Due to growing interest in the use of bifacial photovoltaic modules this paper analyzes the actual performance of an installation consisting of three types of modules, bifacial monocrystalline silicon among them. An analysis of the operation of the on-grid photovoltaic installation working in the warm summer continental climate of southeastern Poland was carried out in 2021-2022. The roof-top installation with a rated power of 14.04 kWp, consisting of modules made of monocrystalline silicon (mono-Si), polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) and monocrystalline silicon bifacial (bifacial-Si) delivered 936.76 kWh/kWp in 2021 year and 1070.94 kWh/kWp in 2022 year. In order to predict the optimal configuration of bifacial modules in the tested location, a simulation was performed in the PV-Syst v.7.4 program. Based on a comparison of numerous simulated variants, differing in the orientation of the modules and the reflectivity of the ground surface the best results were found for 1.5 m height above the roof level, 45 degrees inclination angle and albedo coefficient of 0.8.

This article presents an analysis of the performance of a 14.04 kWp grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) installation consisting of monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon and bifacial glass–glass monocrystalline silicon modules. The photovoltaic system was mounted in Poland, a location characterized by temperate climate conditions. On the basis of the obtained results, the photovoltaic parameters were determined in accordance with the international standard. The annual energy yield of the entire system was 1033 kWh/kWp, and the performance ratio achieved was 83%. The highest average daily final yield was in the range of 4.0–4.5 kWh/kWp for each photovoltaic technology under investigation. In the cold part of the year, the efficiency of the photovoltaic modules was estimated to be 15%, and it was estimated to be 7% during the warm part of the year. Array capture losses accounted for around 0.75 kWh/kWp of energy loss per day, whereas the inverter efficiency was over 95% during the months that are beneficial for energy production.

Diesel is consistently a very popular fuel for internal combustion engines. Its consumption in the European Union has been rising over recent years, as has the number of engines increasingly sensitive to fuel contamination. One of the most important parameters affecting diesel quality is water content. Its exceedance of the standard’s permissible amount carries the risk of serious damage to expensive, modern fuel injection systems. Current methods of measuring water content require both specialised personnel and equipment, as well as transporting the sample to a suitable laboratory. Analysing the properties of diesel is challenging, mainly because many types of the fuel are sold, the chemical composition of which is always a well-guarded manufacturer’s secret. The research presented in this paper is aimed at verifying whether it is possible to test the moisture content of diesel using impedance spectroscopy. To date, it is the first such attempt with commercially available diesel using this method, which, once refined, could be used in situ. The authors propose and apply a novel technique that is able to be used when the electrical properties of tested oils are unknown. The experimental results obtained show that it is possible to use impedance spectroscopy to estimate the water content of different types of diesel fuel. The measurement accuracy achieved makes it possible to detect approaching or exceeding the permissible water content.

Magnetics devices are an important part of every power electronics converter. Always, the realisation of the magnetic elements must be connected with the converter design. The power electronics devices projects include models and design the converter, and models and design the magnetics elements too. The describes design of magnetics parts for power electronics converters is the topic of this article. In this paper, basic theory is reviewed, including magnetic circuits equation and inductor modelling. Power losses in winding conductors ae also important. This can lead to copper losses significantly in excess of the value predicted by the dc winding resistance. The "skin effect" and the "proximity effect" are most pronounced in high-current conductors of multilayer windings, particularly in high-frequency converters. This article explains and provides practical methods to compute these losses. The aim of the paper comprise calculation of magnetic devices, their losses, and design of magnetic devices for power electronics converters.

In recent years, the interest in electromobility among the public has been growing. In order to determine the impact of the development of electromobility on the increase in innovation of the supply network, it is necessary to analyze the situation of the potential use of electric vehicles in the supply network, presenting their advantages and disadvantages. The article presents the characteristics of electromobility in the supply network in the region and the SWOT analysis. Electromobility is becoming a key element in the transformation of the transport sector, contributing to more sustainable and green communities.

This paper analyzes the influence of the skin effect and the proximity effect on the inductance and impedance of thin conductive layers. The motivation for taking up this topic is the initial assessment of the possibility of using conductive layers deposited with the PVD technique on textile materials as strip or planar transmission lines of high-frequency signals (e.g., for transmitting images). This work pursues two goals. The first of them is to develop and test a numerical procedure for calculating the electromagnetic field distribution in this type of issue, based on the fundamental solution method (FSM). The second aim is to examine the impact of the skin phenomenon on the resistance, inductance and impedance of thin conductive paths. The correctness and effectiveness of FSM for the analysis of harmonics of electromagnetic fields in systems containing thin conductive layers were confirmed. Based on the performed simulations, it was found that in the frequency range above 10 MHz, the dependence of resistance and impedance on frequency is a power function with an exponent independent of the path width. Moreover, it was found that for paths with a width at least several times greater than their thickness, the dependence of the phase shift between current and voltage on frequency practically does not depend on the path width.

The paper presents CoDeSys as a universal tool for PLC programming in compliance with the IEC-61131-3 standard. In the introduction to the paper, the expectations that should be placed on the PLC programming environment were defined. Then CoDeSys has been characterized, emphasizing its independence from the PLC manufacturer and the possibility of writing, simulating and visualizing programs without the need to own a physical device. The next part briefly discusses how to prepare the program and how to simulate and visualize its operation. In conclusion, an extremely current in the era of the COVID pandemic feature of the CoDeSys environment was pointed out, which is the possibility of its easy use for remote teaching of PLC programming.

W kształceniu inżynierów na kierunku energetyka realizowanym na Wydziale Elektrotechniki i Informatyki Politechniki Rzeszowskiej istotną rolę odgrywa znajomości odnawialnych nośników energii. W artykule przeanalizowano wyznaczanie charakterystyk wyjściowych modułów fotowoltaicznych z wykorzystaniem sztucznego źródła światła. Ważne jest, jaką charakterystykę widmową posiada moduł fotowoltaiczny i jak ta charakterystyka jest pokrywana przez źródło światła. Istotne jest więc zapoznanie studentów ze zjawiskami, jakie zachodzą podczas pracy wymienionych modułów. Normy dotyczące określania parametrów modułów fotowoltaicznych determinują natężenie promieniowania oraz temperatury modułu w tzw. standardowych warunkach pomiarów.

The paper presents research on the influence of selected non-linear devices on the shape of supply voltage. It has been assessed how current distortion, expressed by THDI, and rms current ‖i‖ influence voltage distortion, represented by THDU. For this purpose, an induction generator with a power comparable to that of the loads was used to power the loads. The devices were selected in such a way as to increase current distortion with the decrease of rms current. The measurements were made with a class A energy quality analyzer.

The light emitting diodes (LEDs) are ever more used, and their price is getting lower year on year. Although, exchanging traditional light sources for the LED lamps does not seem to be complicated, we need to remember to maintaining high–quality of light. One of the aspects we should be worry about is a light’s flickering. Due to the shape of the current–voltage characteristics of the LED diode and their dependence on temperature, the value of the luminous flux – but also the lifetime – depends to a large extent on the stability of the supply voltage. Therefore, correct power system should be a thermally stable current source. Unfortunately, the simple power systems, equipped with passive filters are often used as cheap commercial solutions. In those types of systems stability of the output voltage is heavily dependent on the load conditions. Passive filters – usually consisting of coils and capacitors – are placed in the output circuit. This paper presents research carried out to show of filter capacitance influence on flickering phenomenon, and practical light’s flickering measuring technique for the LED lamps.

The paper deals with the analysis and investigation aspects the drive with high speed induction motor supplied by power electronics converter. There is an increasing tendency to use this type of motors in many solutions. The experimental studies have been done, with new design of high-speed motor. This discussion concerns a high-speed machine with solid rotor mainly. The study induction machine have nominal power 1000 W and synchronous rotating speed 40020 rpm. The supply voltage 300 V is formed by a single-phase to three-phase power electronic converter.

The PV, H4 inverters without transformers have many advantages like: high reliability and efficiency, low size and weight. However leakage currents arise at such topology, therefore, it is important to eliminate this unfavorable phenomenon. One of several methods is to use an inverter topology with an increased number of semiconductor switches, which allows the elimination of leakage currents. The aim of this paper is to reveal a through calculation of semiconductor losses of H4 and H5 power inverters used in different renewable energy sources. Power losses have been calculated by including the characteristics of the switches in the thermal models provided by the simulation software.

The article concerns the issues related to the concept of power in a description of the non-linear receiver. The definitions of signals given in the applicable standards (norms) were used and the analysis of samples received from active experiments was carried out. A set of a drive system consisting of a thyristor converter and a DC motor was examined. The Elspec Blackbox G4500 energy quality analyzer was used for the measurements. The results were compiled in the form of many graphs in the time and frequency form. The analysis shows that during unloaded operation, undesirable power is mainly absorbed (passive and current distortions), while the active power is pulsating. It is noted that the nonlinearity of the receiver causes deterioration of the system's power.

The precise procedure of the commercially available photovoltaic (PV) panels modelling with the use of simulation tool has been presented in this article. Photovoltaic module model (physical model) is available in the tool structure which allows input of the real module physical parameters. PV panels modelling methods including mathematical models and tools used in the discussed program have been presented in this paper. Current - voltage and power - voltage relation for the varying solar irradiation and temperature, were obtained through simulation, and further evaluated and compared with laboratory test results. The article covers restrictions of the PV module simulation possibility in the simulation software.

W kształceniu inżynierów na kierunku energetyka realizowanym na Wydziale Elektrotechniki i Informatyki Politechniki Rzeszowskiej szczególną wagę przykłada się do znajomości odnawialnych nośników energii. W niniejszym artykule przeanalizowano różne techniki MPPT omawiane w ramach przedmiotu „niekonwencjonalne źródła energii”. Wykorzystanie OZE wymaga zastosowania przekształtników energoelektronicznych. Moc generowana przez moduły fotowoltaiczne czy też generatory wiatrowe jest zależna od tego, w jakim punkcie charakterystyki prądowo-napięciowej pracują. Za kontrolę optymalnych wartości napięcia i natężenia prądu, dla których moc generowana przez moduł PV jest najwyższa, odpowiada algorytm śledzenia punktu mocy maksymalnej (MPPT).

The output power measured during photovoltaic modules exposure to the artificial electric lighting sources significantly differs from the values that could be obtained by an equivalent exposure to solar light. The difference depends mainly on the type of photovoltaic cell used and light source. During the measurements, it should pay attention to that the spectra of individual light sources may differ from the spectral distribution of solar radiation. In this paper, the effects of the solar spectral on the photovoltaic modules performance have been presented. The results are based on indoor made measurements at different temperature of photovoltaic surface.

Celem pracy było wykonanie symulacji przeciwsobnego przekształtnika DC/DC podwyższającego napięcie z szeregowym obwodem rezonansowym. Wykonano badania symulacyjne układu otwartego za pomocą programu PSIM. Końcowym etapem było przeprowadzenie analizy wyników symulacji.

Artykuł przedstawia zagadnienia związane z pracą nieliniowych odbiorników energii. Określa, jakie odbiorniki uznaje się za nieliniowe, a jakie za liniowe. Jako przykład odbiornika nieliniowego pokazany jest przemiennik częstotliwości pracujący w układzie napędowym z regulowaną prędkością obrotową. Pokazano odkształcenia napięcia i prądu wywołane pracą napędu.

Power electronic converters, next to PV panels, are an important element of PV systems. They are responsible for converting electrical energy parameters such as: voltage, current and frequency values. This paper presents a detail performance analyze and simulation studies of small photovoltaic energy system. The proposed system consist: a step-up converter fed from the PV array, a high-frequency transformer, a full wave rectifier and output inverter provides power to the grid. Converter is designed for load of 3.5 kW. The one step method (square wave) and sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) are used for switching the inverters circuit. The discussed system has been simulated in PSIM and the selected results are presented.