Bioeconomy strategies have emerged as prominent tools for aligning economic development with environmental sustainability. In the Amazon, these strategies are often promoted as greener alternatives to deforestation-based growth. However, this paper argues that current Amazonian bioeconomy models risk reproducing historical patterns of extractivism under a sustainability discourse. We conceptualize this contradiction as green extractivism, meaning a mode of resource use where nominally sustainable practices preserve external control, reinforce value drain, and marginalize local innovation and governance. Drawing on structuralist development theory and political ecology, we position the Amazon bioeconomy within a landscape of competing paradigms: pro-growth technological innovation, market-based circularity, and critical ecological models. We introduce the concept of a developmental bioeconomy, grounded in structural transformation, strong sustainability, and territorial governance. Through an analysis of institutional patterns, value chains, and emerging financial mechanisms such as carbon markets, we identify three critical constraints in the current model: structural stagnation, green extractivism, and speculative financialization. These dynamics prevent the Amazon bioeconomy from generating inclusive prosperity or enabling regional autonomy. As an alternative, we propose a developmental strategy focused on local value capture, participatory institutions, and public-cooperative financing structures. This reorientation would transform biodiversity and ecological wealth into foundations for local-driven innovation and equity-driven development. Our findings highlight the need to rethink sustainability frameworks in peripheral regions and to realign conservation and climate finance with territorial justice. Received: 11 February 2025 | Revised: 19 November 2025 | Accepted: 17 December 2025 Conflicts of Interest The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study. Author Contribution Statement Daniel Silva: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing original draft, review & editing.

Assessing the effects of climate change (CC) on species distribution is necessary for understanding its consequences on biodiversity. We employed species distribution models (SDMs) to assess how CC affects where these species can survive using CC scenarios for the Amazon and current chelonian distribution data. Current projections suggest significant changes in Amazonian river hydrology due to climate change, impacting flow patterns, precipitation, flood extent, and intensity across seasons. In this context, chelonians will be significantly impacted by the changing hydrological patterns in Amazonian waterways. These changes are critical for the nesting and feeding habits of the chelonians, as they rely on river levels and flood periods for these activities. Considering these scenarios, our results show that the vast majority of analyzed species have lost extensive areas environmentally suitable for their occurrence, with the most impacted being Mesoclemmys nasuta, with a loss of distribution range of up to 98.93%, Phrynops tuberosus with a loss in distribution range of up to 97.87%, Podocnemis erythrocephala, with a loss in distribution range of up to 66.26%; Mesoclemmys raniceps, with a loss in distribution range of up to 63.46%, and Chelonoidis denticulatus, with a loss in distribution range of up to 61.62% in the more pessimistic scenario. Our results highlight the need for medium- and long-term mitigative governmental actions on different scales, which will be essential to reduce the impacts of inevitable climate changes on chelonians, thereby avoiding the possible extinction of these species in the Amazon region.

The Brazilian Amazon Satellite Monitoring Program (PRODES Amazonia) tracks forest loss in the Brazilian Amazon but excludes about 6.6% ( ~ 280,000 km²) of non-forest vegetation (NF). Here we developed the PRODES NF system to address this gap by adapting the well-established methodology of PRODES Amazonia. Initial findings from PRODES NF show that the Brazilian Amazon lost 10.46% ( ~ 30,000 km²) of NF area, mainly in the last two decades, with the estates of Mato Grosso, Roraima, and Amapá being primary hotspots of losses. Savannas were the most affected (13.3% of their extent). NF loss strongly correlates (r = 0.87; p < 0.0001) with deforestation, suggesting a continuum of vegetation loss in the biome regardless of the predominant vegetation type. Combining data from PRODES Amazonia and PRODES NF reveals an official estimate of ~798,000 km² in total primary vegetation loss ( ~ 19% of the entire biome) in the Brazilian Amazon by 2022. Most non-forest vegetation losses in the Brazilian Amazon happened during the last two decades in the states of Mato Grosso, Roraima and Amapá, according to a monitoring system which accounts for losses in these often neglected non-forest biomes

This paper analyses the potential implications of the proposed European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) and the recently adopted United Kingdom (UK) legislation on deforestation-free supply chains (henceforth ‘the legislation’) for different stakeholders in Brazil. These regulations intend to address global commodity-driven deforestation and forest degradation by ensuring that targeted commodities and products placed on (or exported from) markets are of minimal risk of being associated with - in the EU - deforestation and forest degradation or - in the UK - illegal deforestation. The paper examines potential compliance readiness in cattle, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, soybean and tropical timber supply chains in Brazil, indicating specific challenges that may arise. Through the construction of a “Compliance Likelihood Index”, our research provides comparable indications to policymakers on sectors and stakeholders that may need stronger support to meet the requirements, in order to maintain Brazil's access to EU and UK markets. The paper indicates that coffee is the sector with the highest level of incentivization and smallest hurdles for compliance, while the cattle sector may face stronger challenges to rapidly adjust its production system towards a deforestation-free value chain and prove compliance. Results of our analysis also highlight the need for collaboration between the EU/UK and Brazil in order to promote alignment between domestic and demand-side legislations so that they are mutually reinforcing. Results of this exercise, which has a focus on the producer-country view of demand-side legislation, will contribute to discussions on the merits of different approaches to strengthen the governance of deforestation-risk commodity trade.

O Brasil é um líder mundial no agronegócio, principalmente na produção de soja e carne bovina, cuja contribuição para o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) é significativa. Entretanto, é também responsável por importantes alterações na paisagem, especialmente no Cerrado, que é um hotspot para conservação mundial. Neste estudo analisamos as transformações na cobertura da terra na fronteira agrícola Matopiba e a correlação entre variáveis climáticas e ambientais de 2008 a 2018. Para isso, utilizamos dados de cobertura do solo da plataforma MapBiomas e variáveis ambientais e climáticas do Earth Engine Data Catalog. Realizamos uma análise descritiva e um teste de correlação cruzada para as variáveis selecionadas. Com base nos resultados, o Cerrado foi reduzido em torno de 5,1% (~3.692.677 ha) e aumento nas classes de Pastagem (2,1% ou 1.538.358 ha) e Agricultura (3,1% ou 2.254.264 ha). A diminuição do Índice de Vegetação (NDVI) propicia o aumento da Temperatura do Solo (LST) e, consequentemente, reduz a Umidade do Solo (US), principalmente nas zonas agrícolas e pecuárias. O NDVI alto, como em áreas de vegetação densa, favorece a proteção da umidade do solo. Evidenciamos que a agropecuária no Matopiba está em pleno crescimento em detrimento da vegetação do Cerrado e que há uma forte relação entre as variáveis ambientais e climáticas. Este estudo pode ser base para auxiliar em tomadas de decisões, estratégias e políticas públicas voltadas à conservação do Cerrado e desenvolvimento econômico e sustentável do agronegócio do Matopiba.

Brazil is one of the largest suppliers of commodities in the world, partly due to the agricultural expansion in the Brazilian savannas (also known as Cerrado) that began in the 1970s. However, as areas with better soil and climate for agriculture become scarce, farmers have been advancing to the ecotone between the savanna and xeric shrubland, where precipitation is less reliable for rainfed agriculture. The expected increase in temperature will lead to extended drought periods, with negative consequences for surface and groundwater resources. This study explores the hazards associated with making land-use decisions based on current climatology in regions where projected increases in temperature and reductions in water availability are anticipated to pose significant challenges to rainfed agriculture in the Brazilian Cerrado biome. We modeled future farmland expansion and how that matches with future climate change predictions (2016–2046). According to our estimates, at least 129 thousand km2 of cropland and 418 thousand km2 of pastures will be added in places with projected higher annual temperatures ranging from 26–30 °C. This is equivalent to ~60% of the current agricultural areas, and a novel agro-climatology will emerge for the Cerrado biome. Therefore, we discuss the agro-environmental policies that are pushing and pulling farmland expansion in the Cerrado. For instance, payments for environmental services could support the conservation of native vegetation on private land in regions with the highest temperature increases and deforestation risks. Moreover, in areas with expected reduced water yields, such as in the western Cerrado, the protection of riparian vegetation and strict regulation of water use could mitigate future risks to agriculture.

Brazil is one of the largest suppliers of commodities in the world, partly due to the agricultural expansion in the Cerrado biome that began in the 1970s. However, as areas with better soil and climate for agriculture become scarce, farmers advanced to marginal lands, where precipitation is less reliable for rainfed crops. The overall goal of this paper is to investigate the implications of occupying drier areas in the Cerrado biome, which are likely to become more so in the future. We estimated the effect of temperature and precipitation on soybean yields (kg/ha) using panel data regression at the municipal level, from 1980 to 2016, and at the farm-level in a subset region known as Matopiba. Our analysis estimated a reduction of 6% in soybean yield for each 1°C increase in temperature. According to interviewed farmers, the consequences of the recent droughts include land concentration and increased indebtedness. Based on historical observations, agricultural technologies do not provide adaptation to extreme heat and created a dependency on capital availability for investments in irrigation, raising questions about the future sustainability of this capital-intensive agricultural system if breakthroughs in adaptation do not occur.

We investigated the identity and distribution of the invasive alien insect species inhabiting Korean ecosystems, targeting 3,249 locations in nine regions between 2015 and 2018. In natural ecosystems, we identified 63 species in 43 families and nine orders of invasive alien insect species, respectively. We observed that the order Hemiptera exhibited the highest species diversity with 20 species. Gyeonggi-do was where the highest number of invasive alien insect species were identified (45 species). Species richness analysis revealed that Jeju-do showed the highest Dominance Index (0.8), whereas Gyeongsangnam-do had the highest Diversity Index (2.8). Corythuchamarmorata (Hemiptera: Tingidae), Lycormadelicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), Ophraellacommuna (Coleoptera: Chrysomeridae), Metcalfapruinosa (Say) (Hemiptera: Flatidae) and Pochaziashantungensis (Hemiptera: Ricaniidae) were distributed in more than 300 locations of the country. Invasive alien insect species inhabited the roadsides (31.3%), farmlands (18.3%) and parks (16.6%). In this study, we list the invasive alien insect species in Korean ecosystems and provide a basis for selecting primary management target species.

Protected areas (PAs) are important policy instruments for forest conservation, but it is unclear if improved management can increase PA effectiveness. In Brazil, formal management plans are required to be in place shortly after the creation of a PA. This requirement is rarely enforced and, as a result, several PAs undergo many years without approved plans. We take advantage of this variation among PAs to study the impact of management plans on deforestation. We provide estimates from two quasi-experimental evaluation approaches based on the generalization of the difference-in-differences estimator: (1) matching-based methods for time-series cross-sectional data analysis and (2) the generalized synthetic control (GSC) method. We find weak, yet generally consistent, evidence across these two methods suggesting that PAs with approved management plans protect forests more effectively over time. Significant impact estimates from the matching-based approach ranged more widely than the GSC method (0.01%–0.09% versus 0.04%–0.05% of avoided deforestation per year, respectively). The effect size of these impacts is relatively substantial given that the average annual forest loss from our PA sample was 0.07% (±0.40%). To the extent that PAs with approved management plans reflect actual differences in PA management quality, our findings suggest that investments in improving PA management could result in positive conservation gains over time.

Bud-burst and leaf-senescence determine the length of the growing season for deciduous trees and therefore the duration of potential carbon assimilation with consequences on biomass production. In Fagus sylvatica L., leaf phenology depends on both photoperiod and temperature. The future climate is expected to induce more frequent soil water deficits and biotic attacks (possibly resulting in severe defoliation). The aim of the study is to assess whether these constrains may alter leaf phenology. In a common garden, we sowed seeds collected from six beech forests along a small latitudinal gradient (140 km) in North-Eastern France. In 2014, after seven years growth, a rain exclusion was installed above the trees to test how recurrent soil water deficits impacted bud-burst (BB) and leaf-yellowing (LY) over three years. We also analyzed the response of leaf phenology to annual defoliation, aiming at affecting carbon and nitrogen availability in trees. Delayed BB and early LY were observed, reducing the growing season (GS) until 14 days in response to soil water deficit whereas no influence of defoliation was detected. These time lags were not in relation with leaf nitrogen content. In the control treatment, BB occurred earlier and LY later in the northernmost populations than in the southernmost without clear relationships with local climate. A significant treatment x population interaction was observed revealing a plasticity in the leaf phenology response to soil water deficit among populations. These results suggest that beech trees present a genetic differentiation of leaf phenology even within a small latitudinal gradient but that these differentiations could be disrupted by soil water deficit that is predicted to increase in the future.

O bioma Amazônia possui a mais extensa floresta tropical do planeta. O seu papel fundamental no equilíbrio climático, assim como a intensificação das atividades econômicas que têm degradado a cobertura vegetal nas últimas décadas, evidenciam a necessidade da conservação da Amazônia. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as taxas de desmatamento na Amazônia Legal Brasileira (ALB) ao longo da série histórica do Projeto de Monitoramento do Desmatamento na Amazônia Legal por Satélite (PRODES) e discutir os valores de perda de floresta acumulados até o ano de 2020 em cada unidade federativa. Ao longo da série PRODES, as maiores taxas de desmatamento foram registradas em 1995 e em 2004, motivadas, respectivamente, pela implantação do Plano Real e pela recuperação da economia do país, devido à estabilização da moeda – o que impulsionou a economia, inclusive em setores ligados ao agronegócio. A crise das commodities, a criação de políticas públicas e ações de fiscalização contribuíram para a redução do desmatamento até 2012. Todavia, a partir de 2013 as taxas voltaram a crescer, estimuladas pelo enfraquecimento da legislação ambiental e das ações de combate ao desmatamento e pela conjuntura econômica favorável a expansão das atividades agropecuárias. Cerca de 20,62 % das florestas originais da ALB foram suprimidas até 2020, sendo que os estados com maior perda florestal são o Pará, Mato Grosso, Maranhão e Rondônia.

The availability of remote-sensing multisource data from optical-based satellite sensors has created new opportunities and challenges for forest monitoring in the Amazon Biome. In particular, change-detection analysis has emerged in recent decades to monitor forest-change dynamics, supporting some Brazilian governmental initiatives such as PRODES and DETER projects for biodiversity preservation in threatened areas. In recent years fully convolutional network architectures have witnessed numerous proposals adapted for the change-detection task. This paper comprehensively explores state-of-the-art fully convolutional networks such as U-Net, ResU-Net, SegNet, FC-DenseNet, and two DeepLabv3+ variants on monitoring deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. The networks' performance is evaluated experimentally in terms of Precision, Recall, F1-score, and computational load using satellite images with different spatial and spectral resolution: Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2. We also include the results of an unprecedented auditing process performed by senior specialists to visually evaluate each deforestation polygon derived from the network with the highest accuracy results for both satellites. This assessment allowed estimation of the accuracy of these networks simulating a process "in nature " and faithful to the PRODES methodology. We conclude that the high resolution of Sentinel-2 images improves the segmentation of deforestation polygons both quantitatively (in terms of F1-score) and qualitatively. Moreover, the study also points to the potential of the operational use of Deep Learning (DL) mapping as products to be consumed in PRODES.

PRODES and DETER project together turned 33 years-old with an undeniably contribution to the state-of-art in mapping and monitoring tropical deforestation in Brazil. Monitoring systems all over the world have taken advantage of big data repositories of remote sensing data as they are becoming freely available together with artificial intelligence. Thus, considering the advent of new generation remote sensing data hubs, online platforms of big data that can fill in spatial and temporal resolutions gaps in current deforestation mapping, this work aims to present recent innovations at INPE´s deforestation monitoring systems in Brazil and how they are gauging new realms of technological levels. Recent innovations at INPE´s monitoring systems are: 1) the development of TerraBrasilis platform of data access and analysis; 2) the adoption of new sensors and cloud detection strategies; 3) the complementary use of multi-sensor images; 4) the complementary adoption of SAR C-band images using cloud data to sample and process Sentinel-1. Future innovations are: 1) development of a Brazilian data cube to be used in deep learning techniques of image classification; 2) Routine uncertainty analysis of PRODES data. Automatization might fasten mapping process, but the real challenge is to succeed in automatization maintaining data quality and historical series. The hyper-availability of remote sensing data, the initiative of a Brazilian Data Cube and promising machine learning techniques applied to land cover change detection, allowed INPE to reinforce its central role in tropical forest monitoring.

The Brazilian Amazon rainforest deforestation rate increased by 34.1% between 2018 and 2019, reaching even protected areas, such as Indigenous Lands (ILs). In particular, Ituna/Itatá IL, in the state of Pará, restricted to the study of Igarapé Ipiaçava isolated indigenous people, has experienced a 654% deforestation rate increase during the same period. The mainstream deforestation analysis explains it as a struggle between conservation and development, which is commonly typified by large-scale producers who replace natural vegetation with pasturelands and crop fields, especially in agricultural frontiers, as ILs are barriers for protecting forests. In this work, we expose a devised and underlying deforestation process in Ituna/Itatá, and argue that land grabbers and squatters have promoted this boom by moving in, clearing, subdividing, and occupying this IL as if it were real estate. Such process mischaracterizes it and obstructs the demarcation process, in the expectation of a land regularization law that authenticates selling the land in the future. This process seems to be promoted by the Brazilian Federal Government rhetoric and mediated by local politicians, somewhat passing on the message of feeble repression against invasions of public lands. Our results evidence a process of IL mischaracterization, with primary forests converted to pasturelands, and a 1994.30 ton year−1 increase of annual estimates of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) associated with fires. Also, 94% of Ituna/Itatá has been claimed in the Brazilian Rural Environmental Registry, resembling a city allotment process, with a road network conditioning and suggesting axes of deforestation expansion. Measures to prevent deforestation are vital not only to sustain land demarcation processes but also to stop it from spreading to other ILs.

Produção técnica resultado de dissertação defendida em 2020 no PPG-CRENAC/IFGoiano.

Reforestation and forest restoration are recognized as an effective means of halting biodiversity loss and increasing the performance of ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration and the protection and maintenance of water resources. The objective of this review is to describe the main challenges and opportunities for large-scale forest restoration and reforestation using native species in the Amazon, focusing on Para state and the Itacaiunas watershed. Large-scale forest restoration and reforestation in the Eastern Amazon may contribute to meeting national and global restoration commitments and reducing/eliminating the actual forest deficit caused by noncompliance with the Brazilian Native Vegetation Protection Law, concomitantly mitigating impacts on climate change, enhancing ecosystem services (e.g., protection of water resources and reduction of soil erosion) and maintaining biodiversity. The selection of active and passive reforestation approaches depends on land-use history, landscape context and reforestation targets, and the promotion of natural regeneration reduces implementation costs. To measure the ecological and socioeconomic success of forest restoration and reforestation, a large number of on-the-ground and remote indicators are available, and the use of a combination of both methods can reduce the monitoring cost. The socioeconomic benefits of reforestation include financial gains from restoration and carbon programs; furthermore, the commercialization of timber and non-timber products and their use for subsistence may improve livelihoods and farm incomes. Nevertheless, implementation of large-scale reforestation in the Eastern Amazon requires research regarding the selection and the nutritional demands of native species and the development of adequate soil management strategies that promote the growth of native species and yields. The insufficient availability of seeds and seedlings is a major bottleneck for large-scale forest restoration and reforestation with native species. Thus, increasing the availability, diversity and quality of seedlings and seeds of native species to supply the demand for planting activities, as well as the registration of producers in the National Register of Seeds and Seedlings, is necessary to achieve compliance with national legislation and international commitments. Competition between reforestation and the expansion of agricultural and cattle ranching frontiers combined with a lack of markets for commercial products from restored areas constrains the socioeconomic viability of large-scale reforestation. To outweigh deforestation incentives, regulation and effective implementation of markets and programs such as REDD+, CDM and PES is thus paramount. To enhance the integration of human well-being, socioeconomic enhancements and ecological functionality, forest and landscape restoration concepts offer promising tools for the region.

Objective: To evaluate symptomatic uterine fibroid outcomes following at least one course of ulipristal acetate (UPA) 5 mg/day therapy in the hospital setting, during the year 2017. Study design: A retrospective and descriptive analysis involving women with symptomatic fibroids was conducted in 15 hospital centers in Portugal in 2017 to assess fibroid size, bleeding control and hemoglobin levels following at least one course of UPA 5 mg/day. Secondary outcomes were the reasons for the treatment, type of surgery, fibroid classification, patient satisfaction with the treatment, and adverse events. Results: Five-hundred and twenty-six patients were enrolled in this survey, and 93 % of the women completed, at least, 1 treatment course with UPA. Uterine bleeding control was achieved in 81 % of the cases. A significant increase (p < 0.001) in hemoglobin levels and a reduction (p < 0.001) in uterine fibroid size was observed after treatment, with a median reduction of 24 % from the baseline. Forty-seven percent of the patients underwent subsequent surgery and there were no serious adverse events reported in this multicentric nationwide study. Conclusions: So far, this is the largest case series reporting on symptomatic uterine fibroid outcomes after UPA therapy in Portugal. Our data are in line with published literature and confirm favorable outcomes after UPA therapy for women of childbearing age and premenopausal. (C) 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.