This study addresses the anomalous fluorescence of a rhodanine-based organic dye of interest for nonlinear optical applications. At room temperature, the dye exhibits weak fluorescence, while spectra collected in glassy 2Me-THF at 77 K show a surprising fluorescence intensity increase by several orders of magnitude with respect to room temperature. Moreover, a pronounced dependence of the fluorescence quantum yield on the excitation wavelength is observed, indicating a breakdown of Vavilov's rule, a corollary of Kasha's rule, which states that the fluorescence quantum yield is independent of the excitation energy. Quantum chemical calculations demonstrate the presence of a bright pi pi* excited state that lies very close in energy to a dark n pi* state. The subtle interplay between these two excited states with different natures is responsible for the intriguing spectral behavior of the dye. Specifically, experimental results are rationalized in terms of a population branching between the two excited states, which can be tuned upon varying the temperature or the excitation energy.

The development of efficient catalysts for the production of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) from 5(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) is crucial to reduce the environmental footprint and achieve economically favorable conditions for its use in polyethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate (PEF) synthesis. In this work, we demonstrated the possibility of tuning the electronic properties of Au nanoparticle-based catalysts via polymeric stabilizers to control HMF oxidation mechanism and product distribution. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl amine (PVAm), and poly(N-vinyl amine-co-vinyl alcohol) (PVA-co-PVAm) copolymers were synthesized with various compositions to evaluate the effect of functional groups on ligand-metal interactions. The presence of amino groups increases electron donation to Au, as confirmed by DFT calculations of monomer adsorption on cluster models of amorphous Au NPs. DFT investigations, NMR relaxation studies, and catalytic studies further revealed that increasing electron-donor groups modifies the reaction mechanism and enhances selectivity, particularly through manipulating the adsorption of reaction intermediates. These results provide mechanistic insights into the role of stabilizers and the active phase in directing specific reaction pathways. This understanding enables the rational design of polymeric ligands to enhance catalyst performance for aerobic oxidation of biomass-derived molecules in water under mild conditions, underscoring the role of stabilizer engineering in achieving selective and sustainable catalytic processes.

A novel synthetic approach for the preparation of azobenzene-substituted diketopyrrolopyrroles (DPPs) has been developed and optimized. The dyes were synthesized through a pseudo-Stobbe condensation reaction starting from appropriate benzonitriles, followed by azo coupling. The presence of electron-donating groups (EDGs), such as amino groups, in the benzonitrile leads to the formation of the DPP structural isomer (isoDPP) due to acid-base equilibria that can influence the cyclization mechanism. The resulting dyes exhibited significant pH-dependent chromatic shift, with behaviour that can be predicted on the basis of the aromatic substituents. In particular, the system functionalized with the phenolic group (2a) exhibits the most prominent chromatic response (Delta lambda = 90 nm (5.84.103 cm-1)), making it ideal for use in paper-based sensors. Chromatic switching mechanism has been proposed and confirmed by NMR spectroscopy and Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) calculations in gas and solution phases. The sensors, fabricated via dip-coating techniques, demonstrate high functionality, stability, and reversible colour changes even after multiple cycles of exposure to acidic (HCl) and basic (NH3) conditions in both liquid and gas environments. These results highlighted how the azobenzene-DPP derivatives can be used as a promising platform for developing advanced halochromic sensors with potential applications in environmental and industrial monitoring.

The rapid growth of wearable devices for healthcare monitoring and portable consumer electronics has driven the demand for new sensors that are lightweight, flexible, and capable of real-time, continuous monitoring. Wearable sensors must conform to the human body and enable personalized, accessible health diagnostics beyond traditional point-of-care testing. The wearable sensor market is expected to grow significantly, from U.S. $1.6 billion in 2023 to U.S. $4.2 billion by 2028. Hydrogel-based wearable sensors, particularly those using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), are promising candidates due to their flexibility, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and tunable electrochemical and mechanical properties. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) convert low-frequency mechanical energy into electrical energy by contact electrification between materials with different electronegativities. Hydrogel-based TENGs combine hydrogels' mechanical and ionic properties with triboelectric effects to create self-powered, wearable sensors for monitoring human motion, pressure, and physiological signals. Surface roughness of PVA hydrogels significantly affects triboelectric sensor performance by increasing the contact area and enhancing charge generation, thus improving sensitivity and output. Optimizing surface roughness, hydrogel composition, and mechanical properties is crucial for developing high-performance wearable triboelectric sensors. In this study, PVA hydrogels with optimized surface roughness were fabricated using silicone rubber templates with varying porosity. The resulting single-electrode TENGs (S-TENGs) were tested as pressure sensors, with the best sensor achieving a sensitivity of 12.78 x 10(-3) nC/Pa in the 20160 Pa range. For wearable applications, safer hydrogels were developed by replacing sulfuric acid (H2SO4) with potassium chloride (KCl), making the devices more suitable for biomedical uses. A wearable sensor prototype based on this optimized PVA hydrogel demonstrated effective human motion detection, showcasing its potential for healthcare monitoring.

A novel and smart methacrylic acid (MAA) based macroporous material functionalized with thiol groups (-SH) was developed to achieve highly efficient and selective removal of toxic Hg(II) ions from water. With the aim of visualizing the saturation of the active sites of the material in real-time, a porphyrin-based co-monomer was synthesized and included (only 0.25 % w/w) as a part of the co-polymeric structure. The porphyrin ring can capture Hg(II) ions, causing a color change from red to green. However, due to the higher affinity of Hg(II) towards thiol groups, the porphyrin will be able to interact with free Hg(II) only when the adjacent thiols are no longer available and, therefore, close to the complete saturation of -SH sites. The color shift alerts that the material is approaching saturation, hence, a regeneration step is necessary for subsequent adsorption cycles. The typical interconnected macroporous (3-23 mu m) network of the cryogel allows fast water diffusion and easy access to the -SH and PORPH sites. Such design achieves an exceptional Hg(II) adsorption capacity (Q(max) > 1200 mg/g), calculated from the Langmuir isotherm model. The synthesized material shows high selectivity towards Hg(II) (S% > 95 %) in a solution with the simultaneous presence of other metal cation species. The kinetics of Hg(II) capture, pH behavior, material dosage, and regeneration cycles were tested, highlighting its potential applicability across a broad pH range and its reusability for at least five cycles. These combined features underscore the superior performance of this advanced material compared to current state-of-the-art competitors.

Bimetallic Pd-Pt nanoparticles supported on TiO2(PdxPty/TiO2) were synthesized via the sol immobilization method using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a stabilizer, enabling precise control over particle size and dispersion. This method also circumvents the need for pre-reduction treatments by stabilizing metals in reduced oxidation states. HAADF-STEM analyses confirmed the formation of highly dispersed, nano-alloyed Pd-Pt particles with Pt enrichment at the surface. Catalytic testing in furfural (FF) hydrogenation under ambient conditions revealed a pronounced synergistic effect in bimetallic formulations, particularly Pd1Pt1, which achieved complete FF conversion within 30 min and tunable selectivity between furfuryl alcohol (FA) and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA). Systematic variation of Pd:Pt ratios demonstrated composition-dependent product distribution: Pd-rich catalysts favored THFA, while Pt-rich ones enhanced FA yields and carbon balance. Reaction parameter studies revealed that selectivity can be steered via hydrogen pressure, with low pressure favoring FA (82 % yield at 3 bar) and high pressure promoting THFA (76 % yield at 20 bar). The Pd2Pt1 catalyst demonstrated excellent recyclability over four cycles without performance loss, confirming its robustness. These results offer valuable insights into the structure-activity-selectivity relationship in Pd-Pt nanoalloy systems and establish a tunable, sustainable platform for bio-based chemical valorization under mild conditions.

This research investigates the influence of hydro-soluble polymeric ligands on the properties and catalytic performance of colloidal gold nanoparticles supported on activated carbon. The aim was to understand how polymer molecular weight affects Au nanoparticle size, dispersion, and catalytic activity, providing a framework for optimizing catalysis from the design phase. Three polymeric ligands (PVA, PEO, and PVAm) with different molecular weights were synthesized via controlled chain-transfer-to-solvent reactions and used to prepare supported colloidal Au nanoparticles through sol-immobilization. The results demonstrated that molecular weight significantly impacts Au nanoparticle size. Moreover, catalytic activity was assessed using the reduction of 4-nitrophenol as a model reaction. As polymer molecular weight increased, the apparent kinetic constant (kapp) decreased, particularly for PEO-based catalysts, where kapp decreased by an order of magnitude. Higher molecular weight polymers also formed dense polymeric "brushes," hindering reagent diffusion and reducing catalytic performance. Further analysis of Au/polymer weight ratios revealed that decreasing polymer content improved catalytic activity, particularly in Au-PVAm catalysts. The findings underscore the crucial role of polymeric ligands in colloidal nanocatalyst design, emphasizing the need to investigate the metal-polymer interface to optimize catalyst properties.

This research study aims to explore the synergistic effects of incorporating polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels to enhance their suitability for triboelectric sensors applications. The preparation process employs a method of freezing/thawing conducted in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), followed by solvent replacement with water. This approach effectively preserves PVDF in its α phase, eliminating piezoelectric effects and enhancing the hydrogels’ mechanical properties. The use of DMSO contributes to reduced pore size, while incorporating PVDF significantly improves the three-dimensional network structure of the hydrogels, resulting in enhanced thermal and chemical resistance. Thorough characterization of the resulting PVA/PVDF composite hydrogels, prepared with varying ratios of PVA to PVDF (10:0, 8:2, and 5:5), was conducted by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), rheology, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Notably, the composite hydrogels were tested in pressure sensors and human voice sensors, demonstrating their capability to recognize different patterns associated with various letters. The incorporation of PVDF significantly enhanced the signal-to-noise ratio in PVA/PVDF-based sensors compared with those made solely from PVA, highlighting a notable improvement in voice detection. The enhancements were quantified as 56% for “a”, 35% for “r”, and 47% for “m”.

This work describes a simple, inexpensive, and robust method to prepare a flexible “all in one” integrated hydrogel supercapacitors (HySCs). Preparing smart hydrogels with high electrical conductivity, ability to stretch significantly, and excellent mechanical properties is the last challenge for tailored wearable devices. In this paper, we employed a physical crosslinking process that involves consecutive freezing and thawing cycles to prepare a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-based hydrogel. Exploiting the self-healing properties of these materials, the assembly of the different layers of the HySCs has been performed. The ionic conductivity within the electrolyte layer arises from the inclusion of an H2SO4 solution in the hydrogel network. Instead, the electronic conductivity is facilitated by the addition of the conductive polymer PANI-PAMPSA into the hydrogel layers. Electrochemical measures have highlighted newsworthy properties related to our HySCs, opening their use in wearable electronic applications.

Over the last decade, cryogels have proven to be effective catalytic supports in various hybrid systems for the conversion of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-NP). A critical determinant influencing the conversion of nitroaromatic compounds in the presence of sodium borohydride is the solution pH as suggested from Grzeschik's model. This study aims to investigate the catalytic mechanism and the role of pH in reactions mediated by hybrid catalysts. In particular, polymeric cryogels with different acid/base properties were prepared and used as supports for the in-situ preparation of Au and Pd nanocatalysts. Notably, catalytic tests showed the significant influence of the polymeric support's acidity on 4-NP reduction, with poly(acrylic acid)-based catalysts emerging as the most effective systems. To further probe the reaction mechanism, a series of catalytic tests were carried out, and the results demonstrated the effect of pH on the reaction process, allowing to propose a novel mechanism based on an extension of Grzeschik's model. Moreover, data emphasized the pivotal role of the polymer in the catalytic mechanism, showcasing its capacity to tune catalytic activity by altering the acid/base properties of the matrix substrates.

The investigation of the mechanical, thermal, and adsorption properties of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) cryogels as a function of a reactant ratio is herein reported to better address materials for specific applications. To this aim, cryogels have been synthesized using different monomer/crosslinker (N,N′-methylene-bisacrylamide–MBAA) ratios. The study of SEM images made it possible to identify the trend in the material’s macroporosity. As would be expected, the average measured pore width decreased as the amount of MBAA increased while the number of pores grew. Swelling capacity ranges from 8.7 gW/ggel (grams of water per gram of gel) to 9.3 gW/ggel. These values are strictly connected with the pore’s size and distribution, revealing that the water uptake for the most crosslinked sample is inferior to other samples. The equilibrium-adsorption capacity (Qe) towards the methylene violet (MV) was also assessed, revealing no remarkable differences after 24 h of a batch test. As expected, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) also showed no significant changes in stability that ranged from a maximum weight loss temperature (T Max) of 420 °C to 425 °C, which increased as a function of crosslinker content. Conversely, compression strength measurements showed a notable difference of about 50% in modulus (Ec), moving from the higher to the lower HEMA/MBAA ratio. These new comparative results indicate how slight variations in the reactant’s ratio can steadily improve the mechanical properties of the HEMA cryogel without affecting its adsorption efficiency. This can be helpful in the design of materials for water and energy purposes. Since swelling properties are needed in the case of biomedical applications, the HEMA/MBAA ratio should be tuned versus high values.

In the past decade, hydrogels have attracted growing interest for emerging applications in flexible electronic devices, human-machine interactions, energy supply, or energy storage. Developing a multifunctional gel architecture with superior ionic conductivity and good mechanical flexibility is a bottleneck to overcome. Herein, poly(vinyl alcohol)/sulfuric acid (PVA-H2SO4) hydrogels were prepared via a freeze-thaw method. With the aim of tuning the formulation in view of a possible application in energy storage, the effects of different combinations in terms of the molecular weight (MW) of PVA and PVA-H2SO4 weight ratio were investigated. Moreover, exploiting the self-healing properties of these hydrogels and the easy possibility of functionalizing them, i.e., introducing a conducting polymer such as poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane) sulfonic acid doped polyaniline (PANI_PAMPSA), a sandwiched all-in-one double-layer hydrogel (electrode/electrolyte configuration) was prepared (PVA-H2SO4-PANI_PAMPSA/PVA-H2SO4). Results showed that the water content is independent of the PVA amount and MW; the polymer concentration has a significant effect on the formation of crystalline domains and therefore on swelling degree, whereas the cross-linking degree depends on the MW. The PVA MW has the maximum effect on the swelling percentage normalized with respect to the polymer fraction and the tensile properties of the hydrogel. The assembled all-in-one electrode/electrolyte shows promising ionic conductivity (439.7 mS cm-1) and specific capacitance performance (0.297 mF cm-2 at a current density of 0.025 mA cm-2), as well as excellent flexibility and considerable self-healing properties. These results will promote the development of self-healing symmetrical supercapacitors for storage devices in wearable electronics.

Flammability is one of the main drawbacks affecting polymer matrix composites (PMCs), limiting metal replacement in several applications. Phosphorus compounds demonstrated a great ability in contrasting fire spreading. Here, phosphorylated poly(vinyl alcohol) (PPVA) has been synthesized and used as an intumescent flame inhibitor coating for carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates. The synthesized PPVAs, with a phosphorylation degree up to 7.5 %wt, were investigated by spectroscopic (NMR and IR) and thermal (TGA and DSC) analyses. Moreover, thermal degradation kinetics was also rationalized by applying differential and in-tegrals methods: the phosphorus catalytic effect combined with radicals-coupling behaviour deriving from the phosphorus species developed during the combustion has been highlighted, confirming the inhibitor role of PPVAs. Cone-calorimeter tests, simulating a small-scale fire scenario, were carried out on poly(vinyl alcohol)-coated and PPVA-coated materials prepared by solvent casting. Results highlight the anti-flame properties of PPVAs, especially as effective flame inhibitors: up to-58 % in the time of flame (TOF). Instead, poly(vinyl alcohol) coatings lead to an overall worsening of the material fire behaviour, highlighting the crucial role of phosphorous to reduce flammability. Such promising results pave the way for the use of PPVA coatings to reduce the fire risk of flammable composites making them safer.

To evaluate the potential variability of Manganese (Mn 2+ ) in commercial pineapple juice (PJ) produced in different years and to identify the optimal Mn 2+ concentration in the correct amount of PJ to be administered prior to Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in order to suppress the gastroduodenal (GD) liquid signal. The Mn 2+ concentration in PJ produced in different years was defined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The optimal Mn 2+ concentration and the amount of PJ, were estimated in an in-vitro analysis, and were then prospectively tested in a population of patients who underwent MRCP. The results were compared with those achieved with the previous standard amount of PJ used in a similar population. The concentrations of Mn 2+ in commercial PJ produced in different years did not differ. A total amount of 150 ml (one glass) of PJ having a high Mn 2+ content (2.37 mg/dl) was sufficient for the suppression of the GD liquid signal, despite the additional dilution caused by GD liquids since it led to a final concentration of Mn 2+ of 0.5–1.00 mg/dl. The optimized single-dose oral administration of 150 ml (approximately one glass) of PJ having a high Mn 2+ concentration prior to MRCP was adequate to guarantee the correct amount of Mn 2+ to suppress the GD signal.

In this study, the temperature-dependent activity of Au/AC nanocatalysts in redox catalytic reactions was investigated. To this end, a series of colloidal gold catalysts supported on activated carbon and titania were prepared by the sol immobilization method employing polyvinyl alcohol as a polymeric stabilizer at different hydrolysis degrees. The as-synthesized materials were widely characterized by spectroscopic analysis (XPS, XRD, and ATR-IR) as well as TEM microscopy and DLS/ELS measurements. Furthermore, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) oxidation and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) reduction were chosen to investigate the catalytic activity as a model reaction for biomass valorization and wastewater remediation. In particular, by fitting the hydrolysis degree with the kinetic data, volcano plots were obtained for both reactions, in which the maximum of the curves was represented relative to hydrolysis intermediate values. However, a comparison of the catalytic performance of the sample Au/AC_PVA-99 (hydrolysis degree of the polymer is 99%) in the two reactions showed a different catalytic behavior, probably due to the detachment of polymer derived from the different reaction temperature chosen between the two reactions. For this reason, several tests were carried out to investigate deeper the observed catalytic trend, focusing on studying the effect of the reaction temperature as well as the effect of support (metal–support interaction) by immobilizing Au colloidal nanoparticles on commercial titania. The kinetic data, combined with the characterization carried out on the catalysts, confirmed that changing the reaction conditions, the PVA behavior on the surface of the catalysts, and, therefore, the reaction outcome, is modified.

The uptake ability toward arsenic(V), chromium(VI), and boron(III) ions of ad hoc functionalized magnetic nanostructured devices has been investigated. To this purpose, ligands based on meglumine have been synthesized and used to coat magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) obtained by the co-precipitation methodology. The as-prepared hybrid material was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Moreover, its magnetic hysteresis properties were measured to evaluate its magnetic properties, and the adsorption kinetics and isothermal models were applied to discern between the different adsorption phenomena. Specifically, the better fitting was observed by the Langmuir isotherm model for all metal ions tested, highlighting a higher uptake in arsenic (28.2 mg/g), chromium (12.3 mg/g), and boron (23.7 mg/g) sorption values if compared with other magnetic nanostructured materials. After adsorption, an external magnetic stimulus can be used to efficiently remove nanomaterials from the water. Finally the nanomaterial can be reused up to five cycles and regenerated for another three cycles.

The N-methyl-D-glucamine moieties exhibit high ability and selectivity toward arsenate ions in water by a complexation mechanism that involves their hydroxyl groups. In this work, the syntheses of two monomers containing N-methyl-D-glucamine, namely 4-vinylbenzyl-N-methyl-D-glucamine (VbNMDG), and N-methyl-D-glucamine methacrylamide (MNMDG) were studied. Different synthetic routes were considered in order to obtain liquid monomers able to polymerize and selectively capture arsenic. Furthermore, the incorporation of protective groups like trimethylsilyl moieties in the molecular structure was assessed to prevent transfer reactions during further polymerization. After polymerization, hydroxyl groups were deprotected using hydrofluoric acid. Following this methodology, structured microporous polymeric films based on colloidal crystal templates were prepared. NMR and FTIR techniques were used to follow the reactions and to determine the chemical structure of the obtained products. The morphology of materials was characterized by SEM. The performances of the developed polymeric films to selectively capture arsenic were determined. Films showed an improved and reproducible sensitivity to arsenic detection exhibiting high values of arsenic capturing capability (around 90%).

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) are important materials for biomedical applications, and phenol capping is a common procedure to passivate their surface. As phenol capped SPION have been reported to behave as antioxidants, herein, we investigate the mechanism underlying this activity by studying the reaction with alkyl peroxyl (ROO•) radicals. SPION were prepared by coprecipitation of Fe(II) and Fe(III), using phenolic antioxidants (gallic acid, Trolox and nordihydroguaiaretic acid) as post-synthesis capping agents and by different purification procedures. The reactivity of ROO• was investigated by inhibited autoxidation studies, using styrene as an oxidizable substrate (solvent MeCN, 30 °C) and azo-bis(isobutyronitrile) as a radical initiator. While unprotected, bare SPION behaved as prooxidant, accelerating the O2 consumption of styrene autoxidation, phenol capping provided a variable antioxidant effect that was dependent upon the purification degree of the material. Thoroughly washed SPION, containing from 7% to 14% (w/w) of phenols, had a low reactivity toward peroxyl radicals, while SPION with a higher phenol content (46% to 55%) showed a strong radical trapping activity. Our results indicate that the antioxidant activity of phenol-capped SPION can be caused by its release in a solution of weakly bound phenols, and that purification plays a major role in determining the properties of these materials.

The effect of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) stabilizers and gold nanoparticles supported on active carbon (AuNPs/AC) was investigated in this article. Polymers with different molecular weights and hydrolysis degrees have been synthesized and used, like the stabilizing agent of Au nano-catalysts obtained by the sol-immobilization method. The reduction of 4-nitrophenol with NaBH4 has been used as a model reaction to investigate the catalytic activity of synthesized Au/AC catalysts. In addition, we report several characterization techniques such as ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in order to correlate the properties of the polymer with the metal nanoparticle size and the catalytic activity. A volcano plot was observed linking the catalytic performance with hydrolysis degree and the maximum of the curve was identified at a value of 60%. The Au:PVA-60 weight ratio was changed in order to explain how the amount of the polymer can influence catalytic properties. The effect of nitroaromatic ring substituents on the catalytic mechanism was examined by the Hammett theory. Moreover, the reusability of the catalyst was investigated, with little to no decrease in activity observed over five catalytic cycles. Morphological and kinetic studies reported in this paper reveal the effect of the PVA polymeric stabilizer properties on the size and catalytic activity of supported gold nanoparticles.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES:Conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE) has several limitations due to the lack of standardization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical and physical characteristics and behaviors over time of emulsions for cTACE and to assess intra- and inter-operator variabilities in the preparation processes.MATERIALS AND METHODS:This in vitro study involved evaluation of emulsions for cTACE prepared using two methods: water-in-oil (WiO) and chemotherapeutic-in-oil (CiO). Three emulsions were prepared with each method and obtained after 20, 50, and 100 pumping exchanges. A drop from each final mixture was analyzed via light microscopy (time 1) and after 5, 10, 15, and 20min since the end of preparation. After 20min, all preparations were re-mixed and new drops were re-evaluated. The intra- and inter-operator variabilities were analyzed.RESULTS:The mean droplet diameter decreased non-significantly when the number of pumping exchanges increased and increased significantly over time for both WiO and CiO. The droplets returned to their initial diameters after re-mixing. There were no significant differences in the intra- and inter-operator variabilities (P>0.01).CONCLUSIONS:Any interventional radiologist, regardless of their experience, may prepare these emulsions. These data may represent a set of instructions to standardize cTACE.