This article presents a multiproxy investigation of metal samples obtained from 48 Nuragic figurines (so-called bronzetti) and three copper bun ingots. These objects originate from three prominent Sardinian sanctuaries and one unidentified site, dating to the late Nuragic period of the early first millennium BCE. The dataset significantly expands the existing scientific database and unwraps the complex fabrication biographies of the figurines from ore to finished object. The investigation employs an advanced archaeometallurgical approach, integrating conventional trace-elemental and lead isotope analyses with rarely used copper, tin, and osmium isotope measurements. This methodological combination allows for a more reliable identification of the original metal sources used in the production of the objects, namely copper from the Iglesiente-Sulcis district in southwest Sardinia, with the Sa Duchessa mine as the most likely supplier, in addition to copper from the Alcudia valley or the Linares district in the Iberian Peninsula. Notably, the combination of analytical proxies reveals the mixing of copper from these distinct regions, while ruling out the exploitation of Sardinian tin resources. Furthermore, the osmium isotope ratios confirm the use of Sardinian copper and exclude the alloying of local lead with imported copper. These results shed light on local metallurgical practices and distribution strategies in Nuragic Sardinia, but also on Sardinia's broader role and position in the Mediterranean world during the transition from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age.

The dynamic nature and vast distances of exchange networks in the European Bronze Age are gradually being revealed through an increasing array of provenance studies. Here, the authors report the results of elemental and lead and copper isotope analyses of eight copper-based artefacts from a Middle to early Late Bronze Age settlement in Möriken-Wildegg (Switzerland’s Canton of Aargau). Diverse origins for the copper are identified, including the eastern and southern Alps and, potentially, Cyprus. Given their inconspicuous archaeological context, the authors argue that the objects from Möriken could suggest an influx of Cypriot copper into Central Europe around 1400 BC.

Bronze Age–Early Iron Age tin ingots recovered from four Mediterranean shipwrecks off the coasts of Israel and southern France can now be provenanced to tin ores in south-west Britain. These exceptionally rich and accessible ores played a fundamental role in the transition from copper to full tin-bronze metallurgy across Europe and the Mediterranean during the second millennium BC. The authors’ application of a novel combination of three independent analyses (trace element, lead and tin isotopes) to tin ores and artefacts from Western and Central Europe also provides the foundation for future analyses of the pan-continental tin trade in later periods.

The Bronze Age in Central Asia was dominated by the Andronovo Culture and the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC). Both cultural entities produced bronze, however, the extent of bronze production and use varied considerably in space and time across their territories. The introduction and spread of bronze metallurgy in the region is commonly associated with the Andronovo Culture, but comparatively little is known about the copper and tin sources that were exploited to make the bronze. To shed light on this aspect, this paper examines 91 bronze artefacts from the Middle Bronze Age (MBA) and the Late Bronze Age (LBA) recovered from twenty sites of Andronovo and the BMAC through a combined evaluation of chemical and isotopic analyses. Trace element patterns and isotopic compositions of lead, tin, and copper are determined for the objects complemented by tin isotope analysis of Central Asian tin ores. The data shows a clear separation of two source areas in the MBA and LBA I: the BMAC obtained copper from polymetallic (tin-bearing) deposits in Iran (Deh Hosein, Nakhlak/Bagh Gorogh) and possibly Afghanistan, while the Andronovo Culture mainly used copper from the Tian Shan Mountains. With the transition to the LBA II, a change in the material basis can be recognised, in which the BMAC increasingly relied on metal deposits from the Andronovo territory. The most important result in this context is the analytical proof of the coextraction of copper and tin from the copper-tin mine at Mushiston, Tajikistan, and the first direct link of tin in bronze objects with a tin deposit. Mushiston apparently supplied both cultural macro regions with a "natural" bronze, which accounted for about one third of all objects analysed, but there is no indication yet that metal or ores from Mushiston were traded or used at a distance of more than 500 km. Moreover, the artefact data indicates a decline in the exploitation of the mine in the course of the developed LBA, while other copper and tin sources in the Tian Shan and probably the Hindukush were exploited. This testifies to the intensive use of the rich mineral resources of Central Asia and beyond, as well as the intensification of cultural and trade contacts between Andronovo and the BMAC.

Tin was a crucial commodity in prehistory to produce bronze, and knowledge of the origins of this metal is important for understanding cultural relations and the complexity and extent of trade. However, many aspects of the provenance of tin are still not resolved. A recent study in Science Advances 8(48) examined the historically significant tin ingots from the Uluburun shipwreck, which are key to the economy and long-distance trade of tin in the Late Bronze Age Mediterranean and beyond. Isotopic and chemical data of the objects was collected, from which a tin origin from Central Asia, particularly Mushiston in Tajikistan, and Anatolia was reconstructed. The study thereby proposed a solution to the long-standing riddle of tin provenance via scientific reasoning and comparative data. While this avenue of investigation is intriguing, this article maintains that the authors’ arguments do not support their far-reaching conclusions. Instead, it emphasises the similarities with Late and Middle Bronze Age tin ingots from Israel and Britain, and alternatively suggests a common origin of part of the Uluburun cargo with these items. South-west England is considered a very likely source region, but other tin ingots of the Uluburun wreck could also originate from Afghanistan and perhaps somewhere else.

This paper aims at contributing to a better understanding of the beginnings of tin and bronze metallurgy in Central Asia by investigating a hitherto unique piece of a bronze slag. The object was originally discovered as a stray find only 4 km away from the large copper-tin deposit of Mušiston in Tajikistan. It contains many prills of bronze and copper as well as small charcoal particles. Radiocarbon dating of the charcoal places the slag in a period between 1900 and 1400 BCE and thus in the Late Bronze Age of the region. This date coincides with radiocarbon dates of relics from underground galleries of the Mušiston deposit. Chemical and microscopic examination demonstrated the slag to be a relic of a co-smelting process, in which a natural assemblage of tin and copper minerals was smelted simultaneously. Both the chemical and the tin and copper isotope compositions clearly link the slag to the nearby polymetallic ores from Mušiston, of which an extensive dataset is presented. The artefact’s lead isotope ratios and increased iron concentration in turn indicate intentional fluxing of the original ore charge with iron-dominated ores. These results are the first tangible evidence of a smelting process of tin ores in the entire region and therefore add a new dimension to the findings from previous mining archaeological investigations. At the same time, the results give significant information about the smelting process of secondary polymetallic ores from Mušiston and help in assessing the scientific data of Bronze Age bronze artefacts from Central Asia.

Since the mid-1970s a Bronze Age assemblage of metal objects has been recovered from the seabed off the south Devon coast at Salcombe, southwest England. The assemblage spans two suspected shipwreck events and comprises nearly 400 pieces of raw materials and finished artefacts, primarily in copper, tin, bronze and gold. Among these are 280 copper and 40 tin ingots, by far the largest discovery of Bronze Age ingots in either metal from northwestern Europe. Research in recent years revealed the microstructural and chemical nature of the ingots and enabled some preliminary conclusions on the metals trade in Europe in the Later Bronze Age. The present study aims to extend this knowledge by determining the tin, copper and lead isotopic compositions of the ingots using HR-MC-ICP-MS. In addition, bronze artefacts (swords, rapiers, palstaves and weights) from the Salcombe site are included in the multi-proxy approach in order to investigate their history and the possible relationships between finished products and ingots. In combination with the available chemical data of previous studies, the current results of the tin metal show that most likely two tin sources in southwest Britain supplied the ore for their production. This also sheds light on Late Bronze Age tin ingots from Israel that share the same geochemical characteristics with one group of the finds from Salcombe. Although the tin in the bronzes is similar to the tin in the ingots, it is not certain that the latter were used to make the bronzes. Correlations of copper and tin isotopes and trace elements of the bronzes point to a mixing or even recycling of copper-tin alloys rather than the alloying of individual components of copper and tin. However, the copper ingots from the assemblage could have been an additional component in the mixing process given their impurity pattern and isotopic composition. At the same time, a close relationship between swords of the Rosnoe center dot n type and palstaves from the cargo is disclosed. Lead isotope ratios for their part suggest Sardinian and/or south Spanish copper ores as a source for both the copper ingots and the copper of the bronzes. This would mean long-distance metal trade in the Later Bronze Age in both cases and would provide new insights into the interpretation of the prehistoric networks in Europe.

This pilot study addresses the analytical characterisation of 26 well-known bronze objects of the Early and Middle Bronze Age of Central and Northern Europe. Besides swords and axes of the hoards from Apa, Teglas and Hajdusamson, the investigation includes the famous Sky Disc and its accompanying finds from the Nebra hoard and several full-hilted swords from Period I in Denmark. In contrast to former publications, the isotopic systematics of lead, tin and copper are the focus of the present investigation. With a combined approach, we try to relate the typologically closely linked or otherwise related artefacts with chemical and isotopic proxies by identifying mixing scenarios. The results demonstrate that artefacts from different locations are most likely not directly linked, but mixing lines across isotope systems suggest a production of the items from common sources by mixing of bronze batches (e.g., bronze ingots), which were probably disseminated between 1600 and 1500 bce. This helps to correlate objects of different locations with each other and to draw conclusions upon typological and cultural connections. Isotopic and chemical correlations of objects within the individual hoards, on the other hand, allow reconstructions of metallurgical practices in single workshops, which, for example, implies recycling of metal scrap.

Gold parting enabled the production of very pure gold for various purposes from the sixth century BC onwards, but analytical proof of this pyrotechnical process is difficult. We describe a new analytical approach for the identification of purified gold combining silver and copper isotopic with trace element analyses. Parting experiments were performed with gold-silver-copper alloys using the classical salt cementation process to investigate potential silver and copper isotope fractionation and changes in trace element concentrations. In addition, we provide the first comprehensive dataset of silver isotope ratios of archaeological gold objects from the Mediterranean and Central Europe to test whether or not gold refining can be identified on the basis of isotope systematics. The results show that very heavy silver and copper isotopic compositions are clear evidence for parted gold, but that the application of copper isotopes might be limited.

We exploit the recent declassification of CIA documents and examine whether there is evidence of US power and influence being used to influence countries’ decisions regarding trade and trade policy. To measure US influence we use a newly constructed annual panel of CIA interventions aimed at installing and supporting leaders during the Cold War. Our presumption is that the US had greater control over foreign leaders that were installed and backed by the CIA. We show that US interventions were followed by an increased flow of US goods into the intervened country. There was no similar increase in the shipment of goods from intervened countries to the US. We find that the increase in imports only occurred in autocratic regimes, where, because leaders are less accountable to their citizens, we expect US influence to have been the most effective. Testing for alternative explanations, we find that the increase in US imports did not arise from a decrease in trading costs with the intervened country. The increase in imports was in industries in which the US had a comparative disadvantage. We also test whether the increase in US imports arose because of the political ideology of the newly installed regime, or from an increase in the supply of grants and loans by the US. We show that these alternative explanations do not account for the surge in US imports. Examining specific mechanisms, we provide evidence that government purchases of US products play a central role. ∗We thank J. Atsu Amegashie, Roberto Bonfatti, Richard Chisik, Azim Essaji, Robert Feenstra, Elhanan Helpman, Tim McKeown, Edward Miguel, Marc Muendler, Dani Reiter, and seminar participants at Stellenbosch Univ., UC Berkeley, UC Davis, University of Essex, UC San Diego, UNC Chapel Hill, Univ. of Pennsylvania, and the CEA Meetings for valuable comments. We also thank Sayon Deb, Mary Jirmanus, and Eva Ng for excellent research assistance. †Wilf Family Department of Politics, New York University. (e-mail: db1299@nyu.edu; website: http://homepages. nyu.edu/~db1299/). ‡Department of Economics, New York University. (e-mail: william.easterly@nyu.edu; website: http://www.nyu. edu/fas/institute/dri/Easterly/). §Department of Economics, Harvard University. (e-mail: nnunn@fas.harvard.edu; website: http://www. economics.harvard.edu/faculty/nunn). ¶Wilf Family Department of Politics, New York University. (e-mail: shanker.satyanath@nyu.edu; website: http: //politics.as.nyu.edu/object/ShankerSatyanath.html). 1

Today, the technology of high speed machining (HSM) is well understood and established for conventional turning and milling at high material removal rates. However, this is not the case for ultra-precision processes. Consequently, in this project the mechanisms of high-speed machining in the ultra-precision range were investigated for both, non-ferrous metals as well as brittle-hard semiconductor materials, by diamond turning and milling (i.e. fly-cutting). For both material classes, reduced tool wear, lower cutting forces and most important, superior surface quality were achieved. The reason for the advantageous material removal behavior when applying high cutting speeds is the transition to adiabatic shearing, occurring at high temperatures and beneficial pressure in the contact zone.

Milling of ferrous metals is usually performed by applying cemented carbide tools due to their high hardness, temperature and wear resistance. Recently, ceramic tool materials have been on the rise and enhanced the efficiency in machining. As ceramics are brittle-hard materials, tool manufacturing requires a sound knowledge in order to meet the tool requirements such as sharp cutting edges and wear resistance. In this study, milling tools made of the high performance ceramic SiAlON were compared to tools made from cemented carbide. For both tool materials, the influence of a prepared cutting edge was investigated. Both the tool manufacturing process and the cutting edge preparation processes are presented, followed by the application of those tools within milling experiments. In order to evaluate the efficiency of both tool types, the cutting forces and the cumulative process energy demand were analyzed. Additionally, surface roughness of the machined workpieces and tool wear were examined. It was found that the ceramic tools, although process forces were higher than for cemented carbide tools, exhibited by far lower energy consumption, less tool wear and finally generated lower surface roughness.

In the frame of the science preparation activities for the upcoming German hyperspectral satellite mission EnMAP, an airborne survey took place in September 2019 with hyperspectral VNIR-SWIR-LWIR data using the HySpex sensor and the newly acquired Hyper-Cam LWIR camera from the GeoResearch Center Potsdam (GFZ) mounted on the airborne platform Cessna-T207A from the Free University Berlin (FUB). Although logistically complex conditions with several teams distributed in different locations, all the sites in central and northern Greece could be successfully acquired under clear sky conditions, and all data could be demilitarized providing 45 flight stripes covering a total area of 300 km2. This abstract is focusing on the Amyntaio soil site in northern Greece, an agricultural area of variable soil composition from carbonate rich to clay/silt content to organic carbon rich fields around the lignite mine south of the area, over which 11 flight stripes could be acquired. The science goals of the Amyntaio soil campaign were: (a) Simulation of hyperspectral satellite imagery and demonstration of the potential of upcoming spaceborne hyperspectral sensors (EnMAP, CHIME) for global soil mapping and monitoring; (b) Large test and validation for existing soil algorithms such as the HYSOMA / ENSOMAP software tools for the prediction of top-soil quantitative surface properties; (c) Data validation and comparison of soil products with recent relevant satellite sensors (e.g. S2, PRISMA, ECOSTRESS); (d) Enlargement of global soil spectral libraries with harmonised standards and testbed for their use as calibration-validation data for soil spectral models. Simultaneous to the airborne survey, an intensive ground-based campaign took place in the area focusing on the acquisition of soil data, VNIR-SWIR and LWIR in-situ data with field spectroradiometers (PSR+, ASD FieldSpec3, MEMS, Handheld FTIR), fractional vegetation cover with RGB and UAV RGB data, soil moisture, infiltrometer and spectral data in undisturbed soil crust with the SoilPRO device, and Cal-Val data acquisition at the same time than the overflight (Temperature-loggers, ASD VNIR-SWIR, handheld FTIR) over bare soils and black/white thermal targets. We present the project objectives, selected field, airborne, satellite data, with preliminary analyses that show the high data quality and the potential of multi hyperspectral airborne campaigns as a support for basic science developments and satellite mission preparations. The results represent how more sensor flexibility can bridge the gap from in-situ to satellite scale. Further airborne flights and carefully designed in situ campaigns will allow testing and iterative improvement of new observational modalities for soil monitoring based on the integrated information from satellite platforms with the one provided by in-situ systems on the ground and air.

Journal AWWAVolume 112, Issue 12 p. 76-78 Standards UpdateToken Access Setting a New Standard for Delivering Technical Documents Daniel Berger, Corresponding Author dberger@awwa.org Search for more papers by this authorPaul J. Olson, polson@awwa.org Search for more papers by this author Daniel Berger, Corresponding Author dberger@awwa.org Search for more papers by this authorPaul J. Olson, polson@awwa.org Search for more papers by this author First published: 03 December 2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/awwa.1636Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume112, Issue12December 2020Pages 76-78 RelatedInformation

Non-neoplastic polypectomy (NNP) occurs when tissue is removed during colonoscopy but is absent of neoplasia on pathology. NNP adds costs but does not reduce colorectal cancer risk and should be minimized. Lymphoid nodule resections are a key component of NNP, contributing to approximately 40% of overall NNP rate (NNPR). Whether efforts to reduce NNPR have a negative effect on neoplasia detection is not well defined. We sought to evaluate the impact of NNPR reporting and a lymphoid nodule detection educational intervention with the aim of NNPR reduction. Screening and surveillance colonoscopy data was obtained from gastroenterologists at an academic medical center. Physician report cards with NNPR disclosure were administered. Physician detection rates were analyzed before and after NNPR reporting (Phase 1, N=1,557 cases). Physicians (N=12) were then randomized to an intervention; a lymphoid nodule detection educational module or a control group. The lymphoid nodule detection training module consisted of an approximate 30 minute PowerPoint presentation which trained physicians on how to correctly identify lymphoid nodules. Endoscopic features of lymphoid nodules such as size (< 5 mm), location (right colon), appearance (lighter than background mucosa), and absence of any features characteristic of Type II polyps by NICE were emphasized in comparison to neoplastic and hyperplastic polyps. Physician NNPR and lymphoid nodule resection rate (LNRR) were compared before and after the teaching intervention (Phase 2, control group N=421 cases, training module exposed group N=609). In Phase 1, NNPR informing caused physician NNPR to decrease from 13.4% to 11.2% (p=0.21). The number of colonoscopies with pathology attributed solely to NNP (NNP-only) decreased from 6.0% to 3.0% (p=0.007). ADR increased from 38.9% to 45.4% (p=0.009). The SSPDR increased from 7.0% to 9.0% (p = 0.18). LNRR did not significantly change (Figure 1). In Phase 2, physicians randomized to the lymphoid nodule educational module had a significant decrease in LNRR from 5.5% to 1.6% (p=0.01) compared to a control group (Figure 2). Following the LN education intervention, physicians who received education had lower NNPR 9.9% compared to 16.5% in the control group (p=0.03). NNPR reporting caused a significant reduction in the NNP-only rate, but not the total NNPR or LNRR. Additionally, NNPR reporting did not negatively impact the ADR or SSPDR. Lymphoid nodule detection education was successful in decreasing physician LNRR and overall NNPR compared to a control group. These findings suggest that NNPR informing and efforts at non-polypoid identification can assist with polypectomy decision making and colonoscopy efficiency.Figure 2View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT)

A high-density-3D test-vehicle showcasing a synchronous cache coherent mesh interconnect design (Arm Neoverse ® CMN-600) operational at frequencies up to 2.4 GHz and partitioned in 3D using 5.76μm pitch face-to-face wafer-bond 3D connections on a 12nm FinFET process is presented. The test-vehicle is designed using an industry tool compatible innovative physical implementation flow and serves as the first known industry demonstration of the IEEE 1838 3DIC Design-for-Test (DFT) standard. We demonstrate a 3D aggregate bandwidth of 307 GB/s, a record bandwidth density of 3.4 TB/s/mm 2 , and an energy efficiency of 0.02 pJ/bit for the 3D-stacked dies. We present measurement and analysis data from 945 dies where a total of 13.5 million signal 3D wafer-bond nets and 20 million power-delivery 3D wafer-bond nets on multiple wafer-bonded pairs are tested showing robust functionality, paving the path for 3D-stacked high performance logic-on-logic applications.

Diamond milling allows for the flexible production of optical and high precision parts, but suffers from poor setup and production speeds. This paper presents recent advances that aim towards achieving high performance (HPC) and high speed cutting (HSC) in ultra-precision machining. After a short introduction, the benefits of high speed cutting for both metals and brittle-hard materials are shown. Thereafter, novel mechatronic devices are presented that enable an automated balancing of the applied air bearing spindles and the application of multiple diamond tools on one tool holder and by thus, contribute to HPC. These developments are supplemented by a novel linear guiding system based on electromagnatic levitation that, along with a dedicated model-based control system, enables fast and precise movements of the machine tool. After presenting the recent developments in detail, their synergistic performance is assessed and an outlook to future developments is given.

Extensive efforts are currently being devoted to the establishment of soil spectral libraries on regional, national, continent-wide and global domains. In particular, a new development goes in the direction of global harmonized soil spectral databases that shall be acquired following common standards and procedures so that they can be merged with other soil spectral libraries. The choice of standards is important, especially with respect to their behaviors when laboratory conditions, such as humidity, change. In this study, we test the application and robustness of the Internal Soil Standard (ISS) spectral re-alignment procedure on an extended number of soil samples acquired at different laboratories. In particular, a focus is placed on the comparison between two standards Lucky Bay (LB) and Wylie Bay (WB), for their performance with different humidity laboratory conditions. LB and WB are almost pure quartz sands from Australia. For this, 71 soil samples from Israel with different mineralogical background and variable soil organic matter contents are scanned at two laboratories. The scanning took place with different spectral measurement protocols and extreme diverse conditions in terms of laboratory humidity and moist. All scans are completed by the repeated scans of the two Australian white sands through all scan batches to harmonize the spectral measurements. Our results show that the ISS minimizes the visual spectral variation, aligns the minor and extreme systematic changes of the protocols, and makes them more stable. Furthermore, the LB and WB standards do not exhibit equal performance regarding to relatively dry and humid conditions. The WB standard provides more stable and satisfactory results in humid condition. However, the high performance of the LB sample in spectral correction is still observed, particularly in laboratories with lower moist. Accordingly, these analyses suggest that in the ISS re-alignment procedure, the WB sample is more reliable to be used in humid laboratory condition.