This study examined the growth-stage-dependent metabolic variations in tatsoi microgreens (TM) and baby greens (TBG) through the application of flavoromics, metabolomics, and network pharmacology. The HS-SPME-GC/MS analysis identified 526 volatile organic compounds, with TM predominantly exhibiting green, cucumber, melon, and nutty aromas, whereas TBG developed more complex fruity, floral, and creamy notes attributed to esters and ketones. The UPLC-QqQ-MS analysis detected 1475 non-volatile metabolites, revealing that TBG had elevated levels of phenolic acids, lignans, coumarins, and specific glucosinolates, while TM contained higher concentrations of flavonoids. Network pharmacology analysis identified 113 metabolites with potential multi-target mechanisms effective against metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction. This comprehensive approach underscores the potential of tatsoi, particularly at various growth stages, as a valuable source of flavor compounds and bioactive ingredients for functional foods.

Meconopsis punicea, a Himalayan alpine medicinal herb, faces low-temperature constraints due to shifting thermal niches at high altitudes. Low temperature constrains plant growth and development but aids the accumulation of active compounds. However, the response mechanisms of plant seedlings to low temperatures remain unclear. In this study, metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses were performed to investigate the dynamic changes and molecular regulatory mechanisms of flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The results revealed that under low-temperature stress, the expression levels of related genes and the content of flavonoid and phenolic compounds increased significantly with treatment duration, indicating that these compounds actively participate in the low-temperature response. Specifically, in the comparison between 0 and 5 days low-temperature treatment (M0 vs. M5), 7905 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were significantly upregulated and 21,823 DEGs were downregulated. In the comparison between 0 and 10 days low-temperature treatments (M0 vs. M10), 6253 genes were significantly upregulated and 8754 were downregulated. These DEGs were primarily enriched in metabolic processes and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Additionally, through correlation analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), we identified the low-temperature-responsive transcription factor GASA11. With prolonged treatment, most metabolites show an increased level. In conclusion, this study elucidates the specific response mechanisms of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in Meconopsis punicea under low temperatures. These findings enrich the current understanding of plant metabolic responses to low temperatures and provide an important reference for subsequent in-depth studies on the roles of GASA11 and other key genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in the low-temperature adaptive responses of Meconopsis punicea.

Barley leaf spot, caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana , severely threatens global barley production by compromising grain yield and quality. Identifying resistance genes is therefore vital for breeding resilient cultivars. In this study, we developed F 2 and F 6 recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations from a cross between the resistant Mengpimai 3 and susceptible Mengpimai 1. Genetic analysis of the F 2 population revealed a normal distribution of disease severity, indicating quantitative inheritance of resistance. Combining genotypic data with spray inoculation assays, we performed QTL mapping using SNP arrays. Two QTLs, qSRH7-59 and qSRH7-60 , were identified in the RIL population. Validation using newly developed KASP markers confirmed these results, with three markers showing over 70% selection efficiency for the resistant genotype, highlighting their utility in marker-assisted breeding. To refine the mapping interval, high-density SSR markers were developed for the qSRH7-60 region. Subsequent linkage mapping identified two resistance loci, qSRH7-7 and qSRH7-8 , and pinpointed the candidate gene HORVU7Hr1G017950 , a cytochrome P450 family member. RT-qPCR analysis showed significantly higher transcript levels of HORVU7Hr1G017950 in the resistant parent post-inoculation. Furthermore, BSMV-VIGS-mediated silencing of this gene significantly reduced resistance to B. sorokiniana , confirming its functional role in the defense response. These findings establish HORVU7Hr1G017950 as a key candidate gene, providing valuable molecular resources for enhancing barley leaf spot resistance.

A comprehensive UHPLC-MS/MS analysis was conducted to assess the influence of various primary processing techniques on the compositional profile of Angelica sinensis (A. sinensis) components. Thirteen bioactive compounds, including 6 phthalides, 3 organic acids, 3 flavonoids and 1 amino acid, were quantified in A. sinensis samples subjected to 70 different processing methods, which encompassed traditional and modern approaches. The findings indicated that the phthalides, organic acids, and amino acids were the predominant organic compounds, with flavonoids consistently present at low concentrations. The principal component analysis evidenced that the content of compounds in A. sinensis was related to the different processing methods. The drying method and cleaning time have significant differences from other processing methods. In addition, among all processing methods, microwave drying at 105°C for 15min yielded the highest comprehensive score (3630μg/g) for A. sinensis based on the membership function evaluation. The heat map indicates a strong correlation between Z-ligustilide, levestilide, senkyunolide, chlorogenic acid, DL-tryptophan, and ferulic acid and processing methods. These findings provide actionable insights for selecting processing methods to enhance the nutraceutical quality of A. sinensis in commercial production.

The amino acids, soluble sugars, organic acids, and polyphenols of cauliflower contribute to its nutritional and flavor attributes and to health-promoting functions. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of different mulching strategies on the nutritional components, flavor characteristics, and antioxidant capacity of cauliflower. The experimental treatments included two control groups-without mulching (CK1) and plastic film mulching (CK2), as well as three straw mulching methods: combined plastic and straw mulching (T1), partial straw mulching (T2), and full straw mulching (T3). Mulching treatment notably enhanced amino acid, sugar acid, and polyphenol metabolism. Compared to CK2, the straw mulching (T1) treatment significantly increased the contents of essential amino acids (40.19%) and total amino acids (25.84%). T1 treatment exhibited higher total sugar (32.08%) and total organic acids (16.40%) contents. The total flavonoids (33.05%) and total phenols (27.50%) contents were significantly increased in the T1 treatment, whereas higher levels of ABTS, HRSA, FRAP, and DPPH activities were maintained. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that the T1 treatment had the optimal nutritional quality, flavor quality, and antioxidant capacity enhancement effects. The results provide valuable insights for developing functional vegetables and cultivation of high-quality vegetables.

Despite considerable focus on water deficit (WD) irrigation for boosting water use efficiency in yield-driven production, research into precise water management strategies that effectively balance the trade-off between yield penalty and fruit quality enhancement remains limited. Using the tomato cultivar 'Micro-Tom', we investigated water deficit treatments [T1-T4: 80 %, 65 %, 55 %, and 45 % of maximum field moisture capacity (FMC)] against full irrigation (CK: 90 % maximum FMC) at the mature green stage on tomato fruit maturation and quality attributes. Compared to CK, WD irrigation significantly accelerated fruit color transition, with T2 treatment upregulating key carotenoid biosynthesis genes (SlPDS, SlZEP), enhancing lutein and lycopene accumulation. The lutein content in the T2 treatment was significantly increased by 46.43 % versus CK. Furthermore, WD treatments markedly altered the composition and abundance of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particularly aldehydes. T2 specifically elevated characteristic tomato aroma compounds (e.g., (E)-2-heptenal, hexanal, phenylethyl alcohol) by activating genes in fatty acid- (SlTomloxC, SlHPL), amino acid- (SlAADC1B, SlPAR1/2, SlSAMT), and carotenoid-derived (SlCD1A/B) volatile pathways. Furthermore, T2 treatment notably increased the contents of key fruity aroma compounds, 1-penten-3-one and 2-isobutylthiazole, by 28.83 % and 43.45 %, respectively. Multivariate classification modeling using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) indicated that the T2 treatment exhibited a distinct accumulation pattern for carotenoids and volatile compounds compared to other irrigation levels, demonstrating the most favorable profile. These findings demonstrate the applicability of moderate WD irrigation for enhancing tomato fruit quality, providing a theoretical basis for future water-saving and high-quality tomato cultivation.

β-glucan, a crucial trait in barley breeding programs, serves as a quality determinant of products intended for both human consumption and animal feed. Although genes involved in β-glucan synthesis have been reported, the genetic mechanisms regulating its accumulation in barley grain remain underexplored. In this study, we functionally characterized KOB1, a candidate gene identified from a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on barley seed β-glucan content, which encodes a glycosyltransferase. Haplotype analysis showed that haplotype E was associated with significantly elevated grain β-glucan levels compared to other haplotypes. Furthermore, overexpression of KOB1 in rice led to a significant increase in grain β-glucan content relative to the wild-type Zhonghua 11, confirming its critical role in β-glucan biosynthesis. Our findings establish the glycosyltransferase gene KOB1 as a valuable genetic resource for molecular breeding programs aimed at improving grain β-glucan content.

TCP is a plant-specific transcription factor that plays an important role in plant growth and development. In this study, we used bioinformatics to identify the entire genome of the TCP gene family in Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat, and we analyzed the expression characteristics of GiTCP genes under UV-B radiation using qRT-PCR. The results were as follows: (1) 24 members of the TCP gene family were identified in G. inflata, evenly distributed on its 24 chromosomes. (2) The GiTCP genes contained 0-4 introns and 0-5 exons. (3) The GiTCP genes were phylogenetically divided into three subfamilies-PCF, CIN, and CYC/TB1, with 14, 9, and 1 GiTCP proteins, respectively. (4) A covariance analysis showed that two pairs of GiTCP genes underwent a fragmentary duplication event. (5) A cis-element analysis showed that the cis-responsive elements of the GiTCP genes' promoter regions were mainly comprised of light-responsive, stress-responsive, hormone-regulated, growth and development, and metabolic-regulated elements. (6) A protein network interaction analysis revealed a total of 14 functional molecules of TCPs and 8 potential interacting proteins directly related to GiTCP proteins. (7) GO annotation showed that the GiTCP genes were mainly enriched in BP, CC, and MF groups and had corresponding functions. (8) RNA-seq and qRT-PCR further indicated that GiTCP3, 6, 7, 8, 12, 14, 17, 23, and 24 were up- or down-regulated in G. inflata after UV-B radiation, demonstrating that these genes responded to UV-B radiation in G. inflata. (9) Subcellular localization analysis showed that the GiTCP8 protein was localized in the nucleus. The results of this study provide a basis for further exploration of the function of the GiTCP gene family in the growth and development of G. inflata.

The Araliaceae family has significant economic and medicinal value. However, the phylogenetic relationships and the expression patterns of key genes of the active triterpenoid substance within this family are still unclear. In this study, we employed comparative transcriptomics to analyze the transcriptomes of 19 species from 11 genera of Araliaceae, aiming to elucidate the evolutionary history of the family and the expression patterns of key genes in the ginsenoside biosynthesis pathway. Our results divide Araliaceae into two subfamilies: Aralioideae and Hydrocotyloideae. Aralioideae is further classified into three groups: the Aralia-Panax group, the Polyscias-Pseudopanax group, and the Asian Palmate group. PhyloNet analysis reveals that the common ancestor of Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolius, and Panax japonicus was an allopolyploid, likely resulting from hybridization between Panax notoginseng and Panax pseudoginseng. Additionally, all Aralioideae species underwent the pg-β event, which may be critical for ginsenoside biosynthesis. We discovered that Panax species exhibit distinct expression patterns of key enzyme genes (β-AS, DDS, CYP450, UGTs) compared to other Araliaceae species. These enzyme genes show independent evolutionary lineages in gene trees, suggesting unique functional adaptations that enable Panax species to efficiently synthesize ginsenosides. This study provides a theoretical foundation for the conservation and utilization of Araliaceae germplasm resources.

Brassinosteroids (BRs) play crucial roles in regulating developmental programming and activating stress-responsive networks under abiotic stress conditions. Members of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP450) superfamily have been reported to widely participate in the synthesis pathway of BRs in plants. However, the CYP450 superfamily needs to be systematically characterized at the whole-genome level in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). In this study, we identified 558 StCYP450 genes using data from the DM v6.1 potato genome database. These genes were classified into nine clans encompassing 44 families, with StCYP67 belonging to the CYP85 clan. Through bioinformatics analysis, we Mapped these genes across all 12 potato chromosomes and cell scaffolds. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that potato StCYP450 genes clustered into nine evolutionary groups, with distinct enrichment in groups I and IX compared to other species. Promoter analysis identified multiple cis-acting regulatory elements linked to phytohormone signaling (e.g., ABA, BRs) and abiotic stress adaptation. Expression profiling demonstrated differential regulation of StCYP450 genes under Cd²⁺, 24-epibrassinolide (EBL), and ABA treatments. Notably, overexpression of StCYP67 in potatoes significantly increased EBL content in transgenic potatoes (OE) compared with non-transgenic plants (NT), corroborated by RNA-seq data showing upregulation of BRs biosynthesis pathway genes. These findings strongly implicate StCYP450 proteins, particularly StCYP67, in mediating abiotic stress responses and BR synthesis in potatoes. 558 members of the StCYP450 family in potato were identified, many of which appear to participate in abiotic stress responses. Functional validation of StCYP67 highlights its dual role in BRs biosynthesis and stress regulation. These results not only clarify the evolutionary relationships within the StCYP450 gene family but also establish a foundation for future functional studies of these genes in potato.

Glycyrrhiza inflata is a perennial herb with extensive pharmacological applications (e.g., immune regulation, gastric protection, and hepatoprotection). The roots are traditionally valued while the leaves also represent a significantly underutilized resource rich in bioactive compounds, especially glycyrrhizic acid and liquiritin. Although UV-B irradiation is known to modulate growth, development, physiological processes, and specialized metabolites (including flavonoids and phenolics), its regulatory mechanisms governing plant growth and metabolic biosynthesis remain inadequately understood. In this study, a multi-omics approach was employed, integrating ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS), RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to analyze UV-B-induced changes in morphology, accumulation of bioactive compounds, and gene expression in G. inflata. Key findings revealed that appropriate UV-B exposure enhanced stress tolerance indicators (e.g., SOD, POD, MDA, and soluble sugar levels), stimulated the biosynthesis of metabolites (flavonoids and phenolics), and triggered differential expression of genes involved in flavonoid (e.g., CHR, CHS, and FLS) and phenylpropanoid synthesis (e.g., PAL, COMT, and PIF3). Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis confirmed a concordance between gene expression patterns and metabolite dynamics. These results elucidate UV-B-responsive mechanisms in G. inflata and demonstrate its potential efficacy in enhancing the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds.

The potato is the fourth largest cultivated crop worldwide. Soil cadmium (Cd) pollution poses a significant threat to crop growth. Brassinosteroids (BRs) play a significant part in enhancing plant resistance against abiotic stresses. The DWF4 (dwarf4) gene is one of the rate-limiting enzyme genes involved in the synthesis of BRs. This study employed seedlings of transgenic potatoes overexpressing the StDWF4 gene (OE) and wild-type (WT) potatoes to clarify their alleviating effect on Cd stresses. The differences in phenotype, ultrastructure, physiological indicators, and plant hormone levels of Cd2+-treated potatoes were analyzed. The molecular mechanism of potatoes’ response to Cd2+ stress was revealed by transcriptomics. Results showed that the dry weight, fresh weight, plant height, root length, and stem diameter of OE potatoes under Cd stress were significantly higher than those of WT potatoes. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that the mitochondria, cell walls, and cell membranes of WT were more fragile than those of OE under Cd stress. The Cd2+ concentration in OE was always lower than that in WT, and both concentrations increased gradually as the duration of Cd2+ treatment was prolonged. The 24-epibrassionlide (EBL) content in OE was higher than that in WT. RNA-seq analysis manifested that the gene expression levels of OE and WT plants changed significantly under Cd2+ treatment. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily connected to the moderation of the metabolic pathways, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and plant hormone signal transduction. These findings indicated that overexpression of the StDWF4 gene in potatoes enhanced their alleviating effect on Cd stresses.

Penicillium expansum is the predominant causal agent causing blue mold in postharvest fresh Codonopsis pilosula during storage. The pathogen reduces the yield and affects the quality of C. pilosula and even generates patulin, threatening human health. In this study, postharvest fresh, healthy C. pilosula was sprayed with P. expansum, and the control effect of ozone on postharvest diseases of C. pilosula was studied, and the effect of ozone on the contents in the main active ingredients of C. pilosula was compared; finally, the effect of ozone on reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism in C. pilosula was analyzed. The results showed that 2 mg L−1 ozone application significantly inhibited the occurrence of postharvest blue mold caused by P. expansum, reduced weight loss rate, controlled the accumulation of patulin and maintained the contents of the main active components in C. pilosula. The study will provide a theoretical basis for ozone treatment to control the occurrence of postharvest diseases of C. pilosula.

IntroductionThe potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), one of the most vital food crops worldwide, is sensitive to salinity. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are crucial in tolerance to various abiotic stresses. The constitutive photomorphogenesis and dwarf (CPD) gene encodes C-3 oxidase, which is a rate-limiting enzyme that controls the synthesis of BRs.MethodsIn this study, we used StCPD gene overexpression (T) and un-transgenic (NT) plants obtained from our former research to illustrate adaptive resistance to salt stress at levels of phenotype; cell ultrastructure, physiology, and biochemistry; hormone; and transcription.ResultsResults showed the accumulation of 2,4-epibrassionolide (EBL) in T potatoes. We found that under high salt situations, the changed Na+/K+ transporter gene expression was linked with the prevalent ionic responses in T plants, which led to lower concentrations of K+ and higher concentrations of Na+ in leaves. Furthermore, RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) data elucidated that gene expressions in NT and T plants were significantly changed with 200-mM NaCl treatment for 24 h and 48 h, compared with the 0-h treatment. Functional enrichment analysis suggested that most of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were related to the regulation of BR-related gene expression, pigment metabolism process, light and action, and plant hormone signal transduction.DiscussionThese findings suggested that StCPD gene overexpression can alleviate the damage caused by salt stress and enhance the salt resistance of potato plantlets. Our study provides an essential reference for further research on BR regulation of plant molecular mechanisms in potatoes with stress tolerance.

Brassica rapa L. is an important overwintering oilseed crop in Northwest China. Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) play an important role in epigenetic regulation, as well as the regulation of plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic stresses. To clarify the role of histone acetylation in the low-temperature response of B. rapa L., we identified 29 HAT genes in B. rapa L. using bioinformatics tools. We also conducted a comprehensive analysis of the physicochemical properties, gene structure, chromosomal localization, conserved structural domains and motifs, cis-acting regulatory elements, and evolutionary relationships of these genes. Using transcriptome data, we analyzed the expression patterns of BrHAT family members and predicted interactions between proteins; the results indicated that BrHATs play an important role in the low-temperature response of B. rapa L. HAT inhibitor (curcumin; CUR) and histone deacetylase inhibitor (Trichostatin A; TSA) were applied to four B. rapa L. varieties varying in cold resistance under the same low-temperature conditions, and changes in the physiological indexes of these four varieties were analyzed. The inhibitor treatment attenuated the effect of low temperature on seed germination, and curcumin treatment was most effective, indicating that the germination period was primarily regulated by histone acetylase. Both inhibitor treatments increased the activity of protective enzymes and the content of osmoregulatory substances in plants, suggesting that histone acetylation and deacetylation play a significant role in the response of B. rapa L. to low-temperature stress. The qRT-PCR analyses showed that the expression patterns of BrHATs were altered under different inhibitor treatments and low-temperature stress; meanwhile, we found three significantly differentially expressed genes. In sum, the process of histone acetylation is involved in the cold response and the BrHATs gene plays a role in the cold stress response.

Plants are vulnerable to many abiotic stresses, resulting in reduced plant productivity. Its adaptation to unfavorable environments relies on transmitting external stress signals into internal signaling pathways. A series of stress response mechanisms have been developed. Among them, brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of steroid hormones that are widely involved in plant growth, development, and stress response. Via genetics, proteomics, and genomics studies, the major components of signaling and signaling pathways through a series of phosphorylation cascade reactions have been identified in model plants such as Arabidopsis. Numerous studies have shown that BRs play important roles in plant responses to drought, temperature, salt, heavy metals, and other environmental stresses. The application of BRs to improve plant stress resistance has become the focus of research in recent years, especially the regulation of stress via endogenous BRs. Therefore, this paper systematically summarizes the research progress related to endogenous BR levels and provides an overview of BR biosynthesis and the signaling pathway, as well as the function of endogenous BRs in the response to abiotic stresses.

Phosphine-catalyzed chemodivergent reactions of para-quinone methides (p-QMs) affording a wide variety of diarylmethyl thioether derivatives have been reported. In the transformation presented in this work, P(4-FC6H4)(3) catalyzed the direct 1,6-addition of p-QMs with thiols, whereas P(4-MeC6H4)(3) promoted the tandem addition/self-aldol condensation reactions of p-QMs with 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol. Moreover, some of the obtained products were screened against cancer cell lines HepG2, NB4, and K562, and one was found to inhibit the proliferation of all the tested cancer cell types.

Due to the wide variety and great quality differences, it is very confusing for consumers and growers to choose the best variety. For this purpose, we conducted a greenhouse test to focus on the nutrients and bioactive substances of diverse varieties of tomato. Using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we analyzed 28 quality traits across the nine tomato varieties. The results revealed significant variations in quality attributes of nine varieties, such as naringenin and cinnamic acid content, ranging from 0 to 2.02 and 0.97μg/g, respectively. Similarly, sucrose, malic acid, lycopene, β-carotene, and gentisic acid exhibited high coefficients of variation of 31.60%, 74.82%, 30.94%, 39.59%, and 86.32%, respectively. For the comprehensive evaluation of quality and difference among tomato varieties, we used Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) combined with membership function methods. Notably, strawberry tomato (S2) and Yuanwei No.1 (S1) exhibited the highest quality, and Pink Belle No.2 (S7) showed lowest. The above metabolites show different accumulations potential among different varieties. In addition, we explored the nutritional variations in tomatoes different partsat various growth stages of two varieties. Overall, study result investigated metabolic differences of nutrients at different growth stages, especially ripening stage affecting fruit quality. Thus, these useful findings will provide useful information for consumers and researchers.

Plants produce and emit a wide array of aroma compounds. These aroma compounds are extensively utilized in cosmetics, healthcare, and the food industry. In the last few years, the research on aroma compounds has made great progress. For some valuable economic crops including gain crops, fruits, vegetables and flowers, the main fragrance compounds have been identified. In this review, we summarized the important role and great potential of aroma compounds for crops and humans. Aroma compounds mainly originate from four major biosynthetic pathways in plants, including fatty acid, amino acid, terpenoid and carotenoid pathways, producing all kinds of substances including esters, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, terpene, and sulfur compounds, etc. Importantly, we discussed the development of genetic engineering and its application potential in enhancing plant fragrance, especially the CRISPR/Cas9 system. We hope this review will provide insights into the fragrance improvement of the economic crops.

Fresh Codonopsis pilosula is highly susceptible to fungus contamination during post-harvest storage, which not only compromises the quality of C. pilosula but also contributes mycotoxin contamination, posing a significant threat to human health. Studies have indicated that ozone treatment can inhibit post-harvest diseases in fruits and vegetables. The impact of ozone treatment on the disease incidence, disease severity index, and weight loss rate of the fresh C. pilosula infected with Actinomucor elegans was investigated through the spray inoculation of A. elegans on C. pilosula tissues. Changes in the main active ingredients of C. pilosula after ozone treatment were analyzed, and the effects of ozone treatment on the integrity of cell membranes in C. pilosula tissue and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism were studied. The results showed that ozone treatment had a significant inhibitory effect on the A. elegans-induced mucor rot in C. pilosula, significantly reducing the incidence of the disease. Compared with the control group, the ozone-treated group maintained the effective components of C. pilosula well. Furthermore, ozone treatment reduced the cell membrane permeability and Malondialdehyde (MDA) content in C. pilosula, significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the ROS metabolism pathway, prevented oxidative stress caused by the accumulation of ROS in C. pilosula tissues, and maintained the integrity of cell membranes.