities and the abscisic acid (ABA) contents increased significantly with increasing the concentrations of PSNPs. After exposure for 42 days, allicin, soluble sugar and soluble protein levels decreased with increasing the concentration of PSNPs. The highest styrene content in leaves of A. sativum was obtained for the treatment group of the 0.5 mg/g PSNPs, showing an increase of 23.73% relative to control. Collectively, PSNPs were translocated into the leaves of A. sativum from roots, significantly affected the photosynthetic pigments contents, and significantly induced oxidative stress in A. sativum. Furthermore, high doses of PSNPs exposure impaired the A. sativum's nutritive quality. These research results can provide basic data for accurately evaluating the ecological toxicity of NPs on crops.

Metal halide perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) are ideal for high-resolution displays due to their tunable emission, narrow spectra, and low-cost processing. Colloidal FAPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots (PeQDs) enhance radiative recombination, making them efficient for pure-green PeLEDs. However, their low stability and surface defects limit their practical application. Here, we address these challenges by proposing an in situ surface repair strategy using benzhydroxamic acid (BHA) as a modifier. We demonstrated that BHA can coordinate with Pb2+ ions and form hydrogen bonds with FA+ and halide ions, effectively reducing nonradiative recombination and maintaining the integrity of the PeQDs. High-quality FAPbBr3 PeQDs with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of up to 92.5% were achieved, leading to pure-green PeLEDs with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 24.8% and a maximum luminance of 40,231 cd m-2, providing a feasible and promising perspective for advanced solid-state lighting and displays.

Quantum dot (QD) light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) have been considered one of the most promising candidates for nextgeneration lighting and displays. However, the suboptimal carrier dynamics at the interface between QDs and the hole transport layer (HTL), such as leakage and quenching induced by the accumulation of electrons at high brightness, severely deteriorates the device's efficiency and stability. Here, we introduced the influence of carrier modulation by nanoshell engineering on the extermal quantum efficiency (EQE) and operation lifetime for QLEDs with large-sized QDs. The shell-driven engineering of energy level positions and band bending effectively eliminates the hole injection barrier and promotes charge injection balance. Photo-assisted Kelvin probe technique reveals that the ZnCdSe/ZnSeS QD/TFB (TFB = poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-N-(4-(3-methylpropyl))diphenylamine)) interface presents an increased surface potential and quasi-Fermi level splitting, reducing heat generation during device operation at high brightness. The shell-driven carrier engineering strategy reveals that our devices exhibit a high external quantum efficiency of 26.44% and an ultralong operation time (exceeding 50,000 h) to 95% of the initial luminance at 1000 cd/m2 (T95@1000 cd/m2). We anticipate that our results provide insights into resolving the issues at the QDHTL interface and demonstrate the importance of carrier management driven by QD nanostructure tailoring for the commercialization of QLEDs.

The surface properties of target substrates are crucial for the in situ crystallization and growth of metal halide perovskite films fabricated by the anti-solvent method. In this work, a high-quality quasi-2D perovskite film with various-n phases is fabricated on the commonly used poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) by introducing a branched polyethylenimine (PEI) modifying layer. PEI suppresses the influence of acidic surface of the PEDOT:PSS and regulates the components of the perovskite film, increasing the proportion of large-n phases. Additionally, PEI reduces the formation of defects in perovskite films, leading to higher photoluminescence quantum efficiency and longer photoluminescence lifetime. Based on this high-quality perovskite film, a flexible light-emitting diode with an ultimate current efficiency of 63.2 cd/A is achieved, nearly twofold higher than that of the device (35.1 cd/A) without a PEI modifying lar technologies, are reserved.

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Dielectric elastomer is a new kind of intelligent soft material, which deforms under strong external electric field. Dielectric elastomer has the characteristics of fast response, large deformation, high electromechanical conversion efficiency, low cost and light weight. It is widely used in optical systems, biomedical equipment, soft robots, energy harvesting and other fields. However, the driving voltage of dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) exceeds 1000 V. The volume/weight and security risks of commercial high-voltage power supply limit the portability and wearability of the DEAs. Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is an energy generation technique based on contact electrification, which can instantly generate a high voltage output reaching few thousands volts. Accordingly, TENG is a quite suitable solution for the power supply of DEA. In this paper, we reviewed the development of TENG powered dielectric elastomer actuator (TENG-DEA) in recent years. The mechanism, material structure and performance of diversified applications are summarized, while the challenges and prospects of this combined system are put forward. The summary and discussion in this review provide a good guidance for the sustainable development of TENG-DEA.

The bending stability is still the central obstacle to the practical applications of flexible quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QLED). Here, we examine the influence of every functional layer, including electrodes, charge injection/transport layers, and emission layer, on the photoelectrical properties of the QLEDs during the bending fatigue test. It is demonstrated that the bottom substrate and top metal electrode play a critical role in determining the bending stability of flexible QLEDs. The bending stability of the QLED can be improved obviously by controlling the elastic modulus and surface roughness of the substrate with a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) modifying layer inserted between PET/ITO/Ag/ITO and ZnO electron-transport layer. The PEDOT:PSS layer not only reduces the surface roughness, but also causes the neutral mechanical plane of the PET/ITO/Ag/ITO multilayer to move towards the surface of the substrate. The twofold effect of this PEDOT:PSS modifying layer improves the bending stability of the device. Moreover, the device efficiency is also enhanced from 17.9 to 20.4 cd A −1 with the insertion of PEDOT:PSS layer.

Due to the outstanding electron injection/transport capability of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) are commonly constructed by employing a hybrid device structure with ZnO electron-transporting layer and organic hole-transporting layer. However, the emission quenching of quantum dots and excessive electron injection induced by ZnO NPs also limits the device efficiency and operational stability. Here, diethylenetriamine (DETA) molecules as the ligands are introduced to modify the surface of ZnO NPs, which not only passivate the surface defects of ZnO but also suppress the overwhelming electron injection in the QLED. As a result, the device based on the DETA-modified ZnO NPs exhibits a peak external quantum efficiency of 23.7%, corresponding to an enhancement factor of 129% in comparison with that of the device with as-synthesized ZnO as the electron-transporting layer. The easy and feasible strategy may also be applicable to other photoelectric devices, such as solar cells and photodetectors.

The rapid development of nanotechnology for the last 30 years has enabled a rapid expansion in the applications of functional nanoparticles (NPs) on optoelectronic devices. Especially, NPs are of high significance in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) as they provide feasible solutions to the enduring challenges related to higher device efficiency. The use of NPs with designed structure and functionality is demonstrated, indicative of their great application potentials in OLEDs. Herein, the recent advances in OLEDs with the utilization of functional NPs are summarized. Starting with a brief overview about the unique properties of NPs, comprehensive roles of NPs in OLEDs, which include improving carrier injection abilities, local surface plasmonic resonance, light scattering, and magnetic field effects, are discussed together with their latest research progresses. Furthermore, one‐component and multicomponent heterostructured NPs with multifunctional capabilities in OLEDs are overviewed. Following the summarization of the roles of NPs in OLEDs and their latest research progress, a brief conclusion and outlook regarding the future research directions of highly efficient OLEDs by incorporation of NPs are provided.

Light extraction efficiency is crucial for achieving highly efficient and bright quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs), and current efforts toward introducing light outcoupling nanostructures always require complicated procedures. An extremely simple and efficient method to introduce light outcoupling nanostructures in the ZnO electron transport layer (ETL) is demonstrated by adopting a certain heating rate during the annealing process. The ultimate device exhibits a current efficiency of 9.1 cd/A, giving a 50% efficiency improvement compared to the control device with a flat ZnO ETL. This arises from the increased light extraction efficiency induced by random nanostructures formed on a wrinkled ZnO ETL, which could also be modulated by adjusting the heating rate during the annealing process. This study not only provides a simple and efficient method to introduce light outcoupling nanostructures, but also shows ample room for further performance enhancement of QLEDs with the guideline of light extraction.

High-responsivity phototransistors with a structure of perovskite-WS2 nanosheet composite optical absorber and a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) channel layer is demonstrated via a facile and low-cost solution-processing method. The WS2 nanosheets are dispersed within the perovskite matrix, forming the perovskite-WS2 bulk heterojunction (BHJ). The hybrid phototransistor exhibits excellent figures of merit including high photoresponsivity of 678.8 A/W, high specific detectivity of 4.99 × 1011 Jones, high EQE value of 2.04 × 105% and rapid response to photoswitching. The high photoresponsivity could be attributed to the WS2 nanosheets induced photo-generated electron-hole separation promotion effects due to the selective electron trapping effects in the WS2 nanosheets, together with the high carrier mobility of the rGO channel. This work provides a promising platform for constructing high-responsivity photodetectors.

Super-bright all-solution-processed quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) with an inverted structure are achieved by imprinting speckle image holography (SIH) structures inside the devices. QLEDs with imprinted random grating structures can reach a luminance of up to 146 000 Cd/m(2) at driving voltage of 8 V, which is 1.76 times higher than the value of control devices with planar architecture, setting a new brightness record for all solution -processed inverted red QLEDs. The luminous power efficiency and external quantum efficiency of the QLEDs with imprinted structures are 1.8 and 1.65 times higher to those of the control devices, respectively. Further optical simulation results reveal that not only can the structure help extract the trapped internal photon energy but also the mechanical pressure during the imprinting process plays a crucial role in improving the device performance.